Quality of care for coronary heart disease in two countries

Health Affairs

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 55-67

  Ayanian, John Z ^a   Quinn, Thomas J ^b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Department of Health ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST OF ILLNESS; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; INFORMATION SERVICE; LEADERSHIP; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; STANDARD; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

BENCHMARKING; CORONARY DISEASE; COST OF ILLNESS; ENGLAND; HUMANS; INFORMATION SERVICES; LEADERSHIP; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PRACTICE GUIDELINES; PROGRAM EVALUATION; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0035346670     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.20.3.55     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. T.A. Pearson, S.C. Smith Jr., and P. Poole-Wilson, "Cardiovascular Specialist Societies and the Emerging Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: A Call to Action," Circulation 97, no. 6 (1998): 602-604.
2. M.G.M. Hunink et al., "The Recent Decline in Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease, 1980-1990: The Effect of Secular Trends in Risk Factors and Treatment," Journal of the American Medical Association 277, no. 7 (1997): 535-542.
3. S. Capewell, C. Morrison, and J. McMurray, "Contribution of Modern Cardiovascular Treatment to the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Scotland between 1975 and 1995," Heart 81, no. 4 (1999): 380-387; and S. Capewell et al., "Increasing the Impact of Cardiological Treatments: How Best to Reduce Deaths," European Heart Journal 20, no. 19 (1999): 1386-1392.
4. S. Capewell, C. Morrison, and J. McMurray, "Contribution of Modern Cardiovascular Treatment to the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Scotland between 1975 and 1995," Heart 81, no. 4 (1999): 380-387; and S. Capewell et al., "Increasing the Impact of Cardiological Treatments: How Best to Reduce Deaths," European Heart Journal 20, no. 19 (1999): 1386-1392.
5. J.S. Weissman et al., "Delayed Access to Health Care: Risk Factors, Reasons, and Consequences," Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 4 (1991): 325-331; and J.Z. Ayanian et al., "Unmet Health Needs of Uninsured Adults in the United States," Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 16 (2000): 2061-2069.
6. J.S. Weissman et al., "Delayed Access to Health Care: Risk Factors, Reasons, and Consequences," Annals of Internal Medicine 114, no. 4 (1991): 325-331; and J.Z. Ayanian et al., "Unmet Health Needs of Uninsured Adults in the United States," Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 16 (2000): 2061-2069.
7. C.L. Pashos et al., "Trends in the Use of Drug Therapies in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: 1988 to 1992," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 23, no. 5 (1994): 1023-1030; J.Z. Ayanian et al., "Racial Differences in the Use of Revascularization Procedures after Coronary Angiography," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 20 (1993): 2643-2646; and E.D. Peterson et al., "Racial Variation in the Use of Coronary-Revascularization Procedures: Are the Differences Real? Do They Matter?" New England Journal of Medicine 336, no. 7 (1997): 480-486.
8. C.L. Pashos et al., "Trends in the Use of Drug Therapies in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: 1988 to 1992," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 23, no. 5 (1994): 1023-1030; J.Z. Ayanian et al., "Racial Differences in the Use of Revascularization Procedures after Coronary Angiography," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 20 (1993): 2643-2646; and E.D. Peterson et al., "Racial Variation in the Use of Coronary-Revascularization Procedures: Are the Differences Real? Do They Matter?" New England Journal of Medicine 336, no. 7 (1997): 480-486.
9. C.L. Pashos et al., "Trends in the Use of Drug Therapies in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: 1988 to 1992," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 23, no. 5 (1994): 1023-1030; J.Z. Ayanian et al., "Racial Differences in the Use of Revascularization Procedures after Coronary Angiography," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 20 (1993): 2643-2646; and E.D. Peterson et al., "Racial Variation in the Use of Coronary-Revascularization Procedures: Are the Differences Real? Do They Matter?" New England Journal of Medicine 336, no. 7 (1997): 480-486.
10. W.D. Rosamond et al., "Trends in the Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and in Mortality Due to Coronary Heart Disease, 1987 to 1994," New England Journal of Medicine 339, no. 13 (1998): 861-867.
11. T.A. Hodgson and A.J. Cohen, "Medical Care Expenditures for Selected Circulatory Diseases: Opportunities for Reducing National Health Expenditures," Medical Care 37, no. 10 (1999): 994-1012.
12. K. Grumbach et al., "Resolving the Gatekeeper Conundrum: What Patients Value in Primary Care and Referrals to Specialists," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 282, no. 3 (1999): 261-266.
13. H.M. Krumholz et al., "National Use and Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers for the Treatment of Elderly Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction: National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project," Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 7 (1998): 623-629; and E.L Hannan et al., "Improving the Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in New York State," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 10 (1994): 761-766.
14. H.M. Krumholz et al., "National Use and Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers for the Treatment of Elderly Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction: National Cooperative Cardiovascular Project," Journal of the American Medical Association 280, no. 7 (1998): 623-629; and E.L Hannan et al., "Improving the Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in New York State," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 10 (1994): 761-766.
15. J.J. Seidman, E.P. Bass, and H.R. Rubin, "Review of Studies That Compare the Quality of Cardiovascular Care in HMO versus Non-HMO Settings," Medical Care 36, no. 12 (1998): 1607-1625; R.A. Dudley et al, "The Impact of Financial Incentives on Quality of Health Care," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 649-686; and E. Guadagnoli et al., "Appropriateness of Coronary Angiography after Acute Myocardial Infarction among Medicare Beneficiaries: Managed Care versus Fee for Service," New England Journal of Medicine 343, no. 20 (2000): 1460-1466.
16. J.J. Seidman, E.P. Bass, and H.R. Rubin, "Review of Studies That Compare the Quality of Cardiovascular Care in HMO versus Non-HMO Settings," Medical Care 36, no. 12 (1998): 1607-1625; R.A. Dudley et al, "The Impact of Financial Incentives on Quality of Health Care," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 649-686; and E. Guadagnoli et al., "Appropriateness of Coronary Angiography after Acute Myocardial Infarction among Medicare Beneficiaries: Managed Care versus Fee for Service," New England Journal of Medicine 343, no. 20 (2000): 1460-1466.
17. J.J. Seidman, E.P. Bass, and H.R. Rubin, "Review of Studies That Compare the Quality of Cardiovascular Care in HMO versus Non-HMO Settings," Medical Care 36, no. 12 (1998): 1607-1625; R.A. Dudley et al, "The Impact of Financial Incentives on Quality of Health Care," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 649-686; and E. Guadagnoli et al., "Appropriateness of Coronary Angiography after Acute Myocardial Infarction among Medicare Beneficiaries: Managed Care versus Fee for Service," New England Journal of Medicine 343, no. 20 (2000): 1460-1466.
18. T.J. Bowker et al., "A British Cardiac Society Survey of the Potential for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Disease: ASPIRE (Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events)," Heart 75, no. 4 (1996): 334-342; and S. Hood et al., "Questionnaire Survey of Thrombolytic Treatment in Accident and Emergency Departments in the United Kingdom," British Medical Journal 316, no. 7127 (1998): 274.
19. T.J. Bowker et al., "A British Cardiac Society Survey of the Potential for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Disease: ASPIRE (Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events)," Heart 75, no. 4 (1996): 334-342; and S. Hood et al., "Questionnaire Survey of Thrombolytic Treatment in Accident and Emergency Departments in the United Kingdom," British Medical Journal 316, no. 7127 (1998): 274.
20. National Guidelines Clearinghouse, 〈www.guideline.gov〉; Joint National Committee on Prevention Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, "The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure," Archives of Internal Medicine 157, no. 21 (1997): 2413-2445; Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, "Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 23 (1993): 3015-3023; and T.J. Ryan et al., "ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction)," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 28, no. 5 (1996): 1328-1428.
21. National Guidelines Clearinghouse, 〈www.guideline.gov〉; Joint National Committee on Prevention Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, "The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure," Archives of Internal Medicine 157, no. 21 (1997): 2413-2445; Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, "Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 23 (1993): 3015-3023; and T.J. Ryan et al., "ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction)," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 28, no. 5 (1996): 1328-1428.
22. National Guidelines Clearinghouse, 〈www.guideline.gov〉; Joint National Committee on Prevention Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, "The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure," Archives of Internal Medicine 157, no. 21 (1997): 2413-2445; Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, "Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)," Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 23 (1993): 3015-3023; and T.J. Ryan et al., "ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction)," Journal of the American College of Cardiology 28, no. 5 (1996): 1328-1428.
23. Joint Working Group on Coronary Angioplasty of the British Cardiac Society and British Cardiovascular Intervention Society, "Coronary Angioplasty: Guidelines for Good Practice and Training," Heart 83, no. 2 (2000): 224-235; D.R. Thompson et al., "Cardiac Rehabilitation in the United Kingdom: Guidelines and Audit Standards: National Institute for Nursing, the British Cardiac Society and the Royal College of Physicians of London," Heart 75, no. 1 (1996): 89-93; and D. Wood et al., "Joint British Recommendations on Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Clinical Practice," Heart 80, Supplement 2 (1998): S1-S29.
24. Joint Working Group on Coronary Angioplasty of the British Cardiac Society and British Cardiovascular Intervention Society, "Coronary Angioplasty: Guidelines for Good Practice and Training," Heart 83, no. 2 (2000): 224-235; D.R. Thompson et al., "Cardiac Rehabilitation in the United Kingdom: Guidelines and Audit Standards: National Institute for Nursing, the British Cardiac Society and the Royal College of Physicians of London," Heart 75, no. 1 (1996): 89-93; and D. Wood et al., "Joint British Recommendations on Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Clinical Practice," Heart 80, Supplement 2 (1998): S1-S29.
25. Joint Working Group on Coronary Angioplasty of the British Cardiac Society and British Cardiovascular Intervention Society, "Coronary Angioplasty: Guidelines for Good Practice and Training," Heart 83, no. 2 (2000): 224-235; D.R. Thompson et al., "Cardiac Rehabilitation in the United Kingdom: Guidelines and Audit Standards: National Institute for Nursing, the British Cardiac Society and the Royal College of Physicians of London," Heart 75, no. 1 (1996): 89-93; and D. Wood et al., "Joint British Recommendations on Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Clinical Practice," Heart 80, Supplement 2 (1998): S1-S29.
26. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 〈www.nice.org.uk〉.
27. P.J. Greco and J.M. Eisenberg, "Changing Physicians' Practices," New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 17 (1993): 1271-1273; and M.A. Schuster, E.A. McGlynn, and R.H. Brook, "How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States?" Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 517-563.
28. P.J. Greco and J.M. Eisenberg, "Changing Physicians' Practices," New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 17 (1993): 1271-1273; and M.A. Schuster, E.A. McGlynn, and R.H. Brook, "How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States?" Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 517-563.
29. S.R. Tunis et al., "Internists' Attitudes about Clinical Practice Guidelines," Annals of Internal Medicine 120, no. 11 (1994): 956-963.
30. J.Z. Ayanian et al., "Rating the Appropriateness of Coronary Angiography-Do Practicing Physicians Agree with an Expert Panel and with Each Other?" New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 26 (1998): 1896-1904.
31. Schuster et al., "How Good Is the Quality of Health Care in the United States?"
32. M.N. Marshall et al., "The Public Release of Performance Data: What Do We Expect to Gain? A Review of the Evidence," Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 14 (2000): 1866-1874; and Hannan, "Improving the Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery."
33. M.N. Marshall et al., "The Public Release of Performance Data: What Do We Expect to Gain? A Review of the Evidence," Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 14 (2000): 1866-1874; and Hannan, "Improving the Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery."
34. E.C. Schneider and A.M. Epstein, "Use of Public Performance Reports," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 20 (1998): 1638-1642; E.C. Schneider and A.M. Epstein, "Influence of Cardiac-Surgery Performance Reports on Referral Practices and Access to Care," New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 4 (1996): 251-256; and E.L. Hannan et al., "Public Release of Cardiac Surgery Outcomes Data in New York: What Do New York State Cardiologists Think of It?" American Heart Journal 134, no. 1 (1997): 55-61.
35. E.C. Schneider and A.M. Epstein, "Use of Public Performance Reports," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 20 (1998): 1638-1642; E.C. Schneider and A.M. Epstein, "Influence of Cardiac-Surgery Performance Reports on Referral Practices and Access to Care," New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 4 (1996): 251-256; and E.L. Hannan et al., "Public Release of Cardiac Surgery Outcomes Data in New York: What Do New York State Cardiologists Think of It?" American Heart Journal 134, no. 1 (1997): 55-61.
36. E.C. Schneider and A.M. Epstein, "Use of Public Performance Reports," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 20 (1998): 1638-1642; E.C. Schneider and A.M. Epstein, "Influence of Cardiac-Surgery Performance Reports on Referral Practices and Access to Care," New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 4 (1996): 251-256; and E.L. Hannan et al., "Public Release of Cardiac Surgery Outcomes Data in New York: What Do New York State Cardiologists Think of It?" American Heart Journal 134, no. 1 (1997): 55-61.
37. T.H. Lee et al., "Clinical Goals and Performance Measures for Cholesterol Management in Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease," Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 1 (2000): 94-98; and National Committee for Quality Assurance, The State of Managed Care Quality-2000 (Washington: NCQA.2000).
38. T.H. Lee et al., "Clinical Goals and Performance Measures for Cholesterol Management in Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease," Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 1 (2000): 94-98; and National Committee for Quality Assurance, The State of Managed Care Quality-2000 (Washington: NCQA.2000).
39. S.F. Jencks et al., "Quality of Medical Care Delivered to Medicare Beneficiaries. A Profile at State and National Levels," Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 13 (2000): 1670-1676.
40. NHS Executive, "Quality and Performance Indicators in the NHS: Performance Indicators: July 2000," 〈www.doh.gov.uk/nhsperformanceindicators〉 (20 February 2001).
41. H.H. Gray, "Cardiac Interventional Procedures in the U.K., 1992 to 1996," Heart 82, Supplement 2 (1999): III-0-III7; B.E. Keogh, R. Kinsman, and the Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, National Adult Cardiac Surgical Database Report 1998 (London: Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, 1909); and A.F. Rickards, "Computer Storage of Pacemaker Data," in To Pace or Not to Pace, ed. H. Thalen and J. Harthorne (The Hague: Martinus Nihjoff, 1978).
42. H.H. Gray, "Cardiac Interventional Procedures in the U.K., 1992 to 1996," Heart 82, Supplement 2 (1999): III-0-III7; B.E. Keogh, R. Kinsman, and the Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, National Adult Cardiac Surgical Database Report 1998 (London: Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, 1909); and A.F. Rickards, "Computer Storage of Pacemaker Data," in To Pace or Not to Pace, ed. H. Thalen and J. Harthorne (The Hague: Martinus Nihjoff, 1978).
43. H.H. Gray, "Cardiac Interventional Procedures in the U.K., 1992 to 1996," Heart 82, Supplement 2 (1999): III-0-III7; B.E. Keogh, R. Kinsman, and the Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, National Adult Cardiac Surgical Database Report 1998 (London: Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, 1909); and A.F. Rickards, "Computer Storage of Pacemaker Data," in To Pace or Not to Pace, ed. H. Thalen and J. Harthorne (The Hague: Martinus Nihjoff, 1978).
44. J.S. Birkhead et al., Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Core Dataset for Monitoring Standards of Care (London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 1999).
45. U.K. Department of Health, "The National Survey of NHS Patients," 28 April 2000, 〈www.doh.uk.gov/public/chdsurveyl.htm〉 (20 February 2001).
46. Marshall, "The Public Release of Performance Data."
47. T.A. Marciniak et al., "Improving the Quality of Care for Medicare Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 17 (1998): 1351-1357.
48. G.T. O'Connor et al., "A Regional Intervention to Improve the Hospital Mortality Associated with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery," Journal of the American Medical Association 275, no. 11 (1996): 841-846.
49. S.B. Soumerai et al., "Effect of Local Medical Opinion Leaders on Quality of Care for Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Trial," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 17 (1998): 1358-1363.
50. D.R. Thiemann et al., "The Association between Hospital Volume and Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Patients," New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 21 (1999): 1640-1648; K. Grumbach et al., "Regionalization of Cardiac Surgery in the United States and Canada: Geographic Access, Choice, and Outcomes," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 16 (1995): 1282-1288; J.G. Jollis et al., "The Relation between the Volume of Coronary Angioplasty Procedures at Hospitals Treating Medicare Beneficiaries and Short-Term Mortality," New England" Journal of Medicine 331, no. 24 (1994): 1625-1629; and S.E. Kimmel, J.A. Berlin, and W.K. Laskey, "The Relationship between Coronary Angioplasty Procedure Volume and Major Complications," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 14 (1995): 1137-1142.
51. D.R. Thiemann et al., "The Association between Hospital Volume and Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Patients," New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 21 (1999): 1640-1648; K. Grumbach et al., "Regionalization of Cardiac Surgery in the United States and Canada: Geographic Access, Choice, and Outcomes," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 16 (1995): 1282-1288; J.G. Jollis et al., "The Relation between the Volume of Coronary Angioplasty Procedures at Hospitals Treating Medicare Beneficiaries and Short-Term Mortality," New England" Journal of Medicine 331, no. 24 (1994): 1625-1629; and S.E. Kimmel, J.A. Berlin, and W.K. Laskey, "The Relationship between Coronary Angioplasty Procedure Volume and Major Complications," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 14 (1995): 1137-1142.
52. D.R. Thiemann et al., "The Association between Hospital Volume and Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Patients," New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 21 (1999): 1640-1648; K. Grumbach et al., "Regionalization of Cardiac Surgery in the United States and Canada: Geographic Access, Choice, and Outcomes," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 16 (1995): 1282-1288; J.G. Jollis et al., "The Relation between the Volume of Coronary Angioplasty Procedures at Hospitals Treating Medicare Beneficiaries and Short-Term Mortality," New England" Journal of Medicine 331, no. 24 (1994): 1625-1629; and S.E. Kimmel, J.A. Berlin, and W.K. Laskey, "The Relationship between Coronary Angioplasty Procedure Volume and Major Complications," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 14 (1995): 1137-1142.
53. D.R. Thiemann et al., "The Association between Hospital Volume and Survival after Acute Myocardial Infarction in Elderly Patients," New England Journal of Medicine 340, no. 21 (1999): 1640-1648; K. Grumbach et al., "Regionalization of Cardiac Surgery in the United States and Canada: Geographic Access, Choice, and Outcomes," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 16 (1995): 1282-1288; J.G. Jollis et al., "The Relation between the Volume of Coronary Angioplasty Procedures at Hospitals Treating Medicare Beneficiaries and Short-Term Mortality," New England" Journal of Medicine 331, no. 24 (1994): 1625-1629; and S.E. Kimmel, J.A. Berlin, and W.K. Laskey, "The Relationship between Coronary Angioplasty Procedure Volume and Major Complications," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 14 (1995): 1137-1142.
54. J.H. Hibbard et al., "Choosing a Health Plan: Do Large Employers Use the Data?" Health Affairs (Nov/Dec 1997): 172-180.
55. K.A. Schulman et al., "Quality Assessment in Contracting for Tertiary Care Services by HMDs: A Case Study of Three Markets," Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 23, no. 2 (1997): 117-127; and D.B. Mukamel et al., "Do Quality Report Cards Play a Role in HMDs' Contracting Practices? Evidence from New York State," Health Services Research 35, no. 1, pt. 2 (2000): 319-332.
56. K.A. Schulman et al., "Quality Assessment in Contracting for Tertiary Care Services by HMDs: A Case Study of Three Markets," Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 23, no. 2 (1997): 117-127; and D.B. Mukamel et al., "Do Quality Report Cards Play a Role in HMDs' Contracting Practices? Evidence from New York State," Health Services Research 35, no. 1, pt. 2 (2000): 319-332.
57. Dudley et al., "The Impact of Financial Incentives"; and Greco and Eisenberg, "Changing Physicians' Practices."
58. Dudley et al., "The Impact of Financial Incentives"; and Greco and Eisenberg, "Changing Physicians' Practices."
59. D.B. Mukamel and A.I. Mushlin, "Quality of Care Information Makes a Difference: An Analysis of Market Share and Price Changes after Publication of the New York State Cardiac Surgery Mortality Reports," Medical Care 36, no. 7 (1998): 945-954.
60. E.A. Kerr et al., "Managed Care and Capitation in California: How Do Physicians at Financial Risk Control Their Own Utilization?" Annals of Internal Medicine 123, no. 7 (1995): 500-547; and N.A. Hanchak, N. Schlackman, and S. Harmon-Weiss, "U.S. Healthcare's Quality-Based Compensation Model," Health Care Financing Review 17, no. 3 (1996): 143-159.
61. E.A. Kerr et al., "Managed Care and Capitation in California: How Do Physicians at Financial Risk Control Their Own Utilization?" Annals of Internal Medicine 123, no. 7 (1995): 500-547; and N.A. Hanchak, N. Schlackman, and S. Harmon-Weiss, "U.S. Healthcare's Quality-Based Compensation Model," Health Care Financing Review 17, no. 3 (1996): 143-159.
62. A.C. Enthoven, "In Pursuit of an Improving National Health Service," Health Affairs (May/June 2000): 102-119.
63. S.M. Shortell, C.L Bennett, and G.R. Byck, "Assessing the Impact of Continuous Quality Improvement on Clinical Practice: What It Will Take to Accelerate Progress," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 593-624; and D. Blumenthal and C.M. Kilo, "A Report Card on Continuous Quality Improvement," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 625-648.
64. S.M. Shortell, C.L Bennett, and G.R. Byck, "Assessing the Impact of Continuous Quality Improvement on Clinical Practice: What It Will Take to Accelerate Progress," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 593-624; and D. Blumenthal and C.M. Kilo, "A Report Card on Continuous Quality Improvement," Milbank Quarterly 76, no. 4 (1998): 625-648.
65. D.M. Berwick, "Continuous Improvement as an Ideal in Health Care," New England"Journal o/Medicine 320, no. 1 (1989): 53-56; T. Treasure, "Lessons from the Bristol Case: More Openness - On Risks and on Individual Surgeons' Performance," British Medical Journal 316, no. 7146 (1998): 1685-1686; and Institute of Medicine, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Washington: National Academy Press, 1999).
66. D.M. Berwick, "Continuous Improvement as an Ideal in Health Care," New England"Journal o/Medicine 320, no. 1 (1989): 53-56; T. Treasure, "Lessons from the Bristol Case: More Openness - On Risks and on Individual Surgeons' Performance," British Medical Journal 316, no. 7146 (1998): 1685-1686; and Institute of Medicine, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Washington: National Academy Press, 1999).
67. D.M. Berwick, "Continuous Improvement as an Ideal in Health Care," New England"Journal o/Medicine 320, no. 1 (1989): 53-56; T. Treasure, "Lessons from the Bristol Case: More Openness - On Risks and on Individual Surgeons' Performance," British Medical Journal 316, no. 7146 (1998): 1685-1686; and Institute of Medicine, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Washington: National Academy Press, 1999).