Navigation by homing pigeons: Updated perspective

Ethology Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-48

  Wallraff, Hans G ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR ORNITHOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atmosphere; Homing; Landscape; Navigation; Olfaction; Orientation; Pigeon; Volatile organic compounds

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035110625     PISSN: 03949370     EISSN: 18287131     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2001.9522786     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Able K.P. 1996. The debate over olfactory navigation by homing pigeons. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 121-124.
2. Åkesson S. 1993. Effect of geomagnetic field on orientation of the marsh warbler, Acrocephalus palustris, in Sweden and Kenya. Animal Behaviour 46: 1157-1167.
3. Åkesson S. & Alerstam T. 1998. Oceanic navigation: are there any feasible geomagnetic bicoordinate combinations for albatrosses? Journal of Avian Biology 29: 618-625.
4. Baker R.R. 1984. Bird navigation: the solution of a mystery? London: Hodder and Stoughton.
5. Baldaccini N.E., Giunchi D. & Mongini E. 1999. A long term study on initial orientation in sand martins (Riparia riparia). Behaviour 136: 1311-1323.
6. Batschelet E. 1981. Circular statistics in biology. London: Academic Press.
7. Becker J. & Van Raden H. 1986. Meteorologische Gesichtspunkte zur olfaktorischen Navigationshypothese. Journal für Ornithologie 127: 1-8.
8. Benvenuti S., Baldaccini N. E. & Ioalè P. 1982. Pigeon homing: effect of altered magnetic field during displacement on initial orientation, In: Papi F. & Wallraff H.G., Edits. Avian navigation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 140-148.
9. Benvenuti S., Bingman V.P. & Gagliardo A. 1998. Effect of zinc-sulphate induced anosmia on pigeon homing: a comparison among birds in different regions. Trends in Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology 5: 221-228.
10. Benvenuti S. & Fiaschi V. 1983. Pigeon homing: combined effect of olfactory deprivation and visual impairment. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 76A: 719-723.
11. Benvenuti S. & Gagliardo A. 1996. Homing behaviour of pigeons subjected to unilateral zinc sulphate treatment of their olfactory mucosa. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 2531-2535.
12. Benvenuti S. & Ioalè P. 1988. Initial orientation of homing pigeons: different sensitivity to altered magnetic fields in birds of different countries. Experientia 44: 358-359.
13. Benvenuti S., Ioalè P., Gagliardo A. & Bonadonna F. 1992a. Effects of zinc sulphate-induced anosmia on homing behaviour of pigeons. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 103A: 519-526.
14. Benvenuti S., Ioalè P. & Nacci L. 1994. A new experiment to verify the spatial range of pigeons’ olfactory map. Behaviour 131: 277-292.
15. Benvenuti S., Ioale P. & Papi F. 1992b. The olfactory map of homing pigeons, In: Doty R.L. & Müller-Schwarze D., Edits. Chemical senses in vertebrates VI. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 429-434.
16. Benvenuti S. & Wallraff H.G. 1985. Pigeon navigation: site simulation by means of atmospheric odours. Journal of Comparative Physiology (A) 156: 737-746.
17. Bingman V.P., Alyan S. & Benvenuti S. 1998a. The importance of atmospheric odours for the homing performance of pigeons in the Sonoran desert of the southwestern United States. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 755-760.
18. Bingman V.P. & Benvenuti S. 1996. Olfaction and the homing ability of pigeons in the southeastern United States. Journal of Experimental Zoology 275: 186-192.
19. Bingman V.P. & Ioalè P. 1989. Initial orientation of anosmic homing pigeons based on information gathered at familiar release sites remains homeward directed following clockshift. Behaviour 110: 205-218.
20. Bingman V.P., Riters L.V., Strasser R. & Gagliardo A. 1998b. Neuroethology of avian navigation, In: Balda R.P. et al., Edits. Animal cognition in nature. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 201-226.
21. Bonadonna F., Holland R., Dall’Antonia L., Guilford T. & Benvenuti S. 2000. Tracking clock-shifted homing pigeons from familiar release sites. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 207-212.
22. Braithwaite V.A. 1993. When does previewing the landscape affect pigeon homing? Ethology 95: 141-151.
23. Braithwaite V.A. & Guilford T. 1991. Viewing familiar landscapes affects pigeon homing. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 245: 183-186.
24. Braithwaite V.A. & Newman J.A. 1994. Exposure to familiar visual landmarks allows pigeons to home faster. Animal Behaviour 48: 1482-1484.
25. Burt T., Holland R. & Guilford T. 1997. Further evidence for visual landmark involvement in the pigeon’s familiar area map. Animal Behaviour 53: 1203-1209.
26. Dall’Antonia P., Dall’Antonia L., Ribolini A., Ioalè P. & Benvenuti S. 1999. Pigeon homing: site simulation experiments with bird-borne direction recorders. Behavioural Processes 44: 331-339.
27. Del Seppia C., Ghione S., Luschi P. & Papi F. 1995. Exposure to oscillating magnetic fields influences sensitivity to electrical stimuli. I. Experiments on pigeons. Bioelectromagnetics 16: 290-294.
28. Del Seppia C., Luschi P. & Papi F. 1996. Influence of emotional factors on the initial orientation of pigeons. Animal Behaviour 52: 33-47.
29. Donovan W.J. 1978. Structure and function of the pigeon visual system. Physiological Psychology 6: 403-437.
30. Dornfeldt K. 1979. Beeinträchtigung der Navigation der Brieftaube (Columba livia) durch Xylocain-Behandlung der Nasenhöhle. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 72: 218.
31. Dornfeldt K. & Bilo D. 1990. Effects of intranasal application of the local anaesthetic xylocaine on vestibulo-, opto-collic and postural reflexes of the head, and on tonic immobility in homing pigeons: implications for experiments on pigeon homing. Journal of Experimental Biology 149: 95-111.
32. Füller E., Kowalski U. & Wiltschko R. 1983. Orientation of homing pigeons: compass orientation vs piloting by familiar landmarks. Journal of Comparative Physiology 153: 55-58.
33. Ganzhorn J.U. 1990. Towards the map of the homing pigeon? Animal Behaviour 40: 65-78.
34. Ganzhorn J.U. 1992. Geographical patterns in the initial orientation of homing pigeons in upstate New York. Animal Behaviour 44: 931-941.
35. Ganzhorn J.U. & Burkhardt J.B. 1991. Pigeon homing: new airbag experiments to assess the role of olfactory information for pigeon navigation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29: 69-75.
36. Ganzhorn J.U. & Paffrath D. 1995. Patterns in air pollution as model for the physical basis for olfactory navigation in pigeon homing. Journal für Ornithologie 136: 159-165.
37. Ghione S., Mezzasalma L., Del Seppia C. & Papi F. 1998. Do geomagnetic disturbances of solar origin affect arterial blood pressure? Journal of Human Hypertension 12: 749-754.
38. Gould J.L. 1998. Sensory bases of navigation. Current Biology 8: R731-R738.
39. Graue L.C. 1963. The effect of phase shifts in the day-night cycle on pigeon homing at distances of less than one mile. Ohio Journal of Science 63: 214-217.
40. Graue L.C. 1965. Experience effect on initial orientation in pigeon homing. Animal Behaviour 13: 149-153.
41. Griffin D.R. 1978. The sensory physiology of animal orientation, In: Harvey lectures, Series 71. New York: Academic Press, pp. 133-172.
42. Grüter M., Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1982. Distribution of release-site biases around Frankfurt a.M., Germany, In: Papi F. & Wallraff H.G., Edits. Avian navigation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 222-231.
43. Guilford T., Gagliardo A., Chappell J., Bonadonna F., Burt De Perera T. & Holland R. 1998. Homing pigeons use olfactory cues for navigation in England. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 895-900.
44. Hagstrum J.T. 2000. Infrasound and the avian navigational map. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 1103-1111.
45. Holland R., Bonadonna F., Dall’Antonia L., Benvenuti S., Burt De Perera T. & Guilford T. 2000. Short distance phase shifts revisited: tracking clock-shifted homing pigeons (Rock Dove Columba livia) close to the loft. Journal of Experimental Biology 142: 111-118.
46. Ioalè P. 1995. Preferred compass directions of homing pigeons in Italy. Bollettino di Zoologia 62: 13-21.
47. Ioalè P. 1996. The preferred compass directions of homing pigeons can be affected by suitable screening of the home loft. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 8: 233-254.
48. Ioalè P. & Benvenuti S. 1983. Pigeon homing: further experiments on shielded lofts. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 76A: 725-731.
49. Ioalè P., Dall’Antonia P., Dall’Antonia L. & Benvenuti S. 1994. Flight paths of homing pigeons studied by means of a direction recorder. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 6: 519-527.
50. Ioalè P., Papi F., Fiaschi V. & Baldaccini N.E. 1978. Pigeon navigation: effects upon homing behaviour by reversing wind direction at the loft. Journal of Comparative Physiology 128: 285-295.
51. Ioalè P. & TeyssèDre A. 1989. Pigeon homing: effects of magnetic disturbances before release on initial orientation. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 1: 65-80.
52. Jacob S. & Mcclintock M.K. 2000. Psychological state and mood effects of steroidal chemosignals in women and men. Hormones and Behavior 37: 57-78.
53. Kavaliers M. & Ossenkopp K.-P. 1986. Magnetic field inhibition of morphine-induced analgesia and behavioral activity in mice: evidence for involvement of calcium ions. Brain Research 379: 830-838.
54. Kavaliers M. & Ossenkopp K.-P. 1991. Opioid system and magnetic field effects on the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Biological Bulletin 180: 301-309.
55. Keeton W.T. 1973. Release-site bias as a possible guide to the “map” component in pigeon homing. Journal of Comparative Physiology 86: 1-16.
56. Keeton W.T. 1974. The orientational and navigational basis of homing in birds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 5: 47-132.
57. Kiepenheuer J. 1993. The ambiguity of initial orientation of homing pigeons, Paper no. 17. In: RIN 93. Orientation and navigation – birds, humans and other animals. London: Royal Institute of Navigation.
58. Kiepenheuer J., Neumann M.F. & Wallraff H.G. 1993. Home-related and home-independent orientation of displaced pigeons with and without olfactory access to environmental air. Animal Behaviour 45: 169-182.
59. Kramer G. 1959. Recent experiments on bird orientation. Ibis 101: 399-416.
60. Kramer G. 1961. Long-distance orientation, In: Marshall A.J., Edit. Biology and comparative physiology of birds, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, pp. 341-371.
61. Lednor A.J. 1982. Magnetic navigation in pigeons: possibilities and problems, In: Papi F. & Wallraff H.G., Edits. Avian navigation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 109-119.
62. Luschi P., Del Seppia C., Crosio E. & Papi F. 1996. Pigeon homing: evidence against reliance on magnetic information picked up en route to release sites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (B) 263: 1219-1224.
63. Luschi P., Del Seppia C. & Papi F. 1999. A new interpretation of the effect of magnetic treatments on the initial orientation of homing pigeons, In: dit. Electricity and magnetism in biology and medicine. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic/PleBersani F., Enum Publishers, pp. 609-612.
64. Matthews G.V.T. 1953. Sun navigation in homing pigeons. Journal of Experimental Biology 30: 243-267.
65. Matthews G.V.T. 1961. Nonsense orientation in mallard Anas platyrhynchos and its relation to experiments on bird navigation. Journal of Experimental Biology 103a: 211-230.
66. Matthews G.V.T. 1962. Tests of the possible social significance of ‘nonsense’ orientation. Wildfowl Trust Annual Report 13: 47-52.
67. Matthews G.V.T. 1984. Nonsense orientation in mallard; a resumé and an investigation of the mechanism of a sun-compass. Wildfowl 35: 81-92.
68. Muheim R., Jenni L. & Weindler P. 1999. The orientation behaviour of chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs, caught during active migratory flight, in relation to the sun. Ethology 105: 97-110.
69. Neuss M. & Wallraff H.G. 1988. Orientation of displaced homing pigeons with shifted circadian clocks: prediction vs observation. Naturwissenschaften 75: 363–365.
70. Ossenkopp K.P., Kavaliers M. & Hirst M. 1983. Reduced nocturnal morphine analgesia in mice following a geomagnetic disturbance. Neuroscience Letters 40: 321-325.
71. Papi F. 1986. Pigeon navigation: solved problems and open questions. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (Nuova Serie) 20: 471-517.
72. Papi F. 1991. Olfactory navigation, In: Berthold P., Edit. Orientation in birds. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 52-85.
73. Papi F. 1995. Recent experiments on pigeon navigation, In: Alleva E. et al., Edits. Behavioural brain research in naturalistic and semi-naturalistic settings. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 225-238.
74. Papi F., Fiore L., Fiaschi V. & Benvenuti S. 1972. Olfaction and homing in pigeons. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (Nuova Serie) 6: 85-95.
75. Papi F., Gagliardo A., Fiaschi V. & Dall’Antonia P. 1989. Pigeon homing: does early experience determine what cues are used to navigate? Ethology 82: 208-215.
76. Papi F., Ioalè P., Dall’Antonia P. & Benvenuti S. 1991. Homing strategies of pigeons investigated by clock shift and flight path reconstruction. Naturwissenschaften 78: 370-373.
77. Papi F., Ioalè P., Fiaschi V., Benvenuti S. & Baldaccini N.E. 1980a. Olfactory and magnetic cues in pigeon navigation, In: Nöhring R., Edit. Acta XVII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Berlin: Verlag der Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, pp. 569-573.
78. Papi F. & Luschi P. 1990. Pigeon navigation: naloxone injection and magnetic disturbance have a similar effect on initial orientation. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Serie IX) 1: 473-477.
79. Papi F., Luschi P. & Limonta P. 1992. Orientation-disturbing magnetic treatment affects the pigeon opioid system. Journal of Experimental Biology 166: 169-179.
80. Papi F., Mariotti G., Foà A. & Fiaschi V. 1980b. Orientation of anosmatic pigeons. Journal of Comparative Physiology 135: 227-232.
81. Papi F., Meschini E. & Baldaccini N.E. 1983. Homing behaviour of pigeons released after having been placed in an alternating magnetic field. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 76A: 673-682.
82. Pennycuick C.J. 1960. The physical basis of astro-navigation in birds: theoretical considerations. Journal of Experimental Biology 37: 573-593.
83. Prato F.S., Kavaliers M., Cullen A.P. & Thomas A.W. 1997. Light-dependent and-independent behavioral effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields in a land snail are consistent with a parametric resonance mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 18: 284-291.
84. Quine D.B. 1982. Infrasounds: a potential navigational cue for homing pigeons, In: Papi F. & Wallraff H.G., Edits. Avian navigation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 373-376.
85. Roper T.J. 1999. Olfaction in birds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 28: 247-332.
86. Sandberg R., Muth R., Pfabe C., Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1999. Staying in plastic containers interferes with the orientation of clock-shifted homing pigeons. Animal Behaviour 57: 695-704.
87. Sandberg R., Ottosson U. & Pettersson J. 1991. Magnetic orientation of migratory wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) in Sweden and Greenland. Journal of Experimental Biology 155: 51-64.
88. Schlichte H.J. & Schmidt-Koenig K. 1971. Zum Heimfindevermögen der Brieftaube bei erschwerter optischer Wahrnehmung. Naturwissenschaften 58: 329-330.
89. Schlund W. 1992. Intra-nasal zinc sulphate irrigation in pigeons: effects on olfactory capabilities and homing. Journal of Experimental Biology 164: 171-187.
90. Schmid J. & Schlund W. 1993. Anosmia in ZnSO4-treated pigeons: loss of olfactory information during ontogeny and the role of site familiarity in homing experiments. Journal of Experimental Biology 185: 33-49.
91. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1958. Experimentelle Einflussnahme auf die 24-Stunden-Periodik bei Brieftauben und deren Auswirkungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Heimfindevermögens. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 15: 301-331.
92. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1961. Die Sonne als Kompass im Heim-Orientierungssystem der Brieftauben. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 18: 221-244.
93. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1963. On the role of the loft, the distance and site of release in pigeon homing (the “cross-loft experiment”). Biological Bulletin 125: 154-164.
94. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1970. Entfernung und Heimkehrverhalten der Brieftaube. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie 68: 39-48.
95. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1976. Direction of the preceding release and initial orientation of homing pigeons. Auk 93: 669-674.
96. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1979. Avian orientation and navigation. London: Academic Press.
97. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1987. Bird navigation: has olfactory navigation solved the problem? Quarterly Review of Biology 62: 31-47.
98. Schmidt-Koenig K. 1991. Über Karten und Kompasse bei Brieftauben. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 84: 125-133.
99. Schmidt-Koenig K. & Ganzhorn J.U. 1991. On the problem of bird navigation, In: Bateson P.P.G. & Klopfer P.H., Edits. Perspectives in ethology, Vol. 9. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 261-283.
100. Schmidt-Koenig K., Ganzhorn J.U. & Ranvaud R. 1991. The sun compass, In: Berthold P., Edit. Orientation in birds. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 1-15.
101. Schmidt-Koenig K. & Schlichte H.J. 1972. Homing in pigeons with impaired vision. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 69: 2446-2447.
102. Schmidt-Koenig K. & Walcott C. 1978. Tracks of pigeons homing with frosted lenses. Animal Behaviour 26: 480-486.
103. Schöps M. 1991. Der Einfluß von Infraschall auf das Orientierungssystem von Brieftauben. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 84: 361-362.
104. Schöps M. & Wiltschko W. 1994. Orientation of homing pigeons deprived of infrasound. Journal für Ornithologie 135: 415.
105. SOBEL N., PRABHAKARAN V., HARTLEY C.A., DESMOND J.E., GLOVER G.H., SULLIVAN E.V. & Gabrieli J.D.E. 1999. Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical. Brain 122: 209-217.
106. Stern K. & Mcclintock M.K. 1998. Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones. Nature 392: 177-179.
107. Streng A. & Wallraff H.G. 1992. Attempts to determine the roles of visual and olfactory inputs in initial orientation and homing of pigeons over familiar terrain. Ethology 91: 203-219.
108. Thake M.A. 1981. Nonsense orientation: an adaptation for flocking during predation? Ethology 123: 247-248.
109. Ulrich C., Prior H., Duka T., Leshchins’Ka I., Valenti P., Güntürkün O. & Lipp H.-P. 1999. Left-hemispheric superiority for visuospatial orientation in homing pigeons. Behavioural Brain Research 104: 169-178.
110. Wagner G. 1968. Topographisch bedingte zweigipflige und schiefe Kreisverteilungen bei der Anfangsorientierung verfrachteter Brieftauben. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 75: 682-690.
111. Wagner G. 1972. Topography and pigeon orientation, In: Galler S.R. et al., Edits. Animal orientation and navigation. Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-262, pp. 259-273.
112. Walcott C. 1991. Magnetic maps in pigeons, In: Berthold P., Edit. Orientation in birds. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 38-51.
113. Walcott C. 1992. Pigeons at magnetic anomalies: the effects of loft location. Journal of Experimental Biology 170: 127-141.
114. Walcott C. 1996. Pigeon homing: observations, experiments and confusions. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 21-27.
115. Waldvogel J.A. 1987. Olfactory navigation in homing pigeons: are the current models atmospherically realistic? Auk 104: 369-379.
116. Waldvogel J.A. 1989. Olfactory orientation in birds. Current Ornithology 6: 269-321.
117. Waldvogel J.A. 1990. The bird’s eye view. American Scientist 78: 342-353.
118. Waldvogel J.A. & Phillips J.B. 1991. Olfactory cues perceived at the home loft are not essential for the formation of a navigational map in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Biology 155: 643-660.
119. Walker M.M. 1998. On a wing and a vector: a model for magnetic navigation by homing pigeons. Journal of Theoretical Biology 192: 341-349.
120. Walker M.M. 1999. Magnetic position determination by homing pigeons. Journal of Theoretical Biology 197: 271-276.
121. Wallraff H.G. 1959a. Über den Einfluss der Erfahrung auf das Heimfindevermögen von Brieftauben. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 16: 424-444.
122. Wallraff H.G. 1959b. Örtlich und zeitlich bedingte Variabilität des Heimkehrverhaltens von Brieftauben. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 16: 513-544.
123. Wallraff H.G. 1967. The present status of our knowledge about pigeon homing, In: Snow D.W., Edit. Proceedings of the XIV International Ornithological Congress. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 331-358.
124. Wallraff H.G. 1970. Über die Flugrichtungen verfrachteter Brieftauben in Abhängigkeit vom Heimatort und vom Ort der Freilassung. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 27: 303-351.
125. Wallraff H.G. 1972. Homing of pigeons after extirpation of their cochleae and lagenae. Nature New Biology 236: 223-224.
126. Wallraff H.G. 1974a. Das Navigationssystem der Vögel. München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag.
127. Wallraff H.G. 1974b. The effect of directional experience on initial orientation in pigeons. Auk 91: 24-34.
128. Wallraff H.G. 1978. Preferred compass directions in initial orientation of homing pigeons, In: Schmidt-Koenig K. & Keeton W.T., Edits. Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 171-183.
129. Wallraff H.G. 1979. Goal-oriented and compass-oriented movements of displaced homing pigeons after confinement in differentially shielded aviaries. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5: 201-225.
130. Wallraff H.G. 1980a. Does pigeon homing depend on stimuli perceived during displacement? I. Experiments in Germany. Journal of Comparative Physiology 139: 193-201.
131. Wallraff H.G. 1980b. Olfaction and homing in pigeons: nerve-section experiments, critique, hypotheses. Journal of Comparative Physiology 139: 209-224.
132. Wallraff H.G. 1982. Homing to Würzburg: an interim report on long-term analyses of pigeon navigation, In: Papi F. & Wallraff H.G., Edits. Avian navigation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 211-221.
133. Wallraff H.G. 1983. Relevance of atmospheric odours and geomagnetic field to pigeon navigation: what is the “map” basis? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 76A: 643-663.
134. Wallraff H.G. 1986. Directional components derived from initial-orientation data of inexperienced homing pigeons. Journal of Comparative Physiology (A) 159: 143-159.
135. Wallraff H.G. 1988a. Olfactory deprivation in pigeons: examination of methods applied in homing experiments. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 89A: 621-629.
136. Wallraff H.G. 1988b. Determinants of homing-flight courses of pigeons, In: Ouellet H., Edit. Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, pp. 330-334.
137. Wallraff H.G. 1989a. Simulated navigation based on unreliable sources of information (models on pigeon homing, part 1). Journal of Theoretical Biology 137: 1-19.
138. Wallraff H.G. 1989b. Simulated navigation based on assumed gradients of atmospheric trace gases (models on pigeon homing, part 2). Journal of Theoretical Biology 138: 511-528.
139. Wallraff H.G. 1990. Navigation by homing pigeons. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 2: 81-115.
140. Wallraff H.G. 1991. Conceptual approaches to avian navigation systems, In: Berthold P., Edit. Orientation in birds. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 128-165.
141. Wallraff H.G. 1993. Correct and false olfactory orientation of homing pigeons as depending on geographical relationships between release site and home site. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32: 147-155.
142. Wallraff H.G. 1994a. To be the first in pigeon homing: championship or luck? Animal Behaviour 47: 833-846.
143. Wallraff H.G. 1994b. Initial orientation of homing pigeons as affected by the surrounding landscape. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 6: 23-36.
144. Wallraff H.G. 1996. Seven theses on pigeon homing deduced from empirical findings. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 105-111.
145. Wallraff H.G. 1999. The magnetic map of homing pigeons: an evergreen phantom. Journal of Theoretical Biology 197: 265-269.
146. Wallraff H.G. 2000a. Simulated navigation based on observed gradients of atmospheric trace gases (models on pigeon homing, part 3). Journal of Theoretical Biology 205: 133-145.
147. Wallraff H.G. 2000b. Path integration by passively displaced homing pigeons? Animal Behaviour 60: F30-F36 (http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav/forum).
148. Wallraff H.G. & Andreae M.O. 2000. Spatial gradients in ratios of atmospheric trace gases: a study stimulated by experiments on bird navigation. Tellus (Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology) 52B: 1138-1157.
149. Wallraff H.G., Benvenuti S. & Foà A. 1986. Attempts to reveal the nature of apparent residual homeward orientation in anosmic pigeons: application of magnetic fields. Monitore Zoologico Italiano (Nuova Serie) 20: 401-423.
150. Wallraff H.G., Chappell J. & Guilford T. 1999. The roles of the sun and the landscape in pigeon homing. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2121-2126.
151. Wallraff H.G. & Kiepenheuer J. 1994. Relationships between initial orientation and subsequent homing of individual pigeons. Animal Behaviour 47: 821-832.
152. Wallraff H.G., Kiepenheuer J., Neumann M.F. & Sinsch U. 1992. Microclimatic origin of inhaled air affects olfactory navigation of homing pigeons. Experientia 48: 1153-1158.
153. Wallraff H.G., Kiepenheuer J. & Streng A. 1993. Further experiments on olfactory navigation and non-olfactory pilotage by homing pigeons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 32: 387-390.
154. Wallraff H.G., Kiepenheuer J. & Streng A. 1994. The role of visual familiarity with the landscape in pigeon homing. Ethology 97: 1-25.
155. Wallraff H.G. & Neumann M.F. 1989. Contribution of olfactory navigation and non-olfactory pilotage to pigeon homing. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 25: 293-302.
156. Wallraff H.G., Neumann M.F. & Sinsch U. 1989. Orientation and homing success of experienced and inexperienced anosmic pigeons. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 1: 47-64.
157. Wiltschko R. 1991. The role of experience in avian navigation and homing, In: Berthold P., Edit. Orientation in birds. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 250-269.
158. Wiltschko R. 1993. Pigeon homing: release site biases and their interpretation, Paper no. 15. In: RIN 93. Orientation and navigation – birds, humans and other animals. London: Royal Institute of Navigation.
159. Wiltschko R. 1996. The function of olfactory input in pigeon orientation: does it provide navigational information or play another role? Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 113-119.
160. Wiltschko R., Kumpfmüller R., Muth R. & Wiltschko W. 1994. Pigeon homing: the effect of a clock-shift is often smaller than predicted. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35: 63-73.
161. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1985a. Pigeon homing: does initial orientation include a ‘preferred compass direction’? Journal of Comparative Physiology (A) 157: 469-471.
162. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1985b. Pigeon homing: change in navigational strategy during ontogeny. Animal Behaviour 33: 583-590.
163. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1995. Magnetic orientation in animals. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
164. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1996. Magnetoreception: why is conditioning so seldom successful? Naturwissenschaften 83: 241-247.
165. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1999a. Das Orientierungssystem der Vögel. II. Heimfinden und Navigation. Journal für Ornithologie 140: 129-164.
166. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 1999b. Compass orientation as a basic element in avian orientation and navigation, In: Golledge R.G., Edit. Wayfinding behavior: cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 259-293.
167. Wiltschko R. & Wiltschko W. 2000. A strategy for beginners! Reply to Wallraff (2000). Animal Behaviour 60: F37-F43 (http://www.academicpress.com/anbehav/forum).
168. Wiltschko R., Wiltschko W. & Keeton W.T. 1978. Effect of outward journey in an altered magnetic field on the orientation of young homing pigeons, In: Schmidt-Koenig K. & Keeton W.T., Edits. Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 152-161.
169. Wiltschko R., Wiltschko W. & Kowalski U. 1989. Pigeon homing: an unexpected effect of treatment with a local anaesthetic on initial orientation. Animal Behaviour 37: 1050-1052.
170. Wiltschko W. & Wiltschko R. 1981. Disorientation of inexperienced young pigeons after transportation in total darkness. Nature 291: 433-434.
171. Wiltschko W. & Wiltschko R. 1998. The navigation system of birds and its development, In: Balda R.P. et al., Edits. Animal cognition in nature. London: Academic Press, pp. 155-199.
172. Wiltschko W., Wiltschko R. & Walcott C. 1987. Pigeon homing: different effects of olfactory deprivation in different countries. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 21: 333-342.
173. Windsor D.M. 1975. Regional expression of directionsl preferences by experienced homing pigeons. Animal Behaviour 23: 335-343.