South African business dynamics: Measuring entrepreneurship

Journal of African Business

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 23-45

  Kroppd, Fredric ^a   Lindsay, Noel J ^b  

^a MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

^b BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Entrepreneurial orientation; Entrepreneurship; Profile; Racial differences; Scale development; South Africa; Values

Indexed keywords

ENTREPRENEUR; RACIAL DISPARITY; SELF EMPLOYMENT;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0035188824     PISSN: 15228916     EISSN: 15229076     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J156v02n01_03     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Amit, Raphael H., Kenneth Mac, R. Crimmon, and John Oesch, M., “The decision to start a new venture:Values, beliefs, and alternatives,”. Proceedings of the Frontiers of Entrepreneur Research Conference. Babson College.
2. Bandura, Albert. 1977. Self-efficacy:Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84:191–215.
3. Beatty, Sharon E., Lynn, Kahle R., Pamela, Homer M., and Misra, S., 1985. Alternative measurement approaches to consumer values:The list of values and the Rokeach value survey. Psychology and Marketing, 3:181–200.
4. Beatty, Sharon E., Lynn, Kahle R., Marjorie, Utsey, and Charles, Keown. 1993. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 6 (1):49–66.
5. Brockhaus, R. H., 1982. “ The psychology of the entrepreneur ”. In Encyclopedia of Entrepreneur ship, Edited by:Kent, C. A., Sexton, D. L., and Vesper, K. H., 39–71. En-glewood Cliffs, NJ.:Prentice Hall.
6. Burgelman, R. A., 1983. A process model of internal corporate venturing in the diversified major firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28:223–244.
7. Carland, James W., Frank, Hoy, William, Boulton R., and JoAnn, Carland C., 1984. Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners:A conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 9 (2):356
8. Carland, James W., Frank, Hoy, and JoAnn, Carland C., 1988. ‘Who is an entrepreneur?’ Is a question worth asking. American Journal of Small Business, 12:33–39.
9. Covin, J. G., and Slevin, D. P., 1989. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10:75–87.
10. Fagenson, Ellen A., 1993. Personal value systems of men and women entrepreneurs versus managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 8:409–430.
11. Fischoff, Baruch. 1991. Value elicitation:Is there anything in there?. American Psychologist, 46 (8):835–847.
12. Gartner, William B., 1985. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of Management Review, 10:696–706.
13. Gartner, William B., 1988. ‘Who is the entrepreneur?’ Is the wrong question. American Journal of Small Business, 12 (4):11–32.
14. Gartner, William B., Mitchell, T. R., and Karl, Vesper H., 1989. A taxonomy of new business ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 4:169–186.
15. Ginsberg, A., 1985. Measuring changes in entrepreneurial orientation following industry deregulation:The development of a diagnostic instrument. Proceedings of the International Council of Small Business,:50–57.
16. Golis, Christopher. 1998. Enterprise and Venture Capital:A Business Builder's and Investor's Handbook, Third Edition, Allen and Unwin.
17. Grunert, Klaus, Grunert, Susanne, and Beatty, Sharon. 1989. Cross-cultural research in consumer values. Marketing and Research Today, 17 (1):30–39.
18. Haas, John D., 1988. Future Studies in the K-12 Curriculum (), Second Edition, Boulder, CO:Social Science Education Consortium, Inc.
19. Homer, Pam M., and Lynn, Kahle R., 1988. A structural equation analysis of the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54:638–646.
20. Kahle, Lynn R., 1983. Social Values and Social Change:Adaptation to Life in America, NY:Praeger.
21. Kahle, Lynn R., “Conceptual and methodological issues in consumer value research,”. paper presented at Workshop on Values and Lifestyle Research in Marketing. October1991, Brussels, Belgium. Babson College.
22. Kahle, Lynn R., Sharon, Beatty E., and Pamela, Homer M., 1986. Alternative measurement approaches to consumer values:The list of values (LOV) and the values and life style (VALS). Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (4):405–409.
23. Khandwalla, P. N., 1977. The Design of Organizations, New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
24. Knight, Gary. 1997. Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, 12:213–225.
25. Kropp, Fredric, and Noel Lindsay, J., 1999. Differences in entrepreneurial business ventures:A new categorization scheme and its implications. Asian Journal of Business and Entrepreneur ship, February.
26. Long, Wayne. 1983. The meaning of entrepreneurship. American Journal of Small Business, 8:47–59.
27. Low, Murray B., and Ian, McMillan C., 1988. Entrepreneurship:Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14:139–161.
28. Lumpkin, G. T., and Gregory, Dess G., 1996. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21 (1):135–172.
29. Maslow, A. H., 1968. Toward a Psychology of Being, 2nd Ed, New York:Harper and Row.
30. McClelland, David C., 1976. The Achieving of Society, New York:Irvington Publishers, Inc.
31. McCracken, Grant. 1986. Culture and consumption:A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 13:71–84.
32. Meyers, M., 1986. Students need the truth about entrepreneurship. Marketing News, 34 July 18
33. Miles, Morgan P., and Danny, Arnold R., 1991. The relationship between marketing orientation and entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15:49–65.
34. Miller, D., and Friesen, P. H., 1978. Archetypes of strategy formulation. Management Science, 24:921–933.
35. Miller, D., and Friesen, P. H., 1983. Strategy-making and environment:The third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4:221–235. (July)
36. Morris, Michael H., and Gordon, Paul W., 1987. The relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in established firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 2:247–259.
37. Nunnally, J. C., 1978. Psychometric Theory, New York:McGraw-Hill.
38. Paulhus, D., 1983. Sphere-specific measures of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61:622–629.
39. Rokeach, Milton. 1973. The Nature of Human Values, New York:Free Press.
40. Rose, Gregory M., Shoham, Aviv, Lynn, Kahle R., and Rajeev, Batra. 1994. Social value, conformity, and dress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24:1501–1519.
41. Rotter, Julian B., 1966. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1 Whole No. 609)
42. Schumpeter, J. A., 1934. The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
43. Schwartz, Shalom H., and Wolfgang, Bilsky. 1987. Toward a universal psychologi-cal structure of human values. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 53 (3):350–362.
44. Shoham, Aviv, Lynn Kahle, R., Fredric, Kropp, and Gregory, Rose M., 1996. Self concept and the list of values, a paper presented at the conference of the. Society for Consumer Psychology, (2/1996), Hilton Head, SC.
45. Smart, Denise T., and Jeffrey, Conant S., 1994. Entrepreneurial orientation, distinctive marketing competencies and organizational performance. Journal of Applied Business Research, 10 (3):28–38.
46. Timmons, Jeffrey A., 1999. New Venture Creation:Entrepreneur ship for the 21st Century, 5th Edition, Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
47. Weeks, William A., and Lynn, Kahle R., 1990. Social values and salespeople's effort. Journal of Business Research, 20:183–190.
48. Williams, Robin M., Jr. 1979. “ Change and stability in values and value systems:A sociological perspective ”. In Understanding Human Values:Individual and Societal, Edited by:Rokeach, M., 15–46. NY:Free Press.