Overview of Structural and Functional Lesions in Endocrine Organs of Animals

Toxicologic Pathology

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 8-33

  Capen, Charles C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

congenital goiter; Endocrine lesions; hormonal imbalances; hormone degradation; humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy; hyperparathyroidism; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; iatrogenic syndromes of hormone excess; panhypopituitarism; parathyroid hormone related protein; prolonged gestation; testicular Leydig cell adenomas; tubulostromal tumors of ovary

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; BENZODIAZEPINE; BEPRIDIL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHLORDANE; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON; CHLORPHENOTANE; CORTICOTROPIN; GESTAGEN; GROWTH HORMONE; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; NICARDIPINE; PHENAZONE; PHENOBARBITAL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; RETINOID; RIFAMPICIN; SPIRONOLACTONE; STEROID; THYROID HORMONE; THYROTROPIN;

ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; CANCER; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENZYME INDUCTION; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; GOITER; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HORMONE METABOLISM; HYPERADRENOCORTICISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOPITUITARISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; KIDNEY DISEASE; MALE; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OVARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; TARGET CELL; TESTIS TUMOR; THYROID DISEASE; THYROIDITIS; VITAMIN D RESISTANT RICKETS;

ANIMALS; ENDOCRINE GLAND NEOPLASMS; ENDOCRINE GLANDS; ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS;

ANIMALIA; RODENTIA;

EID: 0035142135     PISSN: 01926233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/019262301301418829     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Alexander JE (1962). Anomaly of craniopharyngeal duct and hypophysis. Can Vet J 3: 83.
2. Alison RH, Capen CC, and Prentice DE (1994). Neoplastic lesions of questionable significance to humans. Toxicol Pathol 22: 179 – 186.
3. Alison RH, Morgan KT (1987). Ovarian neoplasms in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health Perspect 73: 91-106.
4. Andresen E., Willeberg P. (1976). Pituitary dwarfism in Carelian bear-dogs: Evidence of simple, autosomal recessive inheritance. Hereditas 84: 232-242.
5. Andresen E., Willeberg P. (1976). Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs: Additional evidence of simple, autosomal recessive inheritance. Nord Vet Med 28: 481-486.
6. Andresen E., Willeberg P., Rasmussen PG (1974). Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs. Nord Vet Med 26: 692-701.
7. Barlet JP, Champredon C., Coxam V., Davicco MJ, Tressol JC (1992). Parathyroid hormone-related peptide might stimulate calcium secretion into the milk of goats. J Endocrinol 132: 353-359.
8. Berger B., Feldman EC (1987). Primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs: 21 cases (1976-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 191: 350-356.
9. Binns W., James LF, Shupe JL, Everett G. (1963). A congenital cyclopian-type malformation in lambs induced by maternal ingestion of a range plant, Veratrum californicum. Am J Vet Res 24: 1164-1175.
10. Brown RS, Keating P., Livingston PG, Bullock L. (1992). Thyroid growth immunoglobulins in feline hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2: 125-130.
11. Burtis WJ (1992). Parathyroid hormone-related protein: Structure, function, and measurement. Clin Chem 38: 2171-2183.
12. Capen CC (1980). Criteria for the development of animal models of diseases of the endocrine system. Am J Pathol 101: S141-S160.
13. Capen CC (1993). The endocrine glands. In: Pathology of Domestic Animals, Vol 3, 4th ed, Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp 267-347.
14. Capen CC (1995). Toxic responses of the endocrine system. In: Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed, Klaassen CD (ed). McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 617-640.
15. Capen CC (1996). Hormonal imbalances and mechanisms of chemical injury of thyroid gland. In: Endocrine System. Series II. Monographs on the Pathology of Laboratory Animals, 2nd ed, Jones TC, Capen CC, Mohr U (eds). International Life Sciences Institute Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 217-238.
16. Capen CC (1996). Pathobiology of parathyroid gland structure and function in animals. In: Endocrine System. Series II. Monographs on the Pathology of Laboratory Animals, 2nd ed, Jones TC, Capen CC, Mohr U (eds). International Life Sciences Institute Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 293-327.
17. Capen CC (1997). Chemically induced injury of the parathyroid glands: Pathophysiology and mechanistic considerations. In: Endocrine Toxicology, 2nd ed, Thomas JA, Colby H (eds). Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, pp 1-42.
18. Capen CC (1997). Mechanistic data and risk assessment of selected toxic end points of the thyroid gland. Toxicol Pathol 25: 39-48.
19. Capen CC (1999). Thyroid and parathyroid toxicology. In: Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology, Harvey PW, Rush K, Cockburn A (eds). John Wiley & Sons, Sussex, England, pp 33-66.
20. Capen CC (2001). Tumors of the endocrine glands. In: Moulton's Tumors in Domestic Animals, 4th ed, Meuten DJ (ed). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA (in press).
21. Capen CC, Dayan AD, Green S. (1995). Receptor-mediated mechanisms in carcinogenesis: An overview. Mutat Res 333: 215-224.
22. Capen CC, DeLellis RA, Williams ED (1999). Experimental thyroid carcinogenesis in rodents: Role of radiation and xenobiotic chemicals. In: Radiation and Thyroid Cancer, Thomas G, Karaoglou A, Williams ED (eds). World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp 167-176.
23. Capen CC, Rosol TJ (1993). Pathobiology of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein: Introduction and evolving concepts. In: Pathology of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland: An Update, LiVolsi VA, DeLellis RA (eds). Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1-33.
24. Care AD (1991). Placental transfer of calcium. J Develop Physiol 15: 253-257.
25. Carson RS, Zhang Z., Hutchinson LA, Herington AC, Findlay JK (1989). Growth factors in ovarian function. J Reprod Fertil 85: 735-746.
26. Cheville NF (1972). Ultrastructure of canine carotid body and aortic body tumors: Comparison with tissues of thyroid and parathyroid origin. Vet Pathol 9: 166-189.
27. Clegg ED, Cook JC, Chapin RE, Foster PMD, Daston GP (1997). Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenoma formation: Mechanisms and relevance to humans. Reprod Toxicol 11: 107-121.
28. Clements FW (1954). Relationship of thyrotoxicosis and carcinoma of thyroid to endemic goiter. Med J Aust 2: 894-899.
29. Clemmesen J., Fuglsang-Frederiksen V., Plum CM (1974). Are anticonvulsants oncogenic? Lancet 1: 705-707.
30. Clemmesen J., Hjalgrim-Jensen S. (1977). On the absence of carcinogenicity to man of phenobarbital. In: Statistical Studies in the Aetiology of Malignant Neoplasms. Acta Pathol Microb Scand 261(suppl): 38-50.
31. Clemmesen J., Hjalgrim-Jensen S. (1978). Is phenobarbital carcinogenic? A follow-up of 8078 epileptics. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1: 255-260.
32. Clemmesen J., Hjalgrim-Jensen S. (1981). Does phenobarbital cause intracranial tumors? A follow-up through 35 years. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 5: 255-260.
33. Concannon P., Altszuler N., Hampshire J., Butler WR, Hansel W. (1980). Growth hormone, prolactin, and cortisol in dogs developing mammary nodules and an acromegaly-like appearance during treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Endocrinology 106: 1173-1177.
34. Cook JC, Klinefelter GR, Hardisty JF, Sharpe RM, Foster PMD (1999). Rodent Leydig cell tumorigenesis: A review of the physiology, pathology, mechanisms, and relevance to humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 29: 169-261.
35. Cooper DS, Axelrod L., DeGroot LJ, Vickery AL Jr, Maloof F. (1981). Congenital goiter and the development of metastatic follicular carcinoma with evidence for a leak of non-hormonal iodide: Clinical, pathological, kinetic, and biochemical studies and a review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 294-306.
36. Curran PG, DeGroot LJ (1991). The effect of hepatic enzymeinducing drugs on thyroid hormones and the thyroid gland. Endocr Rev 12: 135-150.
37. DeVries SE, Feldman EC, Nelson RW, Kennedy PC (1993). Primary parathyroid gland hyperplasia in dogs: Six cases (1982-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202: 1132-1136.
38. Doniach I. (1970). Aetiological consideration of thyroid carcinoma. In: Tumors of the Thyroid Gland, Smithers D (ed). E & S Livingstone, London, pp 55-72.
39. Eigenman JE (1984). Acromegaly in the dog. Vet Clin North Am 14: 827-836.
40. Falconer IR (1966). Studies of the congenitally goitrous sheep: The iodinated compounds of serum, and circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone. Biochem J 100: 190 – 196.
41. Fort FL, Miyajima H., Ando T., Suzuki T., Yamamoto M., Hamashima T., Sato S., Kitazaki T., Mahony MC, Itodgen GD (1995). Mechanism for species-specifi cinduction of Leydig cell tumors in rats by lansoprazole. Fundam Appl Toxicol 26: 191-202.
42. Friedman GD (1981). Barbiturates and lung cancer in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 67: 291-295.
43. Gerber H., Peter H., Ferguson DC, Peterson ME (1994). Etiopathology of feline toxic nodular goiter. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 24: 541-565.
44. Gosselin SJ, Martin SL, Capen CC, Targowski SP (1980). Biochemical and immunological investigations of hypothyroidism in dogs. Can J Comp Med 44: 158-168.
45. Gröne A., Weckmann MT, Steinmeyer CL, Capen CC, Rosol TJ (1996). Altered parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion and mRNA expression in squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro. Eur J Endocrinol 135: 498-505.
46. Heavner JE, Dice PF (1977). Pituitary tumor as a cause of blindness in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72: 873-876.
47. Holzworth J., Theran P., Carpenter JL, Harpster NK, Todoroff RJ (1980). Hyperthyroidism in the cat: Ten cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176: 345-353.
48. Hood A., Klaassen CD (2000). Differential effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on in vitro thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) glucuronidation. Toxicol Sci 55: 78-84.
49. Hotz KJ, Wilson AGE, Thake DC, Roloff MV, Capen CC, Kronenberg JM, Brewster DW (1997). Mechanism of thiazopyr-induced effects on thyroid hormone homeostasis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 142: 133-142.
50. Jernigan AD (1989). Idiosyncrasies of feline drug metabolism. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Kal Kan Symposium for Treatment of Small Animal Diseases. Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton, New Jersey, pp. 65-70.
51. Johnson LA, Ford HC, Tarttelin MF, Feek CM (1992). Iodine content of commercially-prepared cat foods. N Z Vet J 40: 18-20.
52. Kallet AJ, Richter KP, Feldman EC, Brum DE (1991). Primary hyperparathyroidism in cats: Seven cases (1984-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 199: 1767-1771.
53. Koestner A., Capen CC (1967). Ultrastructural evaluation of the canine hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system in diabetes insipidus associated with pituitary neoplasms. Pathol Vet 4: 513-536.
54. Kooistra HS, Voorhout G., Selman PJ, Rijnberk A. (1998). Progestin-induced growth hormone (GH) production in the treatment of dogs with congenital GH defi ciency. DomestAnim Endocrinol 15: 93-102.
55. Krook L. (1957). Spontaneous hyperparathyroidism in the dog: A pathological-anatomical study. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 41(suppl 122): 1-88.
56. Lee W., Chiacchierini RP, Shleien B., Telles NC (1982). Thyroid tumors following 131I or localized X irradiation to the thyroid and pituitary glands in rats. Radiat Res 92: 307-319.
57. Lund-Larsen TR, Grondalen J. (1976). Ateliotic dwarfism in the German shepherd dog: Low somatomedin activity associated with apparently normal pituitary function (2 cases) and with panadenopituitary dysfunction (1 case). Acta Vet Scand 17: 293-306.
58. Lynch BS, Tischler AS, Capen CC, Monroe IC, McGirr LM, McClain RM (1996). Low digestible carbohydrate (polyols and lactose): Significance of adrenal medullary proliferative lesions in the rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 23: 256-297.
59. Martin SL, Capen CC (1983). The endocrine system. In: Feline Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed, Pratt PW (ed). American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara, California pp 321-362.
60. McClain RM (1994). Mechanistic considerations in the regulation and classification of chemical carcinogens. In: Nutritional Toxicology, Kotsonis FN, Mackey M, Hjelle J (eds). Raven Press, New York, pp 273-304.
61. McClain RM (1995). The use of mechanistic data in cancer risk assessment: Case example—Sulfonamides. In: Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. Olin S, Farland W, Park C, Rhomberg L, Scheuplein R, Starr T, Wilson J (eds). International Life Sciences Institute Series, ILSI Press, Washington, DC, pp 163-173.
62. McClain RM, Levin AA, Posch R., Downing JC (1989). The effects of phenobarbital on the metabolism and excretion of thyroxine in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 99: 216-228.
63. McClain RM, Posch RC, Bosakowski T., Armstrong JM (1988). Studies on the mode of action for thyroid gland tumor promotion in rats by phenobarbital. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 94: 254-265.
64. Merryman JI, Buckles EL, Bowers G., Neilsen NR (1999). Overexpression of c-Ras in hyperplasia and adenomas of the feline thyroid gland: An immunohistochemical analysis of 34 cases. Vet Pathol 36: 117-124.
65. Merryman JI, Capen CC, McCauley LK, Werkmeister JR, Suter MM, Rosol TJ (1993). Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein production by a squamous carcinoma cell line in vitro. Lab Invest 69: 347-354.
66. Merryman JI, DeWille J., Werkmeister JR, Capen CC, Rosol TJ (1994). Effects of transforming growth factor-beta on PTRrP production and RNA expression by a squamous carcinoma cell line in vitro. Endocrinology 134: 2424-2430.
67. Meuten DJ, Cooper BJ, Capen CC, Chew DJ, Kociba GJ (1981). Hypercalcemia associated with an adenocarcinoma derived from the apocrine glands of the anal sac. Vet Pathol 18: 454-471.
68. Mol JA, Lantinga-van Leeuwen IS, van Garderen E., Selman PJ, Oosterlaken-Dijksterhuis MA, Schalken JA, Rijnberk A. (1999). Mammary growth hormone and tumorigenesis—Lessons from the dog. Vet Q 21: 111-115.
69. Muller GH, Jones SR (1973). Pituitary dwarfism and alopecia in a German shepherd with cystic Rathke's cleft. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 9: 567-572.
70. Murakami M., Hosokawa S., Yamada T., Harakawa M., Ito M., Koyama Y., Kimura J., Yoshitake A., Yamada H. (1995). Species-specific mechanism in rat Leydig cell tumorigenesis by procymidone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 131: 244-252.
71. Murphy ED, Beamer WG (1973). Plasma gonadotrophin levels during early stages of ovarian tumorigenesis in mice of the Wx/Wv genotype. Cancer Res 33: 721-723.
72. Nicholas F. (1978). Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs: A genetic analysis of some Australian data. J Small Anim Pract 19: 167-174.
73. O'Brien SE, Riley JH, Hagemoser WA (1980). Unilateral thyroid neoplasm in a cat. Vet Rec 107: 199-200.
74. Ohnhaus EE, Burgi H., Burger A., Studer H. (1981). The effect of antipyrine, phenobarbital, and rifampicin on the thyroid hormone metabolism in man. Eur J Clin Invest 11: 381-387.
75. Ohnhaus EE, Studer H. (1983). A link between liver microsomal enzyme activity and thyroid hormone metabolism in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15: 71-76.
76. Olsen JH, Boice JD, Jensen JP, Fraumeni JF Jr (1989). Cancer among epileptic patients exposed to anticonvulsant drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 803-808.
77. Pammenter M., Albrecht C., Liebenberg W., van Jaarsveld P. (1978). Afrikander cattle congenital goiter: Characteristics of its morphology and iodoprotein pattern. Endocrinology 102: 954-965.
78. Parfitt AM (1987). Bone and plasma calcium homeostasis. Bone 8(suppl 1): S1-S8.
79. Pearce SHS, Foster DJ, Imrie H., Myerscough N., Beckett GJ, Thoday KL, Kendall-Taylor P. (1997). Mutational analysis of the thyrotropin receptor gene in sporadic and familial feline thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 7: 923-927.
80. Pendergrast WJ, Milmore BK, Marcus SC (1961). Thyroid cancer and toxicosis in the United States: Their relation to endemic goiter. J Chronic Dis 13: 22-38.
81. Peter HJ, Gerber H., Studer H., Peterson ME, Becker DV, Groscurth P. (1991). Autonomous growth and function of cultured thyroid follicles from cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 1: 331-338.
82. Peter HJ, Gerber H., Studer H., Smeds S. (1985). Pathogenesis of heterogeneity in human multinodular goiter: A study on growth and function of thyroid tissue transplanted onto nude mice. J Clin Invest 76: 1992-2002.
83. Peterson ME (1984). Feline hyperthyroidism. Vet Clin North Am 14: 809-826.
84. Peterson ME, Kintzer PP, Cavanagh PG, Fox PR, Ferguson DC, Johnson GF, Becker DV (1983). Feline hyperthyroidism: Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 131 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183: 103-110.
85. Peterson ME, Livingston P., Brown RS (1987). Lack of circulating thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in cats with hyperthyroidism. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 16: 277-282.
86. Prentice DE, Meikle AW (1995). A review of drug-induced Leydig cell hyperplasia and neoplasia in the rat and some comparisons with man. Hum Exp Toxicol 14: 562-572.
87. Rac R., Hill GN, Pain RW, Mulhearn CJ (1968). Congenital goiter in merino sheep due to an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone. Res Vet Sci 9: 209-223.
88. Ratcliffe WA (1992). Role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in lactation. Clin Endocrinol 37: 402 – 404.
89. Rehm S., Dierksen D., Deerberg F. (1984). Spontaneous ovarian tumors in Han: NMRI mice: Histologic classification, incidence, and influence of food restriction. J Natl Cancer Inst 72: 1383 – 1395.
90. Rijnberk A., de Fijlder JJM, van Dijk JE, Jorna TJ, Tegelaers WH (1977). Clinical aspects of iodine metabolism in goats with congenital goitre and hypothyroidism. Br Vet J 133: 495-503.
91. Rijnberk A., Eigenmann JE, Belshaw BE, Hampshire J., Altszuler N. (1980). Acromegaly associated with transient overproduction of growth hormone in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177: 534 – 557.
92. Rijnberk A., Mol JA (1997). Progestin-induced hypersecretion of growth hormone: An introductory review. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 51: 335-338.
93. Riond J-L., Kocabagli N., Forrer R., Wanner M. (1995). Repeated daytime measurements of the concentrations of PTHrP and other components of bovine milk. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 74: 194 – 199.
94. Rosol TJ, Capen CC (1989). Tumors of the parathyroid gland and circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein associated with persistent hypercalcemia. Toxicol Pathol 17: 346-356.
95. Rosol TJ, Capen CC (1992). Biology of disease: Mechanisms of cancer-induced hypercalcemia. Lab Invest 67: 680-702.
96. Rosol TJ, Capen CC (1997). Calcium-regulating hormones and diseases of abnormal mineral (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) metabolism. In: Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, 5th ed, Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp 619-702.
97. Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Danks JA, Suva LJ, Steinmeyer CL, Hay-man J., Ebeling PR, Martin TJ (1990). Identifi cation of parathyroid hormone-related protein in canine apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac. Vet Pathol 27: 89-95.
98. Rosol TJ, Chew DJ, Nagode LA, Capen CC (1995). Pathophysiology of calcium metabolism. Vet Clin Pathol 24: 49-63.
99. Rosol TJ, Steinmeyer CL, McCauley LK, Gröne A., DeWille JW, Capen CC (1995). Sequences of the cDNAs encoding canine parathyroid hormone-related protein and parathyroid hormone. Gene 60: 241-243.
100. Rosol TJ, Nagode LA, Couto CG, Hammer AS, Chew DJ, Peterson JL, Ayl RD, Steinmeyer CL, Capen CC (1992). Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia. Endocrinology 131: 1157-1164.
101. Rowland GN, Capen CC, Nagode LA (1968). Experimental hyperparathyroidism in young cats. Vet Pathol 5: 504-519.
102. Scarlett JM (1994). Epidemiology of thyroid diseases of dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 24: 477-486.
103. Selman PJ, Mol JA, Rutteman GR, van Garderen E., Rijnberk AD (1994). Progestin-induced growth hormone excess in the dog originates in the mammary gland. Endocrinology 134: 287-292.
104. Shirts SB, Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Kurland LT (1986). Cancer incidence in a cohort of patients with seizure disorders. J Natl Cancer Inst 77: 83-87.
105. Studer H., Derwahl M. (1995). Mechanisms of nonneoplastic endocrine hyperplasia—A changing concept: A review focused on the thyroid gland. Endocr Rev 16: 411-425.
106. Tennent BJ, Beamer WG (1986). Ovarian tumors not induced by irradiation and gonadotropins in hypogonadal (hpg) mice. Biol Reprod 34: 751-760.
107. Van Herte AJ, Vassart G., Dunmont JE (1979). Control of thyroglobulin synthesis and secretion. N Engl J Med 301: 239-249, 307-314.
108. Van Wyk JJ, Underwood LE, Hintz RL, Clemmons DR, Voina SJ, Weaver RP (1974). The somatomedins: A family of insulin-like hormones under growth hormone control. Recent Prog Horm Res 30: 259-318.
109. Vortkamp A., Lee K., Lanske B., Segre GV, Kronenberg HM, Tabin CJ (1996). Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 273: 613-622.
110. White SJ, McLean AEM, Howland C. (1979). Anticonvulsant drugs and cancer: A cohort study in patients with severe epilepsy. Lancet 2: 458-461.
111. Wilke R., Harmeyer J., von Grabe C., Hehrmann R., Hesch RD (1979). Regulatory hyperparathyroidism in a pig breed with vitamin D-dependency rickets. Acta Endocrinol 92: 295-308.
112. Willeberg P., Kastrup KW, Andresen E. (1975). Pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs: Studies on somatomedin activity. Nord Vet Med 27: 448-454.
113. Winkler I., Grave C., Harmeyer J. (1982). Pseudovitamin D defi- ciency rickets in pigs: In vitro measurements of renal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity. Zentbl Vetmed 29: 81-88.
114. Yarrington JT, Latendresse JR, Capen CC (1997). Toxic responses of the adrenal cortex. In: Reproductive and Endocrine Toxicology, Vol 10, Boekelheide K, et al. (eds). Elsevier Science/Pergamon, Oxford, pp 647-658.
115. Zaki FA, Liu SK (1973). Pituitary chromophobe adenoma in a cat. Vet Pathol 10: 232-237.