Clinical management of malignant adrenal tumors

Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology

Volumn 127, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 143-155

  Kopf, Daniel ^a   Goretzki, Peter E ^b   Lehnert, Hendrik ^a  

^a OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Adrenocortical carcinoma; Malignant pheochromocytoma

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; IODINE 131; KETOCONAZOLE; METIROSINE; MITOTANE; PHENOXYBENZAMINE; VINCRISTINE;

ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; ADRENAL TUMOR; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; METASTASIS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE;

ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS; ADRENAL GLAND NEOPLASMS; ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA;

EID: 0035039658     PISSN: 01715216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s004320000170     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Angeli A, Osella G, Ali A, Terzolo M (1997) Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of clinical and epidemiological data from the National Italian Study Group. Horm Res 47: 279-283
2. Arlt W, Reincke M, Siekmann L, Winkelmann W, Allolio B (1994) Suramin in adrenocortical cancer: limited efficacy and serious toxicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41: 299-307
3. Averbuch SD, Steakley CS, Young RC, Gelmann EP, Goldstein DS, Stull R, Keiser HR (1988) Malignant pheochromocytoma: effective treatment with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine. Ann Intern Med 109: 267-273
4. Bamberger CM, Else T, Bamberger AM, Frilling A, Beil FU, Allolio B, Schulte HM (1999) Telomerase activity in benign and malignant adrenal tumors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 107: 272-275
5. Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Boscherini M, Lombardi CP, Crucitti P, Crucitti F, Favia G, Borrelli D, Boffi L, Capussotti L, et al (1997) Role of reoperation in recurrence of adrenal cortical carcinoma: results from 188 cases collected in the Italian National Registry for Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma. Surgery 122: 1212-1218
6. Berruti A, Terzolo M, Pia A, Angeli A, Dogliotti L (1998) Mitotane associated with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. Italian Group for the Study of Adrenal Cancer. Cancer 83: 2194-2200
7. Bonacci R, Gigliotti A, Baudin E, Wion-Barbot N, Emy P, Bonnay M, Cailleux AF, Nakib I, Schlumberger M (1998) Cytotoxic therapy with etoposide and cisplatin in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. Reseau Comete INSERM. Br J Cancer 78: 546-549
8. Bornstein SR, Stratakis CA, Chrousos GP (1999) Adrenocortical tumors: recent advances in basic concepts and clinical management. Ann Intern Med 130: 759-771
9. Bourcigaux N, Gaston V, Logie A, Bertagna X, Le Bouc Y, Gicquel C (2000) High expression of cyclin E and G1 CDK and loss of function of p57KIP2 are involved in proliferation of malignant sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 322-330
10. Boven E, Vermorken JB, van Slooten H, Pinedo HM (1984) Complete response of metastasized adrenal cortical carcinoma with o,p'-DDD. Case report and literature review. Cancer 53: 26-269
11. Brown HM, Komorowski RA, Wilson SD, Demeure MJ, Zhu Yr (1999) Predicting metastasis of pheochromocytomas using DNA flow cytometry and immunohistochemical markers of cell proliferation: a positive correlation between MIB-1 staining and malignant tumor behavior. Cancer 86: 1583-1589
12. Bukowski RM, Wolfe M, Levine HS, Crawford DE, Stephens RL, Gaynor E, Harker WG (1993) Phase II trial of mitotane and cisplatin in patients with adrenal carcinoma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 11: 161-165
13. Chan NN, Isaacs AJ (1999) Lack of response to octreotide in Cushing's syndrome due to metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Postgrad Med J 75: 96-97
14. Cottin Y, Berriolo A, Guy F, Toubeau M, Belleville I, Brenot R, Brunotte F, Wolf JE (1999) Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy identifies a cardiac pheochromocytoma. Circulation 100: 2387-2388
15. Crucitti F, Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Boscherini M, Crucitti P (1996) The Italian Registry for Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: analysis of a multiinstitutional series of 129 patients. The ACC Italian Registry Study Group. Surgery 119: 161-170
16. Dabrowska B, Pruszczyk P, Dabrowski A, Feltynowski T, Wocial B, Januszewicz W (1995) Influence of alpha-adrenergic blockade on ventricular arrhythmias, QTc interval and heart rate variability in phaeochromocytoma. J Hum Hypertens 9: 925-929
17. de Castro F, Isa W, Aguera L, Rosell Costa D, Abad JI, Robles JE, Zudaire JJ, Berian JM (1993) Primary adrenal carcinoma. Actas Urol Esp 17: 30-34
18. Decker RA, Kuehner ME (1991) Adrenocortical carcinoma. Am Surg 57: 502-513
19. Dogliotti L, Berruti A, Pia A, Paccotti P, Ali A, Angeli A (1995) Cytotoxic chemotherapy for adrenocortical carcinoma. Minerva Endocrinol 20: 105-109
20. Duerr EM, Gimm O, Neuberg DS, Kum JB, Clifford SC, Toledo SP, Maher ER, Dahia PL, Eng C (1999) Differences in allelic distribution of two polymorphisms in the VHL-associated gene CUL2 in pheochromocytoma patients without somatic CUL2 mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 3207-3211
21. Duncan MW, Compton P, Lazarus L, Smythe GA (1988) Measurement of norepinephrine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol in urine and plasma for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 319: 136-142
22. Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Linehan WM, Walther MM, Goldstein DS, Keiser HR (1999) Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for detecting pheochromocytoma in von Hippel- Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. N Engl J Med 340: 1872-1879
23. Engelhardt D, Weber MM (1994) Therapy of Cushing's syndrome with steroid biosynthesis inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 49: 261-267
24. Fallu F, Pilon C, Barzon L, Pistorello M, Pagotto U, Altavilla G, Boscaro M, Sonino N (1996) Effects of taxol on the human NCI-H295 adrenocortical carcinoma cell line. Endocr Res 22: 709-715
25. Favia G, Lumachi F, Carraro P, D'Amico DF (1995) Adrenocortical carcinoma. Our experience. Minerva Endocrinol 20: 95-99
26. Feldman D (1986) Ketoconazole and other imidazole derivatives as inhibitors of steroidogenesis. Endocr Rev 7: 409-420
27. Finkenstedt G, Gasser RW, Hofle G, Lhotta K, Kolle D, Gschwendtner A, Janetschek G (1999) Pheochromocytoma and subclinical Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: diagnosis, medical pre-treatment and cure by laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy. J Endocrinol Invest 22: 551-557
28. Gicquel C, Raffin-Sanson ML, Gaston V, Bertagna X, Plouin PF, Schlumberger M, Louvel A, Luton JP, Le Bouc Y (1997) Structural and functional abnormalities at 11p15 are associated with the malignant phenotype in sporadic adrenocortical tumors: study on a series of 82 tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2559-2565
29. Goldstein RE, O'Neill JA Jr, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morgan WM 3rd, Neblett WW 3rd, Oates JA, Brown N, Nadeau J, Smith B, Page DL, et al (1999) Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg 229: 755-764
30. Goretzki PE, Simon D, Roher HD (1997) Surgical concepts in sporadic and familial pheochromocytoma. Zentralbl Chir 122: 467-472
31. Gortz B, Roth J, Speel EJ, Krahenmann A, De Krijger RR, Matias-Guiu X, Muletta-Feurer S, Rutmann K, Saremaslani P, Heitz PU, et al (1999) MEN1 gene mutation analysis of sporadic adrenocortical lesions. Int J Cancer 80: 373-379
32. Graham PE, Smythe GA, Edwards GA, Lazarus L (1993) Laboratory diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma: which analytes should we measure? Ann Clin Biochem 30: 129-134
33. Haak HR, Cornelisse CJ, Hermans J, Cobben L, Fleuren GJ (1993) Nuclear DNA content and morphological characteristics in the prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma. Br J Cancer 68: 151-155
34. Haak HR, Hermans J, van de Velde CJ, Lentjes EG, Goslings BM, Fleuren GJ, Krans HM (1994) Optimal treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma with mitotane: results in a consecutive series of 96 patients. Br J Cancer 69: 947-951
35. Harrison LE, Gaudin PB, Brennan MF (1999) Pathologic features of prognostic significance for adrenocortical carcinoma after curative resection. Arch Surg 134: 181-185
36. Hutter AM, Kayhoe DE (1965) Adrenal cortical carcinoma: clinical features of 138 patients. A J Med: 572-580
37. Ilvesmaki V, Liu J, Heikkila P, Kahri AI, Voutilainen R (1998) Expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1-6 genes in adrenocortical tumors and pheochromocytomas. Horm Metab Res 30: 619-623
38. Jalil ND, Pattou FN, Combemale F, Chapuis Y, Henry JF, Peix JL, Proye CA (1998) Effectiveness and limits of preoperative imaging studies for the localisation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a review of 282 cases. French Association of Surgery (AFC), and The French Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AFCE). Eur J Surg 164: 23-28
39. James VH, Few JD (1985) Adrenocorticosteroids: chemistry, synthesis and disturbances in disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 14: 867-892
40. James LA, Kelsey AM, Birch JM, Varley JM (1999) Highly consistent genetic alterations in childhood adrenocortical tumours detected by comparative genomic hybridization. Br J Cancer 81: 300-304
41. Jensen JC, Pass HI, Sindelar WF, Norton JA (1991) Recurrent or metastatic disease in select patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Aggressive resection vs chemotherapy. Arch Surg 126: 457-461
42. Jirari A, Charpentier A, Popescu S, Boidin P, Eisenmann B (1999) A malignant primary cardiac pheochromocytoma. Ann Thorac Surg 68: 565-566
43. Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Migdalska BM, Zgliczynski S, Makowska AM (1995) Adrenocortical carcinoma. A clinical study and treatment results of 52 patients. Cancer 75: 2587-2591
44. Kasperlik-Zaluska AA, Roslonowska E, Slowinska-Srzednicka J, Migdalska B, Jeske W, Makowska A, Snochowska H (1997) Incidentally discovered adrenal mass (incidentaloma): investigation and management of 208 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46: 29-37
45. Kolomecki K, Pomorski L, Kuzdak K, Narebski J, Wichman R (1999) The surgical treatment of adrenal gland tumors - incidentaloma. Neoplasma 46: 124-127
46. Kopf D, Bockisch A, Steinert H, Hahn K, Beyer J, Neumann HP, Hensen J, Lehnert H (1997) Octreotide scintigraphy and catecholamine response to an octreotide challenge in malignant phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol 46: 39-44
47. Krempf M, Lumbroso J, Mornex R, Brendel AJ, Wemeau JL, Delisle MJ, Aubert B, Carpentier P, Fleury-Goyon MC, Gibold C, et al (1991) Use of m-[131I]iodobenzylguanidine in the treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72: 455-461
48. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, Yao M, Duh FM, Orcutt ML, Stackhouse T, Kuzmin I, Modi W, Geil L, et al (1993) Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science 260: 1317-1320
49. Law A, Hague WM, Daly JG, Honour JW, Taylor N, Jeffcoate SL, Himsworth RL, Joplin GF (1988) Inappropriate ACTH concentrations in two patients with functioning adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol 29: 53-62
50. Lee JE, Berger DH, el-Naggar AK, Hickey RC, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Gagel RF, Burgess MA, Evans DB (1995) Surgical management, DNA content, and patient survival in adrenal cortical carcinoma. Surgery 118: 1090-1098
51. Lehnert H (1995) Diagnostik und Therapie des malignen Phäochromozytoms. In: Lehnert H, Kopf D, Hensen J (eds) Endokrine Tumoren: Prognostische Parameter, rationelle Diagnostik und Therapie. Bundesdruckerei, Berlin, pp 157-165
52. Lehnert H, Schulz C, Mundschenk J, Kopf D (1997) Clinical and endocrine diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Zentralbl Chir 122: 447-453
53. Lehnert H (1998) Regulation of catecholamine synthesizing enzyme gene expression in human pheochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol 138: 363-367
54. Lenders JW, Keiser HR, Goldstein DS, Willemsen JJ, Friberg P, Jacobs MC, Kloppenborg PW, Thien T, Eisenhofer G (1995) Plasma metanephrines in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 123: 101-109
55. Letizia C, De Toma G, Massa R, Corsi A, Caliumi C, Subioli S, D'Erasmo E (1998) False-positive diagnosis of adrenal pheochromocytoma on iodine-123-MIBG scan. J Endocrinol Invest 21: 779-783
56. Lin SR, Yang YC, Tsai JH, Hsu CH (1998) Alterations of RET oncogene in human adrenal tumors. Jpn J Cancer Res 89: 634-640
57. Logie A, Boulle N, Gaston V, Perin L, Boudou P, Le Bouc Y, Gicquel C (1999) Autocrine role of IGF-II in proliferation of human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI H295R cell line. J Mol Endocrinol 23: 23-32
58. Loh KC, Fitzgerald PA, Matthay KK, Yeo PP, Price DC (1997) The treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma with iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG): a comprehensive review of 116 reported patients. J Endocrinol Invest 20: 648-658
59. Lu X, Stallmach T, Gebbers JO (1996) Image cytometric DNA analysis of adrenocortical neoplasms as a prognostic parameter: a clinico-pathologic study of 13 patients. Anal Cell Pathol 12: 1-11
60. Luton JP, Mahoudeau JA, Bouchard P, Thieblot P, Hautecouverture M, Simon D, Laudat MH, Touitou Y, Bricaire H (1979) Treatment of Cushing's disease by O,p'DDD. Survey of 62 cases. N Engl J Med 300: 459-464
61. Luton JP, Cerdas S, Billaud L, Thomas G, Guilhaume B, Bertagna X, Laudat MH, Louvel A, Chapuis Y, Blondeau P, et al (1990) Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy. N Engl J Med 322: 1195-1201
62. MacFarlaine DA (1958) Cancer of the adrenal cortex: the natural history, prognosis and treatment in a study of fifty-five cases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 23: 155-186
63. Magee BJ, Gattamaneni HR, Pearson D (1987) Adrenal cortical carcinoma: survival after radiotherapy. Clin Radiol 38: 587-588
64. Mancini F, Mutter D, Peix JL, Chapuis Y, Henry JF, Proye C, Cougard P, Marescaux J (1999) Experiences with adrenalectomy in 1997. Apropos of 247 cases. A multicenter prospective study of the French-speaking Association of Endocrine Surgery. Chirurgie 124: 368-374
65. Manger T, Piatek S, Klose S, Kopf D, Kunz D, Lehnert H, Lippert H (1997) Bilateral laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy in pheochromocytoma. Langenbecks Arch Chir 382: 37-42
66. Markoe AM, Serber W, Micaily B, Brady LW (1991) Radiation therapy for adjunctive treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 14: 170-174
67. McLeod MK, Thompson NW, Gross MD, Bondeson AG, Bondeson L (1990) Sub-clinical Cushing's syndrome in patients with adrenal gland incidentalomas. Pitfalls in diagnosis and management. Am Surg 56: 398-403
68. McNicol AM, Nolan CE, Struthers AJ, Farquharson MA, Hermans J, Haak HR (1997) Expression of p53 in adrenocortical tumours: clinicopathological correlations. J Pathol 181: 146-152
69. Meco D, Lasorella A, Riccardi A, Servidei T, Mastrangelo R, Riccardi R (1999) Influence of cisplatin and doxorubicin on 125I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine uptake in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Eur J Cancer 35: 1227-1234
70. Miller JW, Crapo L (1993) The medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Endocr Rev 14: 443-458
71. Mornex R, Badet C, Peyrin L (1992) Malignant pheochromocytoma: a series of 14 cases observed between 1966 and 1990. J Endocrinol Invest 15: 643-649
72. Mulligan LM, Timmer T, Ivanchuk SM, Campling BG, Young LC, Rabbitts PH, Sundaresan V, Hofstra RM, Eng C (1998) Investigation of the genes for RET and its ligand complex, GDNF/GFR alpha-I, in small cell lung carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21: 326-332
73. Mundschenk J, Lehnert H (1998a) Malignant pheochromocytoma. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 106: 373-376
74. Mundschenk J, Kopf D, Lehnert H (1998b) Therapy of malignant pheochromocytoma. Invitation to participate in a randomized multicenter study (letter). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 123: 32-33
75. Mundschenk J, Schulz S, Höllt V, Lehnert H (2000) Immunocytochemical evidence for somatostatin receptor subtype SST3 in malignant pheochromocytoma. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 108 (Suppl. 1): 147
76. National Cancer Institute, Biometrics branch (1975) In: Cutler SJ, Young JL (eds) Third National Cancer Survey: incidence data. National Cancer Institute Monograph 41. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., (DHEW publication no. (NIH) 75-787)
77. Neumann HP, Reincke M, Bender BU, Elsner R, Janetschek G (1999) Preserved adrenocortical function after laparoscopic bilateral adrenal sparing surgery for hereditary pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 2608-2610
78. Newhouse JH, Heffess CS, Wagner BJ, Imray TJ, Adair CF, Davidson AJ (1999) Large degenerated adrenal adenomas: radiologic-pathologiec correlation. Radiology 210: 385-391
79. Oishi S, Sato T (1988) Elevated serum neuron-specific enolase in patients with malignant pheochromocytoma. Cancer 61: 1167-1170
80. Orchard T, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Weaver A (1993) Pheochromocytoma: continuing evolution of surgical therapy. Surgery 114: 1153-1158
81. Pasieka JL, McLeod MK, Thompson NW, Gross MD, Schteingart DE (1992) Adrenal scintigraphy of well-differentiated (functioning) adrenocortical carcinomas: potential surgical pitfalls. Surgery 112: 884-890
82. Peaston RT, Lennard TW, Lai LC (1996) Overnight excretion of urinary catecholamines and metabolites in the detection of pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 1378-1384
83. Pittasch D, Klose S, Schmidt J, Roessner A, Ridwelski K, Lippert H, Lehnert H (2000) Retroperitoneal schwannoma presenting as an adrenal tumor. A case report. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 108: 318-321
84. Plouin PF, Chatellier G, Fofol I, Corvol P (1997) Tumor recurrence and hypertension persistence after successful pheochromocytoma operation. Hypertension 29: 1133-1139
85. Pommier RF, Brennan MF (1992) An eleven-year experience with adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery 112: 963-970
86. Proye C, Thevenin D, Cecat P, Petillot P, Carnaille B, Verin P, Sautier M, Racadot N (1989) Exclusive use of calcium channel blockers in preoperative and intraoperative control of pheochromocytomas: hemodynamics and free catecholamine assays in ten consecutive patients. Surgery Dec 106: 1149-1154
87. Proye C, Vix M, Goropoulos A, Kerlo P, Lecomte-Houcke M (1992) High incidence of malignant pheochromocytoma in a surgical unit. 26 cases out of 100 patients operated from 1971 to 1991. J Endocrinol Invest 15: 651-663
88. Proye CA, Vix M, Jansson S, Tisell LE, Dralle H, Hiller W (1994) "The" pheochromocytoma: a benign, intra-adrenal, hypertensive, sporadic unilateral tumor. Does it exist? World J Surg 18: 467-472
89. Proye C, Jafari Manjili M, Combemale F, Pattou F, Ernst O, Carnaille B, Wemeau JL (1998) Experience gained from operation of 103 adrenal incidentalomas. Langenbecks Arch Surg 383: 330-333
90. Quarles Van Ufford-Mannesse P, Castro Cabezas M, Vroom TM, Van Gils A, Lips CJ, Niermeijer P (1999) A patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 and watery diarrhoea syndrome due to a VIP-producing adrenal phaeochromocytoma. J Intern Med 246: 231-234
91. Reincke M, Karl M, Travis WH, Mastorakos G, Allolio B, Linehan HM, Chrousos GP (1994) p53 mutations in human adrenocortical neoplasms: immunohistochemical and molecular studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: 790-794
92. Reubi JC, Waser B, Khosla S, Kvols L, Goellner JR, Krenning E, Lamberts S (1992) In vitro and in vivo detection of somatostatin receptors in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74: 1082-1089
93. Ross GA, Newbould EC, Thomas J, Bouloux PM, Besser GM, Perrett D, Grossman A (1993) Plasma and 24 h-urinary catecholamine concentrations in normal and patient populations. Ann Clin Biochem 30: 38-44
94. Russell WJ, Metcalfe IR, Tonkin AL, Frewin DB (1998) The preoperative management of phaeochromocytoma. Anaesth Intensive Care 26: 196-200
95. Sameshima Y, Tsunematsu Y, Watanabe S, Tsukamoto T, Kawa-ha K, Hirata Y, Mizoguchi H, Sugimura T, Terada M, Yokota J (1992) Detection of novel germ-line p53 mutations in diverse- cancer-prone families identified by selecting patients with childhood adrenocortical carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 703-707
96. Sasano H, Shizawa S, Nagura H (1995) Adrenocortical cytopathology. Am J Clin Pathol 104: 161-166
97. Schlumberger M, Gicquel C, Lumbroso J, Tenenbaum F, Comoy E, Bosq J, Fonseca E, Ghillani PP, Aubert B, Travagli JP, et al (1992) Malignant pheochromocytoma: clinical, biological, histologic and therapeutic data in a series of 20 patients with distant metastases. J Endocrinol Invest 15: 631-642
98. Schlund JF, Kenney PJ, Brown ED, Ascher SM, Brown JJ, Semelka RC (1995) Adrenocortical carcinoma: MR imaging appearance with current techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging 5: 171-174
99. Schulick RD, Brennan MF (1999) Long-term survival after complete resection and repeat resection in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 6: 719-726
100. Shulkin BL, Thompson NW, Shapiro B, Francis IR, Sisson JC (1999) Pheochromocytomas: imaging with 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET. Radiology 212: 35-41
101. Sisson JC, Shapiro B, Beierwaltes WH, Glowniak JV, Nakajo M, Mangner TJ, Carey JE, Swanson DP, Copp JE, Satterlee WG, et al (1984) Radiopharmaceutical treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med 25: 197-206
102. Sisson JC, Shapiro B, Shulkin BL, Urba S, Zempel S, Spaulding S (1999a) Treatment of malignant pheochromocytomas with 131-I metaiodobenzylguanidine and chemotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 22: 364-370
103. Sisson JC, Shulkin BL (1999b) Nuclear medicine imaging of pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. Q J Nucl Med 43: 217-223
104. Sjoberg RJ, Simcic KJ, Kidd GS (1992) The clonidine suppression test for pheochromocytoma. A review of its utility and pitfalls. Arch Intern Med 152: 1193-1197
105. Steinsapir J, Carr AA, Prisant LM, Bransome ED Jr (1997) Metyrosine and pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med 157: 901-906
106. Stridsberg M, Husebye ES (1997) Chromogranin A and chromogranin B are sensitive circulating markers for phaeochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol 136: 67-73
107. Sullivan M, Boileau M, Hodges CV (1978) Adrenal cortical carcinoma. J Urol 120: 660-665
108. Szolar DH, Unger B, Heinz-Peer G, Preidler K, Ranner G (1999) Differential diagnosis of space-occupying adrenal masses. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 171: 269-278
109. Tanaka S, Ito T, Tomoda J, Higashi T, Yamada G, Tsuji T (1993) Malignant pheochromocytoma with hepatic metastasis diagnosed 20 years after resection of the primary adrenal lesion. Intern Med 32: 789-794
110. Tenenbaum F, Lumbroso J, Schlumberger M, Mure A, Plouin PF, Caillou B, Parmentier C (1995) Comparison of radiolabeled octreotide and meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in malignant pheochromocytoma. J Nucl Med 36: 1-6
111. Terzolo M, Ali A, Osella G, Mazza E (1997) Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Arch Surg 132: 914-919
112. Thoren M, Adamson U, Sjoberg HE (1985) Aminoglutethimide and metyrapone in the management of Cushing's syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 109: 451-457
113. Troncone L, Rufini V (1999) Nuclear medicine therapy of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Q J Nucl Med 43: 344-355
114. Ulchaker JC, Goldfarb DA, Bravo EL, Novick AC (1999) Successful outcomes in pheochromocytoma surgery in the modern era. J Urol 161: 764-767
115. Vargas MP, Zhuang Z, Wang C, Vortmeyer A, Linehan WM, Merino MJ (1997) Loss of heterozygosity on the short arm of chromosomes 1 and 3 in sporadic pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma. Hum Pathol 28: 411-415
116. Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Guinee VF, Klein MJ, Taylor SH, Hess KR, Schultz PN, Samaan NA (1993) Impact of adjuvant mitotane on the clinical course of patients with adrenocortical cancer. Cancer 71: 3119-3123
117. Villa R, Orlandi L, Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Zaffaroni N (1999) Modulation of cytotoxic drug activity by mitotane and lonidamine in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 14: 133-138
118. Voutilainen R (1998) Adrenocortical cells are the site of secretion and action of insulin-like growth factors and TNF-α. Horm Metab Res 30: 432-435
119. Wagner J, Portwine C, Rabin K, Leclerc JM, Narod SA, Malkin D (1994) High frequency of germline p53 mutations in childhood adrenocortical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 1707-1710
120. Walther MM, Keiser HR, Linehan WM (1999) Pheochromocytoma: evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Urol 17: 35-39
121. Woodward ER, Eng C, McMahon R, Voutilainen R, Affara NA, Ponder BA, Maher ER (1997) Genetic predisposition to phaeochromocytoma: analysis of candidate genes GDNF, RET and VHL. Hum Mol Genet 6: 1051-1056
122. Wooten MD, King DK (1993) Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Epidemiology and treatment with mitotane and a review of the literature. Cancer 72: 3145-3155
123. Wu HC, Shih LY, Chen TC, Chu SH, Tsai CC (1999) A patient with bilateral primary adrenal lymphoma, presenting with fever of unknown origin and achieving long-term disease-free survival after resection and chemotherapy. Ann Hematol 78: 289-292
124. Yoshimoto T, Naruse M, Zeng Z, Nishikawa T, Kasajima T, Toma H, Yamamori S, Matsumoto H, Tanabe A, Naruse K, et al (1998) The relatively high frequency of p53 gene mutations in multiple and malignant phaeochromocytomas. J Endocrinol 159: 247-255
125. Zhao J, Speel EJ, Muletta-Feurer S, Rutimann K, Saremaslani P, Roth J, Heitz PU, Komminoth P (1999) Analysis of genomic alterations in sporadic adrenocortical lesions. Gain of chromosome 17 is an early event in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Am J Pathol 155: 1039-1045