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Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 263-290

For victory? The crises and dilemmas of the communist party of the Russian Federation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNISM; ELECTION; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY;

EID: 0035076033     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668130020032299     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (257)
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    • G. Flikke, 'Patriotic Left-Centrism: The Zigzags of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 2, March 1999, p. 275. For just some other views of the CPRF as predominately nationalist see C. Williams & S. Hanson, 'National-Socialism, Left Patriotism, or Superimperialism? The "Radical Right" in Russia', in S. P. Ramet (ed.), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989 (Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), pp. 257-278 at p. 276, and J. Devlin, Slavophiles and Commissars (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1999), pp. 179-180.
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    • G. Flikke, 'Patriotic Left-Centrism: The Zigzags of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 2, March 1999, p. 275. For just some other views of the CPRF as predominately nationalist see C. Williams & S. Hanson, 'National-Socialism, Left Patriotism, or Superimperialism? The "Radical Right" in Russia', in S. P. Ramet (ed.), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989 (Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), pp. 257-278 at p. 276, and J. Devlin, Slavophiles and Commissars (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1999), pp. 179-180.
    • (1999) The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989 , pp. 257-278
    • Williams, C.1    Hanson, S.2
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    • Basingstoke, Macmillan
    • G. Flikke, 'Patriotic Left-Centrism: The Zigzags of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation', Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 2, March 1999, p. 275. For just some other views of the CPRF as predominately nationalist see C. Williams & S. Hanson, 'National-Socialism, Left Patriotism, or Superimperialism? The "Radical Right" in Russia', in S. P. Ramet (ed.), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe Since 1989 (Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), pp. 257-278 at p. 276, and J. Devlin, Slavophiles and Commissars (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1999), pp. 179-180.
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    • See Novoe vremya, 1996, 22, p. 10; J. T. Ishiyama, 'Red Phoenix? The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russian Politics', Party Politics, 2, 2, April 1996, pp. 147-175.
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    • Red phoenix? the communist party in post-soviet Russian politics
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    • See Novoe vremya, 1996, 22, p. 10; J. T. Ishiyama, 'Red Phoenix? The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russian Politics', Party Politics, 2, 2, April 1996, pp. 147-175.
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    • See Urban & Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, pp. 55-59; R. Sakwa, 'Left or Right? The CPRF and the Problem of Democratic Consolidation in Russia', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 14, 1 and 2, March and June 1998, pp. 128-158 at p. 139; author's interview with Boris Slavin (Pravda 5 correspondent and ex-CPRF Central Committee member), 29 November 1997.
    • Russia's Communists at the Crossroads , pp. 55-59
    • Urban1    Solovei2
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    • 0031822892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left or right? The CPRF and the problem of democratic consolidation in Russia
    • 14, 1 and 2, March and June
    • See Urban & Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, pp. 55-59; R. Sakwa, 'Left or Right? The CPRF and the Problem of Democratic Consolidation in Russia', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 14, 1 and 2, March and June 1998, pp. 128-158 at p. 139; author's interview with Boris Slavin (Pravda 5 correspondent and ex-CPRF Central Committee member), 29 November 1997.
    • (1998) The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics , pp. 128-158
    • Sakwa, R.1
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    • 0031822892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • correspondent and ex-CPRF Central Committee member, 29 November
    • See Urban & Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, pp. 55-59; R. Sakwa, 'Left or Right? The CPRF and the Problem of Democratic Consolidation in Russia', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 14, 1 and 2, March and June 1998, pp. 128-158 at p. 139; author's interview with Boris Slavin (Pravda 5 correspondent and ex-CPRF Central Committee member), 29 November 1997.
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    • note
    • Author's interview with Nikolai Bindyukov (CPRF Central Committee secretary for connections with foreign parties and movements), 18 December 1997.
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    • 4-11 November
    • G. Zyuganov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 30 July 1992; V. Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 4-11 November 1997.
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    • note
    • In Valerii Solovei's apt phrase; conversation with the author, 18 September 2000.
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    • Pravda, 13-17 February 1998.
    • (1998) Pravda
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    • What about the voters?
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    • See L. Byzov, 'What about the voters?', in M. McFaul, N. Petrov et al., Primer on Russia's 1999 Duma Elections (Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999), pp. 11-24 at p. 20.
    • (1999) Primer on Russia's 1999 Duma Elections , pp. 11-24
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    • note
    • Author's interviews with Bindyukov, 18 December 1997, and with CPRF CC secretary for ideological work Aleksandr Kravets, 20 November 1997. The output of the party-affiliated society Russian Scholars of Socialist Orientation and its theoretical journal Dialog is still strongly Marxist-Leninist.
  • 25
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    • Author's interview with deputy head of CPRF CC department for international affairs Andrei Filippov, 6 December 1997.
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    • Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie v postkommunisticheskom obshchestve
    • J. Barth Urban & V. Solovei, 'Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie v postkommunisticheskom obshchestve', Svobodnaya mysl', 1997, 3, pp. 14-28 at p. 28.
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    • Rachel Walker sees Soviet ideology as an 'empty signifier', redefined by the party continuously as circumstances required. See R. Walker, 'Marxism-Leninism as Discourse: The Politics of the Empty Signifier and the Double Bind', The British Journal of Political Science, 19, April 1989, pp. 161-189 at p. 176.
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    • See T. Astrakhankina, Pravda 5, 29 October 1997 and Glasnost', 1997, 10.
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    • See T. Astrakhankina, Pravda 5, 29 October 1997 and Glasnost', 1997, 10.
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    • Author's interview with Bindyukov, 18 December 1997.
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    • Developments in Russian voting behaviour: 1993 and 1995 compared
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    • M. Wyman, 'Developments in Russian Voting Behaviour: 1993 and 1995 Compared', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 12, 3, September 1996, pp. 277-292 at p. 287.
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    • Russia's forced-choice presidential election
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    • R. Rose & E. Tikhomirov, 'Russia's Forced-Choice Presidential Election', Post-Soviet Affairs, 12, 4, October-December 1996, pp. 351-379 at p. 353.
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    • Russian electoral politics after transition: Regional and national assessments
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    • Duverger, Political Parties, p. 175; McInnes, The Communist Parties of Western Europe, p. 34.
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    • note
    • Author's interview with Bindyukov, 18 December 1997.
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    • Russia's 1996 presidential elections
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    • Elections and voting behaviour
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    • M. Wyman, 'Elections and Voting Behaviour', in S. White, A. Pravda & Z. Gitelman (eds), Developments in Russian Politics 4 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1997), pp. 104-128 at p. 120.
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    • Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii
    • A. Makarkin, Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, 1996), p. 1; S. Chernyakovsky, The Communist Party of the Russian Federation', in McFaul, Petrov et al., Primer on Russia's 1999 Duma Elections, pp. 77-84 at p. 84.
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    • The communist party of the Russian federation
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    • A. Makarkin, Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, 1996), p. 1; S. Chernyakovsky, The Communist Party of the Russian Federation', in McFaul, Petrov et al., Primer on Russia's 1999 Duma Elections, pp. 77-84 at p. 84.
    • Primer on Russia's 1999 Duma Elections , pp. 77-84
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    • There are many other such examples, including CPRF Duma deputies Yurii Severnard, Viktor Vid'manov, president of the Rosagrompromstroi corporation, and Valerii Vorotnikov, a former KGB general, who had ties to important Russian banking circles such as MOST Bank, and was 10th on the CPRF party list in 1995. See Zavtra, 1997, 50, p. 1; www.nns.ru/elects/izbobyed/finansy.html; and Makarkin, Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii, p. 3.
    • (1997) Zavtra , vol.50 , pp. 1
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    • There are many other such examples, including CPRF Duma deputies Yurii Severnard, Viktor Vid'manov, president of the Rosagrompromstroi corporation, and Valerii Vorotnikov, a former KGB general, who had ties to important Russian banking circles such as MOST Bank, and was 10th on the CPRF party list in 1995. See Zavtra, 1997, 50, p. 1; www.nns.ru/elects/izbobyed/finansy.html; and Makarkin, Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii, p. 3.
    • Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii , pp. 3
    • Makarkin1
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    • Economics and voting in Russia
    • October-December
    • T. J. Colton, 'Economics and Voting in Russia', Post-Soviet Affairs, 12, 4, October-December 1996, pp. 289-314 at pp. 300-306; Wyman, 'Developments in Russian Voting Behaviour: 1993 and 1995 Compared', pp. 281-282.
    • (1996) Post-soviet Affairs , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-314
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    • 26 July
    • Segodnya, 26 July 1996; S. Whitefield & G. Evans, 'Support for Democracy and Political Opposition in Russia, 1993-1995', Post-Soviet Affairs, 12, 3, July-September 1996, pp. 218-242 at p. 228.
    • (1996) Segodnya
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    • Support for democracy and political opposition in Russia, 1993-1995
    • July-September
    • Segodnya, 26 July 1996; S. Whitefield & G. Evans, 'Support for Democracy and Political Opposition in Russia, 1993-1995', Post-Soviet Affairs, 12, 3, July-September 1996, pp. 218-242 at p. 228.
    • (1996) Post-soviet Affairs , vol.12 , Issue.3 , pp. 218-242
    • Whitefield, S.1    Evans, G.2
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    • Party membership was 600 000 in 1996 (Urban & Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, p. 59). The author was quoted 550-560 000 in 1998 (author's interview with A. Filippov, 31 January 1998). The 1999 figure is 530 000 (Chernyakovsky, 'The Communist Party of the Russian Federation', p. 79).
    • (1998) Russia's Communists at the Crossroads , pp. 59
    • Urban1    Solovei2
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    • Party membership was 600 000 in 1996 (Urban & Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, p. 59). The author was quoted 550-560 000 in 1998 (author's interview with A. Filippov, 31 January 1998). The 1999 figure is 530 000 (Chernyakovsky, 'The Communist Party of the Russian Federation', p. 79).
    • The Communist Party of the Russian Federation , pp. 79
    • Chernyakovsky1
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    • 2 February
    • As party First Deputy Chairman Kuptsov admitted: 'we are aiming for a [vanguard party] but it is impossible in current conditions' (Sovetskaya Rossiya, 2 February 1995).
    • (1995) Sovetskaya Rossiya
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    • Russia's left wing: Party organization and party temperature
    • Z. Trofimova, 'Russia's Left Wing: Party Organization and Party Temperature', Russia, 1997, 7. For information on low membership recruitment see Zyuganov at the 8th CC CPRF plenum on 20 June 1998 (accessed from www.kprf.ru).
    • (1997) Russia , pp. 7
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    • accessed from
    • Z. Trofimova, 'Russia's Left Wing: Party Organization and Party Temperature', Russia, 1997, 7. For information on low membership recruitment see Zyuganov at the 8th CC CPRF plenum on 20 June 1998 (accessed from www.kprf.ru).
    • 8th CC CPRF Plenum on 20 June 1998
    • Zyuganov1
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    • 17 January and 20 November
    • Zyuganov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 17 January 1996 and 20 November 1997: 'the CPRF in the Duma simply cannot be more radical than the moods of the people and people simply are not going onto the streets in sufficient numbers'.
    • (1996) Sovetskaya Rossiya
    • Zyuganov1
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    • 21 April
    • See the comments of Andrei Isaev, head of FNPR's parliamentary wing, the Union of Labour, in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 21 April 2000, at www.ng.ru. Zyuganov has often talked about party organisations being unable to work with other social strata and concerned only with internal matters (e.g. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 17 February 1994).
    • (2000) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
    • Isaev, A.1
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    • 17 February
    • See the comments of Andrei Isaev, head of FNPR's parliamentary wing, the Union of Labour, in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 21 April 2000, at www.ng.ru. Zyuganov has often talked about party organisations being unable to work with other social strata and concerned only with internal matters (e.g. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 17 February 1994).
    • (1994) Sovetskaya Rossiya
    • Zyuganov1
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    • 18-25 April and 6-13 March
    • Pravda 5, 18-25 April 1997 and 6-13 March 1998; Johnson's Russia List, 4113, 16 February 2000. The Komsomol split from the party because it thought the CPRF was too willing to compromise with the authorities and claimed that the CPRF was trying to curb its independence.
    • (1997) Pravda , vol.5
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    • 16 February
    • Pravda 5, 18-25 April 1997 and 6-13 March 1998; Johnson's Russia List, 4113, 16 February 2000. The Komsomol split from the party because it thought the CPRF was too willing to compromise with the authorities and claimed that the CPRF was trying to curb its independence.
    • (2000) Johnson's Russia List , vol.4113
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    • 25 October
    • See S. Baburin, Pravda 5, 25 October 1997.
    • (1997) Pravda , vol.5
    • Baburin, S.1
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    • note
    • See most of the sources cited in note 2.
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    • 13-17 February
    • V. Kuptsov, Pravda, 13-17 February 1998; author's interviews with Bindyukov, 18 December 1997, and Kravets, 20 November 1997.
    • (1998) Pravda
    • Kuptsov, V.1
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    • Moscow, Znanie
    • Author's interview with Bindyukov, 18 December 1997. For the statist-patriotic communists' views on the strategy see Yurii Belov, Ne tuzhi, Rossiya (Moscow, Znanie, 1997), pp. 64, 92; G. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina may a: ideologiya gosudarstvennogo patriotizma (Moscow, Informpechat', 1996), p. 52.
    • (1997) Ne Tuzhi, Rossiya , pp. 64
    • Belov, Y.1
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    • Moscow, Informpechat'
    • Author's interview with Bindyukov, 18 December 1997. For the statist-patriotic communists' views on the strategy see Yurii Belov, Ne tuzhi, Rossiya (Moscow, Znanie, 1997), pp. 64, 92; G. Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina may a: ideologiya gosudarstvennogo patriotizma (Moscow, Informpechat', 1996), p. 52.
    • (1996) Rossiya - Rodina May a: Ideologiya Gosudarstvennogo Patriotizma , pp. 52
    • Zyuganov, G.1
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    • O klassovom podkhode i gosudarstvennom patriotizme
    • Marxist-Leninist moderniser R. Gabidullin asserted that state-patriotism was supported by only three or four party leaders (R. Gabidullin, 'O klassovom podkhode i gosudarstvennom patriotizme', Dialog, 1997, 10, p. 10). Even in the party's broader electorate a majority (54%) actually support 'communism', only 12% support 'Russian nationalism' and 9% 'centrism' (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 October 1997).
    • (1997) Dialog , vol.10 , pp. 10
    • Gabidullin, R.1
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    • 0005503320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 October
    • Marxist-Leninist moderniser R. Gabidullin asserted that state-patriotism was supported by only three or four party leaders (R. Gabidullin, 'O klassovom podkhode i gosudarstvennom patriotizme', Dialog, 1997, 10, p. 10). Even in the party's broader electorate a majority (54%) actually support 'communism', only 12% support 'Russian nationalism' and 9% 'centrism' (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 October 1997).
    • (1997) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 89
    • 33847578618 scopus 로고
    • Boulder, Westview
    • National bolshevism in the USSR was a state-sponsored 'official nationalism' which legitimised the institutions of the Soviet state from a national-imperialist point of view and grounded them in an emotional and patriotic sentiment absent from Marxist-Leninist discourse. See M. Agursky, The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR (Boulder, Westview, 1987), p. 248.
    • (1987) The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR , pp. 248
    • Agursky, M.1
  • 91
    • 33847596691 scopus 로고
    • 17 March
    • Zyuganov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 17 March 1994; Yurii Belov, Russkaya sud'ba (Moscow, Soratnik, 1995), p. 38; also Pravda, 15 March 1994, p. 2.
    • (1994) Sovetskaya Rossiya
    • Zyuganov1
  • 92
    • 33847592026 scopus 로고
    • Moscow, Soratnik
    • Zyuganov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 17 March 1994; Yurii Belov, Russkaya sud'ba (Moscow, Soratnik, 1995), p. 38; also Pravda, 15 March 1994, p. 2.
    • (1995) Russkaya Sud'ba , pp. 38
    • Belov, Y.1
  • 93
    • 85015127779 scopus 로고
    • 15 March
    • Zyuganov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 17 March 1994; Yurii Belov, Russkaya sud'ba (Moscow, Soratnik, 1995), p. 38; also Pravda, 15 March 1994, p. 2.
    • (1994) Pravda , pp. 2
  • 94
    • 33847599045 scopus 로고
    • 18 August
    • R. Kosolapov, Pravda, 18 August 1993; P.Lopata, 'Na puti ideinogo obnovleniya', Dialog, 1997, 2, p. 20; Pravda, 21 September 1993.
    • (1993) Pravda
    • Kosolapov, R.1
  • 95
    • 84928515501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Na puti ideinogo obnovleniya
    • R. Kosolapov, Pravda, 18 August 1993; P.Lopata, 'Na puti ideinogo obnovleniya', Dialog, 1997, 2, p. 20; Pravda, 21 September 1993.
    • (1997) Dialog , vol.2 , pp. 20
    • Lopata, P.1
  • 96
    • 85015127658 scopus 로고
    • 21 September
    • R. Kosolapov, Pravda, 18 August 1993; P.Lopata, 'Na puti ideinogo obnovleniya', Dialog, 1997, 2, p. 20; Pravda, 21 September 1993.
    • (1993) Pravda
  • 97
    • 0003887944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban & Solovei's account of party ideological changes in 1993-95 is in the main convincing, although it focuses too much on internecine doctrinal disputes and ignores the moderate-radical split (see Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, pp. 121-145).
    • Russia's Communists at the Crossroads , pp. 121-145
  • 100
    • 0010802262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 March
    • For Zyuganov's election platform see Sovetskaya Rossiya, 19 March 1996. For the NPSR programme see Sovetskaya Rossiya, 10 August 1996.
    • (1996) Sovetskaya Rossiya
  • 101
    • 0010802262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 August
    • For Zyuganov's election platform see Sovetskaya Rossiya, 19 March 1996. For the NPSR programme see Sovetskaya Rossiya, 10 August 1996.
    • (1996) Sovetskaya Rossiya
  • 102
    • 0004105878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 14, 15, 72, 355. See also Zyuganov and Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 15 August 1996, Pravda Rossii, 19 December 1996.
    • Rossiya - Rodina Moya , pp. 14
    • Zyuganov1
  • 103
    • 33847595137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 August
    • Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 14, 15, 72, 355. See also Zyuganov and Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 15 August 1996, Pravda Rossii, 19 December 1996.
    • (1996) Pravda Rossii
    • Zyuganov1    Kuptsov2
  • 104
    • 0342692586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 December
    • Zyuganov, Rossiya - rodina moya, pp. 14, 15, 72, 355. See also Zyuganov and Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 15 August 1996, Pravda Rossii, 19 December 1996.
    • (1996) Pravda Rossii
  • 106
    • 84928519016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IV s''ezd Kommunisticheskoi partii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, pp. 74, 83. The radical communist paper Glasnost called it a 'long-awaited step to the left' (Glasnost', 1997, 9, p. 3).
    • (1997) Glasnost , vol.9 , pp. 3
  • 107
    • 85015119879 scopus 로고
    • Izm, 1995, 1 (6), p. 20. Such views are expressed by many. For just some examples see B. Slavin, Posle sotsializma … (Moscow, Flinta, 1996), p. 369; V. Trushkov, 'Russkaya ideya v rossiiskom politicheskom prostranstve', Dialog, 1997, 5, pp. 12-15.
    • (1995) Izm , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 20
  • 108
    • 0342693083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moscow, Flinta
    • Izm, 1995, 1 (6), p. 20. Such views are expressed by many. For just some examples see B. Slavin, Posle sotsializma … (Moscow, Flinta, 1996), p. 369; V. Trushkov, 'Russkaya ideya v rossiiskom politicheskom prostranstve', Dialog, 1997, 5, pp. 12-15.
    • (1996) Posle Sotsializma , pp. 369
    • Slavin, B.1
  • 109
    • 84928516421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russkaya ideya v rossiiskom politicheskom prostranstve
    • Izm, 1995, 1 (6), p. 20. Such views are expressed by many. For just some examples see B. Slavin, Posle sotsializma … (Moscow, Flinta, 1996), p. 369; V. Trushkov, 'Russkaya ideya v rossiiskom politicheskom prostranstve', Dialog, 1997, 5, pp. 12-15.
    • (1997) Dialog , vol.5 , pp. 12-15
    • Trushkov, V.1
  • 110
    • 0342692585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8 June
    • For the CPU(r) see RFE/RL Poland, Belarus and Ukraine Report, 1, 3, 8 June 2000. For analysis of the Ukrainian and Czech Communist Parties respectively see J. Barth Urban, 'The Communist Parties of Russia and Ukraine on the Eve of the 1999 Elections: Similarities, Contrasts, and Interactions', Demokratizatsiya, 7, 1, Winter 1999, pp. 111-134; and S. Hanley, 'From "Subcultural Party" to Neo-Communist Force? The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 1990-2000', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (forthcoming).
    • (2000) RFE/RL Poland, Belarus and Ukraine Report , vol.1 , pp. 3
  • 111
    • 0000126618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The communist parties of Russia and Ukraine on the eve of the 1999 elections: Similarities, contrasts, and interactions
    • Winter
    • For the CPU(r) see RFE/RL Poland, Belarus and Ukraine Report, 1, 3, 8 June 2000. For analysis of the Ukrainian and Czech Communist Parties respectively see J. Barth Urban, 'The Communist Parties of Russia and Ukraine on the Eve of the 1999 Elections: Similarities, Contrasts, and Interactions', Demokratizatsiya, 7, 1, Winter 1999, pp. 111-134; and S. Hanley, 'From "Subcultural Party" to Neo-Communist Force? The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 1990-2000', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (forthcoming).
    • (1999) Demokratizatsiya , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-134
    • Urban, J.B.1
  • 112
    • 84928515674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From "subcultural party" to neo-communist force? the communist party of Bohemia and Moravia 1990-2000
    • forthcoming
    • For the CPU(r) see RFE/RL Poland, Belarus and Ukraine Report, 1, 3, 8 June 2000. For analysis of the Ukrainian and Czech Communist Parties respectively see J. Barth Urban, 'The Communist Parties of Russia and Ukraine on the Eve of the 1999 Elections: Similarities, Contrasts, and Interactions', Demokratizatsiya, 7, 1, Winter 1999, pp. 111-134; and S. Hanley, 'From "Subcultural Party" to Neo-Communist Force? The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 1990-2000', Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (forthcoming).
    • Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics
    • Hanley, S.1
  • 114
  • 115
    • 33847593405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii
    • KPRF mezhdu umerennost'yu i radikalizmom (Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, 1997), p. 4. For Lenin's approach to compromise see V. Lenin, 'On Compromises', Selected Works, Vol. 2 (Moscow, Progress, 1970), pp. 226-230.
    • (1997) KPRF Mezhdu Umerennost'yu I Radikalizmom , pp. 4
  • 116
    • 33847598705 scopus 로고
    • On compromises
    • Moscow, Progress
    • KPRF mezhdu umerennost'yu i radikalizmom (Moscow, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, 1997), p. 4. For Lenin's approach to compromise see V. Lenin, 'On Compromises', Selected Works, Vol. 2 (Moscow, Progress, 1970), pp. 226-230.
    • (1970) Selected Works , vol.2 , pp. 226-230
    • Lenin, V.1
  • 118
    • 84928515858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Kuvaev, Zavtra, 1997, 43; A. Makashov, Pravda Moskvy, 78, November 1997.
    • Zavtra , vol.1997 , pp. 43
    • Kuvaev, A.1
  • 119
    • 85015116264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November
    • A. Kuvaev, Zavtra, 1997, 43; A. Makashov, Pravda Moskvy, 78, November 1997.
    • (1997) Pravda Moskvy , vol.78
    • Makashov, A.1
  • 124
    • 0002078232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moscow, Interbuk
    • For example, Aleksandr Korzhakov told the CPRF that the regime would not give up power even if they won freely and fairly, and tried to cajole them into initiating an appeal to cancel the elections. See A. Korzhakov, Boris El'tsin: ot rassveta do zakata (Moscow, Interbuk, 1997), pp. 368-369, 375.
    • (1997) Boris El'tsin: Ot Rassveta Do Zakata , pp. 368-369
    • Korzhakov, A.1
  • 126
    • 0345600259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 31 January
    • See Izvestiya, 31 January 1997. Especially during the first few months of 1997, the CPRF floated the idea of a vice-presidency, with rumours that Zyuganov would be suggested as vice-president. The CPRF also renewed its attempts to remove El'tsin on the grounds of ill health with attempts to renew the constitution through a constitutional assembly.
    • (1997) Izvestiya
  • 127
    • 85015120960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 February
    • See Podberezkin, Pravda 5, 11 February 1997; Zyuganov, Pravda, 6 July 1996.
    • (1997) Pravda , vol.5
    • Podberezkin1
  • 128
    • 33847593224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6 July
    • See Podberezkin, Pravda 5, 11 February 1997; Zyuganov, Pravda, 6 July 1996.
    • (1996) Pravda
    • Zyuganov1
  • 129
    • 0342692586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 December
    • See Pravda Rossii, 19 December 1996; Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 11 March 1997.
    • (1996) Pravda Rossii
  • 130
    • 33847591503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 March
    • See Pravda Rossii, 19 December 1996; Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 11 March 1997.
    • (1997) Pravda Rossii
    • Kuptsov1
  • 131
    • 0031854451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 October
    • See OMRI Russian Regional Report, Part II, 6, 2 October 1996; and S. Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia 1996-7', Post-Soviet Affairs, 14, 1, January-March 1998, pp. 48-80.
    • (1996) OMRI Russian Regional Report , vol.6
  • 132
    • 0031854451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gubernatorial elections in russia 1996-7
    • January-March
    • See OMRI Russian Regional Report, Part II, 6, 2 October 1996; and S. Solnick, 'Gubernatorial Elections in Russia 1996-7', Post-Soviet Affairs, 14, 1, January-March 1998, pp. 48-80.
    • (1998) Post-soviet Affairs , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 48-80
    • Solnick, S.1
  • 133
    • 85015121720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 October
    • Vladimir Rimskii, OMRI Russian Regional Report, Part I, 10, 30 October 1996; McFaul & Petrov, 'Russian Electoral Politics After Transition', pp. 514, 533.
    • (1996) OMRI Russian Regional Report , vol.10
    • Rimskii, V.1
  • 135
    • 0039472739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1 November
    • Kommersant', 1 November 1996; McFaul & Petrov, 'Russian Electoral Politics After Transition', pp. 523-526.
    • (1996) Kommersant
  • 137
    • 84967503905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 August
    • C. Freeland, Financial Times, 30 August 1996, p. 2; Moscow News, 21-27 May 1998.
    • (1996) Financial Times , pp. 2
    • Freeland, C.1
  • 138
    • 0005514974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21-27 May
    • C. Freeland, Financial Times, 30 August 1996, p. 2; Moscow News, 21-27 May 1998.
    • (1998) Moscow News
  • 140
    • 0031391527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7 October
    • Those governors who eventually supported the CPRF in the 1999 election were Belogonov (Amur), Kondratenko (Krasnodar), Maksyuta (Volgograd), Ryabov (Tambov), Vinogradov (Vladimir), Chernogorov (Stavropol), Starodubtsev (Tula), Lodkin (Bryansk), Shabanov (Voronezh) and Surikov (Altai). Of these only the last five might be regarded as strongly ideologically conscious. See EWI Russian Regional Report, 4, 37, 7 October 1999; V. Tolz & I. Busygina, 'Regional Governors and the Kremlin: the Ongoing Battle for Power', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30, 4, 1997, pp. 401-426 at p. 412.
    • (1999) EWI Russian Regional Report , vol.4 , Issue.37
  • 141
    • 0031391527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional governors and the Kremlin: The ongoing battle for power
    • Those governors who eventually supported the CPRF in the 1999 election were Belogonov (Amur), Kondratenko (Krasnodar), Maksyuta (Volgograd), Ryabov (Tambov), Vinogradov (Vladimir), Chernogorov (Stavropol), Starodubtsev (Tula), Lodkin (Bryansk), Shabanov (Voronezh) and Surikov (Altai). Of these only the last five might be regarded as strongly ideologically conscious. See EWI Russian Regional Report, 4, 37, 7 October 1999; V. Tolz & I. Busygina, 'Regional Governors and the Kremlin: the Ongoing Battle for Power', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30, 4, 1997, pp. 401-426 at p. 412.
    • (1997) Communist and Post-communist Studies , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 401-426
    • Tolz, V.1    Busygina, I.2
  • 142
    • 85015111589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 April
    • However, only the governors of Bryansk, Ryazan and Stavropol permitted the CPRF local organisation to control key positions in administration (Informatsionnyi byulleten', 7 (48), 15 April 1998, at www.kprf.ru).
    • (1998) Informatsionnyi Byulleten , vol.7 , Issue.48
  • 143
    • 85015119970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the speech of Zyuganov at the 20 June 1998 CC plenum (www.kprf.ru/news/buleten.htm).
  • 144
    • 84928513404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The most vocal oppositionists were Teimuraz Avaliani, Albert Makashov, Richard Kosolapov and Tatyana Astrakhankina. For their complaints see Dialog, 1996, 11, pp. 33-34; Molniya, 1997, 9. For the text of the 'Leninist-Stalinist Platform' see Glasnost', 15 May 1998.
    • (1996) Dialog , vol.11 , pp. 33-34
  • 145
    • 85015114561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The most vocal oppositionists were Teimuraz Avaliani, Albert Makashov, Richard Kosolapov and Tatyana Astrakhankina. For their complaints see Dialog, 1996, 11, pp. 33-34; Molniya, 1997, 9. For the text of the 'Leninist-Stalinist Platform' see Glasnost', 15 May 1998.
    • (1997) Molniya , pp. 9
  • 146
    • 33847587591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leninist-stalinist platform
    • 15 May
    • The most vocal oppositionists were Teimuraz Avaliani, Albert Makashov, Richard Kosolapov and Tatyana Astrakhankina. For their complaints see Dialog, 1996, 11, pp. 33-34; Molniya, 1997, 9. For the text of the 'Leninist-Stalinist Platform' see Glasnost', 15 May 1998.
    • (1998) Glasnost
  • 147
    • 85015129302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the CPRFIV congress Moscow leader Kuvaev warned of a split if the CPRF did not harden its position towards the regime (from www.nns.ru/chronicle/sdkprf.htrnl).
  • 149
    • 0031826852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classifying Russia's party system: The problem of 'relevance' in a time of uncertainty
    • March and June
    • N. Robinson, 'Classifying Russia's Party System: The Problem of 'Relevance' in a Time of Uncertainty', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 14, 1 and 2, March and June 1998, pp. 159-177 at pp. 168, 170.
    • (1998) The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics , vol.14 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 159-177
    • Robinson, N.1
  • 150
    • 85015118791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Author's interviews with Filippov and Bindyukov, 6 and 18 December 1997.
  • 151
    • 0005447525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 December
    • Zyuganov claimed that a 'round table' agreement with the executive would deliver a change in the constitution, the forming of a government of people's trust and a change of socioeconomic course, none of which occurred (Sovetskaya Rossiya, 30 December 1997).
    • (1997) Sovetskaya Rossiya
  • 152
    • 0005503320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 October
    • 'Hero of the Day' programme (NTV), 13 February 1998. On Ilyukhin see Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3 October 1997. On an attempt to explain Seleznev's actions to the party see V. Trushkov, Pravda Rossii, 21-28 October 1998.
    • (1997) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 153
    • 33847606572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21-28 October
    • 'Hero of the Day' programme (NTV), 13 February 1998. On Ilyukhin see Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3 October 1997. On an attempt to explain Seleznev's actions to the party see V. Trushkov, Pravda Rossii, 21-28 October 1998.
    • (1998) Pravda Rossii
    • Trushkov, V.1
  • 154
    • 0345586562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17-24 August
    • For defections such as those of Vladimir Semago, ex-party whip Oleg Shenkarev and others see Moskovskie novosti, 17-24 August 1997; Moscow News, 19-25 February 1998, p. 2. For the decline in Duma discipline see A. Frolov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 April 1998; and Kommersant', 25 April 1998.
    • (1997) Moskovskie Novosti
  • 155
    • 0005514974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19-25 February
    • For defections such as those of Vladimir Semago, ex-party whip Oleg Shenkarev and others see Moskovskie novosti, 17-24 August 1997; Moscow News, 19-25 February 1998, p. 2. For the decline in Duma discipline see A. Frolov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 April 1998; and Kommersant', 25 April 1998.
    • (1998) Moscow News , pp. 2
  • 156
    • 33847581471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 April
    • For defections such as those of Vladimir Semago, ex-party whip Oleg Shenkarev and others see Moskovskie novosti, 17-24 August 1997; Moscow News, 19-25 February 1998, p. 2. For the decline in Duma discipline see A. Frolov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 April 1998; and Kommersant', 25 April 1998.
    • (1998) Sovetskaya Rossiya
    • Frolov, A.1
  • 157
    • 0002226263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25 April
    • For defections such as those of Vladimir Semago, ex-party whip Oleg Shenkarev and others see Moskovskie novosti, 17-24 August 1997; Moscow News, 19-25 February 1998, p. 2. For the decline in Duma discipline see A. Frolov, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 April 1998; and Kommersant', 25 April 1998.
    • (1998) Kommersant
  • 158
  • 159
    • 85015122605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As First Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister respectively. Gennadii Khodyrev, (a CPRF member) also entered government as minister for anti-monopoly policy and support of industry.
  • 161
    • 85015127178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Makashov's derogatory remarks about 'yids' at party rallies in Samara and Moscow see Zavtra, 1998, 42. For these and Ilyukhin's remarks see Kommersant', 12 November 1998; Segodnya, 16 December 1998; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1998.
    • (1998) Zavtra , pp. 42
  • 162
    • 0002226263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12 November
    • For Makashov's derogatory remarks about 'yids' at party rallies in Samara and Moscow see Zavtra, 1998, 42. For these and Ilyukhin's remarks see Kommersant', 12 November 1998; Segodnya, 16 December 1998; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1998.
    • (1998) Kommersant
  • 163
    • 85039863428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 December
    • For Makashov's derogatory remarks about 'yids' at party rallies in Samara and Moscow see Zavtra, 1998, 42. For these and Ilyukhin's remarks see Kommersant', 12 November 1998; Segodnya, 16 December 1998; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1998.
    • (1998) Segodnya
  • 164
    • 0004280843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 December
    • For Makashov's derogatory remarks about 'yids' at party rallies in Samara and Moscow see Zavtra, 1998, 42. For these and Ilyukhin's remarks see Kommersant', 12 November 1998; Segodnya, 16 December 1998; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1998.
    • (1998) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 165
    • 85015120228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 November
    • SWB, SU/3381 B/5, 11 November 1998; SWB, SU/3434 B/6, 16 January 1999.
    • (1998) SWB, SU/3381 , vol.B , Issue.5
  • 166
    • 85015114229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 16 January
    • SWB, SU/3381 B/5, 11 November 1998; SWB, SU/3434 B/6, 16 January 1999.
    • (1999) SWB, SU/3434 , vol.B , Issue.6
  • 167
    • 0031876411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political conflict and institutional design: Paths of party development in Russia'
    • March and June
    • T. F. Remington, 'Political Conflict and Institutional Design: Paths of Party Development in Russia', The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 14, 1 and 2, March and June 1998, pp. 201-223 at p. 211.
    • (1998) The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics , vol.14 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 201-223
    • Remington, T.F.1
  • 168
    • 0005419281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 May
    • Although the CPRF leadership blamed the defeat on the other fractions, many rank-and-file communists were truly upset by the failure of impeachment (Vremya MN, 17 May 1999).
    • (1999) Vremya MN
  • 170
    • 0004280843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25 June
    • Following the attempt the long-standing dissident Avaliani was finally removed from the Central Committee, and other dissidents were silenced (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 25 June 1998).
    • (1998) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 171
    • 33847585862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CPRF CC presidium member
    • 27-28 April
    • For example, in early 1999 18% of party secretaries were changed as result of criticism (Sergei Potapov, CPRF CC Presidium member, Pravda, 27-28 April 1999).
    • (1999) Pravda
    • Potapov, S.1
  • 172
    • 85015120062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December
    • Moskovskaya Pravda, 66, December 1999; Pravda 5, 23 May 1998.
    • (1999) Pravda , vol.66
    • Moskovskaya1
  • 173
    • 85015111211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 May
    • Moskovskaya Pravda, 66, December 1999; Pravda 5, 23 May 1998.
    • (1998) Pravda , vol.5
  • 174
    • 0004280843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 July
    • The Agrarian Party, Derzhava and Spiritual Heritage wanted a loose coalition rather than the disciplined union the CPRF sought. They sought alliances with Luzhkov, the 'Union of Realists' and S. Federov's Party of Workers' Self-Management (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 4 July 1998).
    • (1998) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 175
    • 0002226263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6 January
    • See Agrarian leader Lapshin's comments to this effect in Kommersant', 6 January 1998.
    • (1998) Kommersant
  • 176
    • 85015126950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10-15 November
    • Informatsionnyi byulleten', 30, 10-15 November 1998 at www.kprf.ru; SWB/SU/3375 B/5, 4 November 1998; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 8 August 1996.
    • (1998) Informatsionnyi Byulleten , vol.30
  • 177
    • 85015108956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 November
    • Informatsionnyi byulleten', 30, 10-15 November 1998 at www.kprf.ru; SWB/SU/3375 B/5, 4 November 1998; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 8 August 1996.
    • (1998) SWB/SU/3375 , vol.B , Issue.5
  • 178
    • 0010802262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8 August
    • Informatsionnyi byulleten', 30, 10-15 November 1998 at www.kprf.ru; SWB/SU/3375 B/5, 4 November 1998; Sovetskaya Rossiya, 8 August 1996.
    • (1996) Sovetskaya Rossiya
  • 179
    • 84928517791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 January
    • Moscow Times, 14 January 1999 at www.moscowtimes.ru.
    • (1999) Times
    • Moscow1
  • 180
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 September
    • The CPRF supported only nine MSA candidates, and refused to give a party list place to the MSA's Albert Makashov, thereby forcing it to run independently. See Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3 September 1999; Sergei Chernyakovsky, 'Kommunisticheskie obedineniya', in M. McFaul, N. Petrov et al., Rossiya nakanune dumskikh vyborov 1999 goda (Moscow, Moscow Carnegie Centre, 1999), pp. 99-119 at p. 102.
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 181
    • 85015111385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kommunisticheskie obedineniya
    • M. McFaul, N. Petrov et al., Moscow, Moscow Carnegie Centre
    • The CPRF supported only nine MSA candidates, and refused to give a party list place to the MSA's Albert Makashov, thereby forcing it to run independently. See Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3 September 1999; Sergei Chernyakovsky, 'Kommunisticheskie obedineniya', in M. McFaul, N. Petrov et al., Rossiya nakanune dumskikh vyborov 1999 goda (Moscow, Moscow Carnegie Centre, 1999), pp. 99-119 at p. 102.
    • (1999) Rossiya Nakanune Dumskikh Vyborov 1999 Goda , pp. 99-119
    • Chernyakovsky, S.1
  • 182
    • 85015108796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ilyukhin said his aim was to pitch the MSA vote towards Cossacks and military personnel who were nationalists but who might object to the communist label (Ilyukhin at MSA website www.gull.ptt.ru/Asm; Moscow Times, 14 January 1999 at www.moscowtimes.ru).
  • 183
    • 0004077728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 14 January
    • Ilyukhin said his aim was to pitch the MSA vote towards Cossacks and military personnel who were nationalists but who might object to the communist label (Ilyukhin at MSA website www.gull.ptt.ru/Asm; Moscow Times, 14 January 1999 at www.moscowtimes.ru).
    • (1999) Moscow Times
  • 184
    • 0009138867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8 January
    • Zorkal'tsev, chairman of the NPSR's executive committee, said on 7 January 1999 that the opposition would run in four columns - the APR, CPRF, and the moderate and radical Patriots (Jamestown Foundation Monitor, 8 January 1999). Kuptsov, however, insisted that Zyuganov and Seleznev would top a central CPRF candidate list. Many communists did not support the columns, fearing they would split the party (Pravda, 30 June-6 July 1999 at www.kprf.ru).
    • (1999) Jamestown Foundation Monitor
  • 185
    • 85015116025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 June-6 July
    • Zorkal'tsev, chairman of the NPSR's executive committee, said on 7 January 1999 that the opposition would run in four columns - the APR, CPRF, and the moderate and radical Patriots (Jamestown Foundation Monitor, 8 January 1999). Kuptsov, however, insisted that Zyuganov and Seleznev would top a central CPRF candidate list. Many communists did not support the columns, fearing they would split the party (Pravda, 30 June-6 July 1999 at www.kprf.ru).
    • (1999) Pravda
  • 186
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 July
    • The timing of the formation of the For Victory! bloc was dictated by the pressure of party secretaries, who dashed chances of forming three columns when it had become clear that none apart from the CPRF would pass the 5% barrier (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 July 1999).
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 187
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10 September
    • In Tula, Ulyanovsk, Rostov, St Petersburg and a number of other regions regional organisations of Spiritual Heritage joined the CPRF (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 10 September 1999). For the APR split and leader Lapshin's views see Nezavisimaya gazeta, 20 August 1999.
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 188
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20 August
    • In Tula, Ulyanovsk, Rostov, St Petersburg and a number of other regions regional organisations of Spiritual Heritage joined the CPRF (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 10 September 1999). For the APR split and leader Lapshin's views see Nezavisimaya gazeta, 20 August 1999.
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 189
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 22 September
    • Nezavisimaya gazeta, 22 September 1999. Derzhava had already left the NPSR because Zyuganov insisted it leave Luzhkov's Fatherland movement (SWB SU/3443 B/7, 27 January 1999). Lapshin and Podberezkin, as well as Aman Tuleev, were finally expelled from the NPSR in June 2000.
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 190
    • 84928514360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the platform: 'Rise up, Great Country!', see www.kprf.ru/zapobedu.htm and for the 75-page campaign booklet see RFE/RL Election Report, No. 2, 12 November 1999. For the 1995 platform see Pravda Rossii, 7 September 1995.
    • Rise Up, Great Country
  • 191
    • 85015126330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campaign booklet
    • 12 November
    • For the platform: 'Rise up, Great Country!', see www.kprf.ru/zapobedu.htm and for the 75-page campaign booklet see RFE/RL Election Report, No. 2, 12 November 1999. For the 1995 platform see Pravda Rossii, 7 September 1995.
    • (1999) RFE/RL Election Report, No. 2 , vol.2
  • 192
    • 0342692486 scopus 로고
    • 7 September
    • For the platform: 'Rise up, Great Country!', see www.kprf.ru/zapobedu.htm and for the 75-page campaign booklet see RFE/RL Election Report, No. 2, 12 November 1999. For the 1995 platform see Pravda Rossii, 7 September 1995.
    • (1995) Pravda Rossii
  • 194
    • 85015116663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the economic programme 'By Means of Creation' see www.kprf.ru.
  • 195
    • 85015109682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See www.rferl.org/elections/russian99report/speeches.html.
  • 196
    • 85015127444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 September
    • RFE/RL Newsline, 3, 186, Part I, 23 September 1999.
    • (1999) RFE/RL Newsline , vol.3
  • 198
    • 33847604350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15-21 September
    • The party list even contained one ex-Our Home is Russia Duma deputy (Zhores Alferov, 10th place on list) and 37 Agrarians, as well as other groups (Pravda Rossii, 15-21 September 1999).
    • (1999) Pravda Rossii
  • 199
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 September
    • Nezavisimaya gazeta, 23 September 1999, from www.ng.ru.
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 200
    • 33847593404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 29 July
    • See Sovetskaya Rossiya, 29 July 1999; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 8 June 1999; Pravda, 25-26 May 1999; Trud, 21 January 2000. Other governors losing their leanings towards the CPRF at this time were Petr Sumin (Chelyabinsk), Vyacheslav Lyubimov (Ryazan), Nikolai Vinogradov (Vladimir), Yurii Lodkin (Bryansk) and Aleksandr Ryabov (Tambov).
    • (1999) Sovetskaya Rossiya
  • 201
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8 June
    • See Sovetskaya Rossiya, 29 July 1999; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 8 June 1999; Pravda, 25-26 May 1999; Trud, 21 January 2000. Other governors losing their leanings towards the CPRF at this time were Petr Sumin (Chelyabinsk), Vyacheslav Lyubimov (Ryazan), Nikolai Vinogradov (Vladimir), Yurii Lodkin (Bryansk) and Aleksandr Ryabov (Tambov).
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 202
    • 85015125966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25-26 May
    • See Sovetskaya Rossiya, 29 July 1999; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 8 June 1999; Pravda, 25-26 May 1999; Trud, 21 January 2000. Other governors losing their leanings towards the CPRF at this time were Petr Sumin (Chelyabinsk), Vyacheslav Lyubimov (Ryazan), Nikolai Vinogradov (Vladimir), Yurii Lodkin (Bryansk) and Aleksandr Ryabov (Tambov).
    • (1999) Pravda
  • 203
    • 85015120476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21 January
    • See Sovetskaya Rossiya, 29 July 1999; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 8 June 1999; Pravda, 25-26 May 1999; Trud, 21 January 2000. Other governors losing their leanings towards the CPRF at this time were Petr Sumin (Chelyabinsk), Vyacheslav Lyubimov (Ryazan), Nikolai Vinogradov (Vladimir), Yurii Lodkin (Bryansk) and Aleksandr Ryabov (Tambov).
    • (2000) Trud
  • 205
    • 85015118727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May
    • The party's major 'red businessman', Vid'manov, helped establish connections with industrial companies in the MIC, energy and machine-building sectors, and the CPRF had access to the budgets of its controlled regions. Other financial support came from banks such as Agropromstroibank and Rosagropromstroi and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. See Delovye lyudi, 101, May 1999; Argumenty i fakty, 6 October 1999; and Novaya gazeta, 21-27 February 2000.
    • (1999) Delovye Lyudi , vol.101
  • 206
    • 33847591139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6 October
    • The party's major 'red businessman', Vid'manov, helped establish connections with industrial companies in the MIC, energy and machine-building sectors, and the CPRF had access to the budgets of its controlled regions. Other financial support came from banks such as Agropromstroibank and Rosagropromstroi and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. See Delovye lyudi, 101, May 1999; Argumenty i fakty, 6 October 1999; and Novaya gazeta, 21-27 February 2000.
    • (1999) Argumenty I Fakty
  • 207
    • 33847605037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21-27 February
    • The party's major 'red businessman', Vid'manov, helped establish connections with industrial companies in the MIC, energy and machine-building sectors, and the CPRF had access to the budgets of its controlled regions. Other financial support came from banks such as Agropromstroibank and Rosagropromstroi and the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. See Delovye lyudi, 101, May 1999; Argumenty i fakty, 6 October 1999; and Novaya gazeta, 21-27 February 2000.
    • (2000) Novaya Gazeta
  • 208
    • 0004261034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6 July
    • Kommersant'-vlast', 6 July 1999; Moskovskii Komsomolets, 30 September 1999.
    • (1999) Kommersant'-vlast
  • 209
    • 0004224176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 September
    • Kommersant'-vlast', 6 July 1999; Moskovskii Komsomolets, 30 September 1999.
    • (1999) Moskovskii Komsomolets
  • 210
    • 85015111037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 22 November
    • On 15 November 1999 this stood at 1.2 million dollars (RFE/RL Newsline, 3, 227, part 1, 22 November 1999).
    • (1999) RFE/RL Newsline , vol.3
  • 211
    • 0004224176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 30 September
    • Such as number eight on the list, 38-year old Gennadii Semigin. The recruitment of businessmen was apparently arranged by Kuptsov and his business manager (upravdelami) Evgenii Burchenko (Moskovskii Komsomolets, 30 September 1999).
    • (1999) Moskovskii Komsomolets
    • Burchenko, E.1
  • 212
    • 85015127535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 January
    • Valentin Kuptsov at CPRF VI congress, 15 January 2000, from www.kprf.ru; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 9 July 1999.
    • (2000) CPRF VI Congress
    • Kuptsov, V.1
  • 213
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 9 July
    • Valentin Kuptsov at CPRF VI congress, 15 January 2000, from www.kprf.ru; Nezavisimaya gazeta, 9 July 1999.
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 214
    • 85015126590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information from www.fci.ru.
  • 215
    • 85015118701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eleven were independents (most backed by the CPRF) and five nominated from other parties (information from www.fci.ru and www.duma.gov.ru).
  • 216
    • 84928519651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support for the CPRF among those aged 18-29 years dropped from 9% in 1995 to 6% in 1999. Compare Wyman, 'Elections and Voting Behaviour', p. 120 and New Russia Barometer VIII at www.russiavotes.org.
    • Elections and Voting Behaviour , pp. 120
    • Wyman, C.1
  • 217
    • 84928520034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support for the CPRF among those aged 18-29 years dropped from 9% in 1995 to 6% in 1999. Compare Wyman, 'Elections and Voting Behaviour', p. 120 and New Russia Barometer VIII at www.russiavotes.org.
    • New Russia Barometer VIII
  • 218
    • 85015125276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 29 February
    • Zyuganov's business support stood at 7% according to a ROMIR poll on 29 February 2000, at www.russiatoday.com.
    • (2000)
  • 219
    • 85015110131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source: New Russia Barometer VIII. Information kindly supplied by Neil Munro. A large share of the CPRF electorate in Voronezh, Kalmykia and Volgograd shifted to Putin (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1999, at www.ng.ru; EWI Russian Regional Report, 5, 2, 19 January 2000).
    • New Russia Barometer , vol.8
  • 220
    • 0040579421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 December
    • Source: New Russia Barometer VIII. Information kindly supplied by Neil Munro. A large share of the CPRF electorate in Voronezh, Kalmykia and Volgograd shifted to Putin (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1999, at www.ng.ru; EWI Russian Regional Report, 5, 2, 19 January 2000).
    • (1999) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
  • 221
    • 85015124888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 January
    • Source: New Russia Barometer VIII. Information kindly supplied by Neil Munro. A large share of the CPRF electorate in Voronezh, Kalmykia and Volgograd shifted to Putin (Nezavisimaya gazeta, 17 December 1999, at www.ng.ru; EWI Russian Regional Report, 5, 2, 19 January 2000).
    • (2000) EWI Russian Regional Report , vol.5 , Issue.2
  • 222
    • 33847589773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie
    • M. McFaul, N. Petrov & A. Ryabov (eds), Moscow, Moscow Carnegie Center
    • S. Chernyakovsky, 'Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie', in M. McFaul, N. Petrov & A. Ryabov (eds), Rossiya na dumskikh i prezidentskikh vyborakh (Moscow, Moscow Carnegie Center, 2000).
    • (2000) Rossiya Na Dumskikh I Prezidentskikh Vyborakh
    • Chernyakovsky, S.1
  • 224
  • 225
    • 84928518977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These regions were Magadan and Kamchatka oblasti, Krasnodar krai and the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okruga. For further information on the electorate of the major parties see McFaul, Ryabov et al., Carnegie Bulletin No. 4: Itogi vyborov and Rossiya nakanune dumskikh vyborov 1999 goda, pp. 307-309; Chernyakovsky, 'Kommunisticheskoe dvizhenie'.
    • Kommunisticheskoe Dvizhenie
    • Chernyakovsky1
  • 226
    • 85015125517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 22 December
    • EWI Russian Regional Report, 4, 48, 22 December 1999. In Kemerovo the communists won 29% as opposed to 45% in 1995, while Edinstvo took 34%. Kemerovo governor Tuleev appeared on the communist list and simultaneously supported Edinstvo.
    • (1999) EWI Russian Regional Report , vol.4 , Issue.48
  • 228
    • 84928520715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23 December
    • Zyuganov, Pravda, 23 December 1999, at www.kprf.ru.
    • (1999) Pravda
    • Zyuganov1
  • 229
    • 33847605847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 27 January
    • On the CPRF's failure to anticipate Edinstvo at all see N. Bindyukov, Pravda, 27 January 2000. According to New Russia Barometer VIII, at www.russiavotes.org, 23% of the CPRF's 1999 Duma vote intended to support Putin and only 75% Zyuganov in a second round runoff.
    • (2000) Pravda
    • Bindyukov, N.1
  • 230
    • 85015118515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the CPRF's failure to anticipate Edinstvo at all see N. Bindyukov, Pravda, 27 January 2000. According to New Russia Barometer VIII, at www.russiavotes.org, 23% of the CPRF's 1999 Duma vote intended to support Putin and only 75% Zyuganov in a second round runoff.
    • New Russia Barometer , vol.8
  • 231
    • 33847591138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 22 December
    • Segodnya, 22 December 1999.
    • (1999) Segodnya
  • 232
    • 85015115887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Figures on 2 March from www.duma.gov.ru.
  • 233
    • 84928519850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the Kremlin's point of view, if Edinstvo had a majority coalition with OVR, this would strengthen Primakov, but if it united with Yabloko and SPS this would have raised the possibility of an opposition OVR-CPRF alliance. An alliance with the communists at least promised stability as the party's discipline meant that they were easy to work with. Seleznev's ability to compromise got his support from the Kremlin, oligarchs such as Berezovsky and a number of regional leaders. See Harvard Election Watch, 2, 2000, p. 8. For the communist view see Pravda Rossii, 26 January-1 February 2000, at www.kprf.ru.
    • (2000) Harvard Election Watch , vol.2 , pp. 8
  • 234
    • 0004704308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 26 January-1 February
    • From the Kremlin's point of view, if Edinstvo had a majority coalition with OVR, this would strengthen Primakov, but if it united with Yabloko and SPS this would have raised the possibility of an opposition OVR-CPRF alliance. An alliance with the communists at least promised stability as the party's discipline meant that they were easy to work with. Seleznev's ability to compromise got his support from the Kremlin, oligarchs such as Berezovsky and a number of regional leaders. See Harvard Election Watch, 2, 2000, p. 8. For the communist view see Pravda Rossii, 26 January-1 February 2000, at www.kprf.ru.
    • (2000) Pravda Rossii
  • 235
    • 84928517221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 23-29 February
    • Kuptsov, Pravda Rossii, 23-29 February 2000, at www.kprf.ru.
    • (2000) Pravda Rossii
    • Kuptsov1
  • 236
    • 0011098475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 21 January
    • Segodnya, 21 January 2000.
    • (2000) Segodnya
  • 237
    • 33847606039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 17 February
    • Boris Nemtsov of SPS and Vladimir Lukin of Yabloko were confirmed as deputy speakers with most communists voting against (see Vremya MN, 17 February 2000).
    • (2000) Vremya MN
  • 238
    • 33847606039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15 June 2000, 27 June
    • On Rossiya, see for example Vremya MN, 15 June 2000, 27 June 2000. The movement claims 114 000 members in 77 Russian regions, which is roundly denied by the CPRF.
    • (2000) Vremya MN
  • 242
    • 0004280832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 28 January
    • For Putin's view see N. Gevorkyan, N. Timakova & A. Kolesnikov, Otpervogo litsa: razgovory s Vladimirom Putinym (Moscow, Vagrius, 2000). See also A. Kravets, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 January 2000, at www.ng.ru.
    • (2000) Nezavisimaya Gazeta
    • Kravets, A.1
  • 243
    • 0343999495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sakwa, 'Left or Right?', p. 154; Urban & Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads, p. 191.
    • Left or Right? , pp. 154
    • Sakwa1
  • 245
    • 84928519850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aleksei Ulyukaev, Union of Right Forces' member, Harvard Election Watch, 2, 2000, p. 8.
    • (2000) Harvard Election Watch , vol.2 , pp. 8
  • 246
    • 0005420306 scopus 로고
    • Russia's post-communist politics: Revolution or continuity?
    • G. W. Lapidus (ed.), Boulder, Westview
    • A tendency noted by L. Shevtsova, 'Russia's Post-Communist Politics: Revolution or continuity?', in G. W. Lapidus (ed.), The New Russia: Troubled Transformation (Boulder, Westview, 1995), pp. 5-36 at pp. 30-31.
    • (1995) The New Russia: Troubled Transformation , pp. 5-36
    • Shevtsova, L.1
  • 247
    • 85015121132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 May
    • In the words of a party critic, Pravda, 11 May 2000.
    • (2000) Pravda
  • 248
    • 85015121404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12 November
    • See Vitalii Tretyakov, SWB SU/3382 B/6, 12 November 1998.
    • (1998) SWB SU/3382 , vol.B , Issue.6
    • Tretyakov, V.1
  • 249
    • 85015115026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Author's interviews with CPRF Central Committee members N. Bindyukov and A. Kravets, 20 and 22 September 2000 respectively.
  • 251
    • 0010479634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisis, party adaptation and regime stability in Argentina
    • October
    • S. Levitsky, 'Crisis, Party Adaptation and Regime Stability in Argentina', Party Politics, 4, 4, October 1998, pp. 445-470 at p. 451.
    • (1998) Party Politics , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 445-470
    • Levitsky, S.1
  • 252
    • 84928519517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5 January
    • One writer called for a CPRF-OVR alliance headed by Primakov on the basis of a renewed socialism (Sovetskaya Rossiya, 5 January 2000, from www.dol.ru/kremlin/kds/). According to Interfax, 20-25% of the party supported a change of leader (Johnson's Russia List, 3476, 31 August 1999).
    • (2000) Sovetskaya Rossiya
  • 253
    • 85015115326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 31 August
    • One writer called for a CPRF-OVR alliance headed by Primakov on the basis of a renewed socialism (Sovetskaya Rossiya, 5 January 2000, from www.dol.ru/kremlin/kds/). According to Interfax, 20-25% of the party supported a change of leader (Johnson's Russia List, 3476, 31 August 1999).
    • (1999) Johnson's Russia List , vol.3476
  • 254
    • 85015116798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Author's interview with Bindyukov, 20 September 2000.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.