메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 75, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 150-158

Changes in antioxidant enzyme expression in response to hydrogen peroxide in rat astroglial cells

Author keywords

Astrocytes; Catalase; Glutathione peroxidase; Hydrogen peroxide; Superoxide dismutase

Indexed keywords

CATALASE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; MESSENGER RNA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

EID: 0035036472     PISSN: 03405761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002040000206     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (45)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 0030475798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Menadione toxicity in cultured rat cortical astrocytes
    • Abe K, Saito H (1996) Menadione toxicity in cultured rat cortical astrocytes. Jpn J Pharmacol 72:299-306
    • (1996) Jpn J Pharmacol , vol.72 , pp. 299-306
    • Abe, K.1    Saito, H.2
  • 2
    • 0031839462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of t-butyl hydroperoxide toxicity in cultured rat cortical neurones and astrocytes
    • Abe K, Saito H (1998) Characterization of t-butyl hydroperoxide toxicity in cultured rat cortical neurones and astrocytes. Pharmacol Toxicol 83:40-46
    • (1998) Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.83 , pp. 40-46
    • Abe, K.1    Saito, H.2
  • 3
    • 0021318441 scopus 로고
    • Catalase in vitro
    • Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121-126
    • (1984) Methods Enzymol , vol.105 , pp. 121-126
    • Aebi, H.1
  • 4
    • 0025371191 scopus 로고
    • Immunocytochemical localization of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the hippocampus of the rat
    • Akai F, Maeda M, Suzuki K, Inagaki S, Takagi H, Taniguchi N (1990) Immunocytochemical localization of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the hippocampus of the rat. Neurosci Lett 115:19-23
    • (1990) Neurosci Lett , vol.115 , pp. 19-23
    • Akai, F.1    Maeda, M.2    Suzuki, K.3    Inagaki, S.4    Takagi, H.5    Taniguchi, N.6
  • 5
    • 0025865317 scopus 로고
    • The inducible transcription activator NF-κB: Regulation by distinct protein subunits
    • Baeuerle PA (1991) The inducible transcription activator NF-κB: regulation by distinct protein subunits. Biochim Biophys Acta 1072:63-80
    • (1991) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1072 , pp. 63-80
    • Baeuerle, P.A.1
  • 6
    • 0028648281 scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in the central nervous system: Monitoring the metabolic response using the pentose phosphate pathway
    • Ben-Yoseph O, Boxer PA, Ross BD (1994) Oxidative stress in the central nervous system: monitoring the metabolic response using the pentose phosphate pathway. Dev Neurosci 16:328-336
    • (1994) Dev Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 328-336
    • Ben-Yoseph, O.1    Boxer, P.A.2    Ross, B.D.3
  • 7
    • 0030070333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase expression in the human central nervous system
    • Bergeron C, Petrunka C, Weyer L (1996) Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase expression in the human central nervous system. Am J Pathol 148:273-279
    • (1996) Am J Pathol , vol.148 , pp. 273-279
    • Bergeron, C.1    Petrunka, C.2    Weyer, L.3
  • 8
    • 0031796255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analytical and numerical techniques for evaluation of free radical damage in cultured cells using imaging cytometry and fluorescent indicators
    • Buxser SE, Sawada G, Raub TJ (1999) Analytical and numerical techniques for evaluation of free radical damage in cultured cells using imaging cytometry and fluorescent indicators. Methods Enzymol 300:256-275
    • (1999) Methods Enzymol , vol.300 , pp. 256-275
    • Buxser, S.E.1    Sawada, G.2    Raub, T.J.3
  • 11
    • 0003072221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of oxidative stress
    • Ceballos-Picot I (ed). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
    • Ceballos-Picot I (1997) Biology of oxidative stress. In: Ceballos-Picot I (ed) The role of oxidative stress in neuronal death. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 5-38
    • (1997) The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neuronal Death , pp. 5-38
    • Ceballos-Picot, I.1
  • 13
    • 0029888311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage
    • Chan PH (1996) Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage. Stroke 27:1124-1129
    • (1996) Stroke , vol.27 , pp. 1124-1129
    • Chan, P.H.1
  • 14
    • 0021759114 scopus 로고
    • The nucleotide sequence of a rat 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene and a proposal for the secondary structure of 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid
    • Chan Y-L, Gutell R, Noller HF, Wool IG (1984) The nucleotide sequence of a rat 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene and a proposal for the secondary structure of 18 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. J Biol Chem 259:224-230
    • (1984) J Biol Chem , vol.259 , pp. 224-230
    • Chan, Y.-L.1    Gutell, R.2    Noller, H.F.3    Wool, I.G.4
  • 15
    • 0026662501 scopus 로고
    • Oxidation-reduction-sensitive binding of lung protein to rat catalase mRNA
    • Clerch LB, Massaro D (1992) Oxidation-reduction-sensitive binding of lung protein to rat catalase mRNA. J Biol Chem 267:2853-2855
    • (1992) J Biol Chem , vol.267 , pp. 2853-2855
    • Clerch, L.B.1    Massaro, D.2
  • 16
    • 0025875754 scopus 로고
    • Perinatal rat lung catalase gene expression: Influence of corticosteroid and hyperoxia
    • Clerch LB, Iqbal J, Massaro D (1990) Perinatal rat lung catalase gene expression: influence of corticosteroid and hyperoxia. Am J Physiol 260:L428-L433
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.260
    • Clerch, L.B.1    Iqbal, J.2    Massaro, D.3
  • 17
    • 0027771175 scopus 로고
    • Identification of oxygen responsive elements in the 5′-flanking region of the human glutathione peroxidase gene
    • Cowan DB, Weisel RD, Williams WG, Mickle DAG (1993) Identification of oxygen responsive elements in the 5′-flanking region of the human glutathione peroxidase gene. J Biol Chem 268:26904-26910
    • (1993) J Biol Chem , vol.268 , pp. 26904-26910
    • Cowan, D.B.1    Weisel, R.D.2    Williams, W.G.3    Mickle, D.A.G.4
  • 18
    • 0023798751 scopus 로고
    • Fos and jun: The AP-1 connection
    • Curran T, Franza BR Jr (1988) Fos and jun: the AP-1 connection. Cell 55:395-397
    • (1988) Cell , vol.55 , pp. 395-397
    • Curran, T.1    Franza B.R., Jr.2
  • 20
    • 85047685938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NF-κB is required for cytokine-induced manganese superoxide dismutase expression in insulin-producing cells
    • Darville MI, Ho Y-S, Eizirik DL (2000) NF-κB is required for cytokine-induced manganese superoxide dismutase expression in insulin-producing cells. Endocrinology 141:153-162
    • (2000) Endocrinology , vol.141 , pp. 153-162
    • Darville, M.I.1    Ho, Y.-S.2    Eizirik, D.L.3
  • 21
    • 0029990439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocytes protect neurons from hydrogen peroxide toxicity
    • Desagher S, Glowinski J, Premont J (1996) Astrocytes protect neurons from hydrogen peroxide toxicity. J Neurosci 16:2553-2562
    • (1996) J Neurosci , vol.16 , pp. 2553-2562
    • Desagher, S.1    Glowinski, J.2    Premont, J.3
  • 22
    • 0025719649 scopus 로고
    • Manganese superoxide dismutase: A hepatic acute phase protein regulated by interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids
    • Dougall WC, Nick HS (1991) Manganese superoxide dismutase: a hepatic acute phase protein regulated by interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 129:2376-2384
    • (1991) Endocrinology , vol.129 , pp. 2376-2384
    • Dougall, W.C.1    Nick, H.S.2
  • 23
    • 0027366166 scopus 로고
    • A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials
    • Draper HH, Squires EJ, Mahmoodi H, Wu J, Agarwal S, Hadley M (1993) A comparative evaluation of thiobarbituric acid methods for the determination of malondialdehyde in biological materials. Free Radic Biol Med 15:353-363
    • (1993) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.15 , pp. 353-363
    • Draper, H.H.1    Squires, E.J.2    Mahmoodi, H.3    Wu, J.4    Agarwal, S.5    Hadley, M.6
  • 24
    • 0030852097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the disposal of exogenous hydrogen peroxide by cultured astroglial cells
    • Dringen R, Hamprecht B (1997) Involvement of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the disposal of exogenous hydrogen peroxide by cultured astroglial cells. Brain Res 759: 67-75
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.759 , pp. 67-75
    • Dringen, R.1    Hamprecht, B.2
  • 25
    • 0033180490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of tumor necrosis factor-α and silibin on the cytotoxic action of α-amanitin in rat hepatocyte culture
    • El-Bahay C, Gerber E, Horbach M, Tran-Thi Q-H, Rördanz E, Kahl R (1999) Influence of tumor necrosis factor-α and silibin on the cytotoxic action of α-amanitin in rat hepatocyte culture. Toxicol Appl Pharamcol 158:253-260
    • (1999) Toxicol Appl Pharamcol , vol.158 , pp. 253-260
    • El-Bahay, C.1    Gerber, E.2    Horbach, M.3    Tran-Thi, Q.-H.4    Rördanz, E.5    Kahl, R.6
  • 27
    • 0028830958 scopus 로고
    • Localization of superoxide dismutases in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome neocortex and hippocampus
    • Furuta A, Price DL, Pardo CA, Troncoso JC, Xu Z-S, Taniguchi N, Martin LJ (1995) Localization of superoxide dismutases in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome neocortex and hippocampus. Am J Pathol 146:357-367
    • (1995) Am J Pathol , vol.146 , pp. 357-367
    • Furuta, A.1    Price, D.L.2    Pardo, C.A.3    Troncoso, J.C.4    Xu, Z.-S.5    Taniguchi, N.6    Martin, L.J.7
  • 29
    • 0026754574 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system
    • Halliwell B (1992) Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J Neurochem 59:1609-1623
    • (1992) J Neurochem , vol.59 , pp. 1609-1623
    • Halliwell, B.1
  • 31
    • 0010514287 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequences of cDNAs coding for rat manganese-containing superoxide dismutase
    • Ho Y-S, Crapo JD (1987a) Nucleotide sequences of cDNAs coding for rat manganese-containing superoxide dismutase. Nucleic Acids Res 15:10070
    • (1987) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.15 , pp. 10070
    • Ho, Y.-S.1    Crapo, J.D.2
  • 32
    • 0023664899 scopus 로고
    • cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence of rat copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase
    • Ho Y-S, Crapo JD (1987b) cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence of rat copper-zinc-containing superoxide dismutase. Nucleic Acids Res 15:6746
    • (1987) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.15 , pp. 6746
    • Ho, Y.-S.1    Crapo, J.D.2
  • 33
    • 0026549027 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and characterization of the rat glutathione peroxidase gene
    • Ho Y-S, Howard AJ (1992) Cloning and characterization of the rat glutathione peroxidase gene. FEBS Lett 301:5-9
    • (1992) FEBS Lett , vol.301 , pp. 5-9
    • Ho, Y.-S.1    Howard, A.J.2
  • 34
    • 0026131493 scopus 로고
    • Molecular structure of a functional rat gene for manganese-containing superoxide dismutase
    • Ho Y-S, Howard AJ, Crapo JD (1991) Molecular structure of a functional rat gene for manganese-containing superoxide dismutase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 4:278-286
    • (1991) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.4 , pp. 278-286
    • Ho, Y.-S.1    Howard, A.J.2    Crapo, J.D.3
  • 35
    • 0026771491 scopus 로고
    • Multiple mRNA species generated by alternate polyadenylation from the rat manganese superoxide dismutase gene
    • Hurt J, Hsu J-L, Dougall WC, Visner GA, Burr IM, Nick HS (1992) Multiple mRNA species generated by alternate polyadenylation from the rat manganese superoxide dismutase gene. Nucleic Acids Res 20:2985-2990
    • (1992) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.20 , pp. 2985-2990
    • Hurt, J.1    Hsu, J.-L.2    Dougall, W.C.3    Visner, G.A.4    Burr, I.M.5    Nick, H.S.6
  • 36
    • 0029875978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the manganese superoxide dismutase and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in rat neuronal and glial cells
    • Kifle Y, Monnier J, Cheswron SE, Raizada MK, Nick HS (1996) Regulation of the manganese superoxide dismutase and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in rat neuronal and glial cells. J Neurochem 66:2128-2135
    • (1996) J Neurochem , vol.66 , pp. 2128-2135
    • Kifle, Y.1    Monnier, J.2    Cheswron, S.E.3    Raizada, M.K.4    Nick, H.S.5
  • 37
    • 0030572716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential response in the release of hydrogen peroxide between astroglial cells and endothelial cells following hypoxia/reoxygenation
    • Kondo T, Kinouchi H, Kawase M, Yoshimoto T (1996) Differential response in the release of hydrogen peroxide between astroglial cells and endothelial cells following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Neurosci Lett 215:103-106
    • (1996) Neurosci Lett , vol.215 , pp. 103-106
    • Kondo, T.1    Kinouchi, H.2    Kawase, M.3    Yoshimoto, T.4
  • 39
    • 0029002838 scopus 로고
    • Cultured rat striatal and cortical astrocytes protect mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons against hydrogen peroxide toxicity independent of their effect on neuronal development
    • Langeveld CH, Jongenelen CAM, Schepens E, Stoof JC, Bast A, Drukarch B (1995) Cultured rat striatal and cortical astrocytes protect mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons against hydrogen peroxide toxicity independent of their effect on neuronal development. Neurosci Lett 192:13-16
    • (1995) Neurosci Lett , vol.192 , pp. 13-16
    • Langeveld, C.H.1    Jongenelen, C.A.M.2    Schepens, E.3    Stoof, J.C.4    Bast, A.5    Drukarch, B.6
  • 42
    • 0030728071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in immortalized neural cells: Toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide
    • Mann H, McCoy MT, Subramaniam J, Remmen H van, Cadet JL (1997) Overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in immortalized neural cells: toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Brain Res 770:163-168
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.770 , pp. 163-168
    • Mann, H.1    McCoy, M.T.2    Subramaniam, J.3    Van Remmen, H.4    Cadet, J.L.5
  • 43
    • 0002584808 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide, superoxide dismutase and oxygen toxicity
    • Hodgson E, Bend JR, Philpot RM (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • McCord JM (1979) Superoxide, superoxide dismutase and oxygen toxicity. In: Hodgson E, Bend JR, Philpot RM (eds) Reviews in biochemical toxicology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 109-124
    • (1979) Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology , pp. 109-124
    • McCord, J.M.1
  • 44
    • 0028142642 scopus 로고
    • Induction of manganese superoxide dismutase by cytokines and lipopolysaccharide in cultured mouse astrocytes
    • Mokuno K, Ohtani K, Suzumura A, Kiyosawa K, Hirose Y, Kawai K, Kato K (1994) Induction of manganese superoxide dismutase by cytokines and lipopolysaccharide in cultured mouse astrocytes. J Neuochem 63:612-616
    • (1994) J Neuochem , vol.63 , pp. 612-616
    • Mokuno, K.1    Ohtani, K.2    Suzumura, A.3    Kiyosawa, K.4    Hirose, Y.5    Kawai, K.6    Kato, K.7
  • 45
    • 0031445148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aluminium potentiates glutamate-induced calcium accumulation and iron-induced oxygen free radical formation in primary neuronal cultures
    • Mundi WR, Freudenrich TM, Kodavanti PRS (1997) Aluminium potentiates glutamate-induced calcium accumulation and iron-induced oxygen free radical formation in primary neuronal cultures. Mol Chem Neuropathol 32:41-57
    • (1997) Mol Chem Neuropathol , vol.32 , pp. 41-57
    • Mundi, W.R.1    Freudenrich, T.M.2    Kodavanti, P.R.S.3
  • 46
    • 0029842654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of oxygen-radical-scavenging enzymes by oxidative stress in primary cultures of rat astroglial cells
    • Pinteaux E, Copin J-C, Ledig M, Tholey G (1996) Modulation of oxygen-radical-scavenging enzymes by oxidative stress in primary cultures of rat astroglial cells. Dev Neurosci 18:397-404
    • (1996) Dev Neurosci , vol.18 , pp. 397-404
    • Pinteaux, E.1    Copin, J.-C.2    Ledig, M.3    Tholey, G.4
  • 47
    • 0032054449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase among rat glia cells in culture
    • Pinteaux E, Perraut M, Tholey G (1998) Distribution of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase among rat glia cells in culture. Glia 22:408-414
    • (1998) Glia , vol.22 , pp. 408-414
    • Pinteaux, E.1    Perraut, M.2    Tholey, G.3
  • 50
    • 0242415584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine-inducible enhancer with promoter activity in both the rat and human manganese-superoxide dismutase genes
    • Rogers RJ, Cheswron SE, Kuo S, Monnier JM, Nick HS (2000) Cytokine-inducible enhancer with promoter activity in both the rat and human manganese-superoxide dismutase genes. Biochem J 347:233-242
    • (2000) Biochem J , vol.347 , pp. 233-242
    • Rogers, R.J.1    Cheswron, S.E.2    Kuo, S.3    Monnier, J.M.4    Nick, H.S.5
  • 51
    • 0038807982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations of antioxidant enzyme expression in response to hydrogen peroxide
    • Röhrdanz E, Kahl R (1998) Alterations of antioxidant enzyme expression in response to hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 24:27-38
    • (1998) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.24 , pp. 27-38
    • Röhrdanz, E.1    Kahl, R.2
  • 52
    • 0033768688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of adriamycin and paraquat on antioxidant enzyme expression in primary rat hepatocytes
    • Röhrdanz E, Obertrifter B, Ohler S, Tran-Thi Q-H, Kahl R (2000) Influence of adriamycin and paraquat on antioxidant enzyme expression in primary rat hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 74:231-237
    • (2000) Arch Toxicol , vol.74 , pp. 231-237
    • Röhrdanz, E.1    Obertrifter, B.2    Ohler, S.3    Tran-Thi, Q.-H.4    Kahl, R.5
  • 53
    • 0002546197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of an in vitro screening model for neurodegeneration induced by antimalarial drugs of the artemisinin-type
    • Schmuck G, Haynes RK (2000) Establishment of an in vitro screening model for neurodegeneration induced by antimalarial drugs of the artemisinin-type. Neurotoxicol Res 2:37-49
    • (2000) Neurotoxicol Res , vol.2 , pp. 37-49
    • Schmuck, G.1    Haynes, R.K.2
  • 54
    • 0032931698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocytes enhance radical defence in capillary endothelial cells constituting the blood-brain barrier
    • Schroeter ML, Mertsch K, Giese H, Müller S, Sporbert A, Hickerl B, Blasig IE (1999) Astrocytes enhance radical defence in capillary endothelial cells constituting the blood-brain barrier. FEBS Lett 449:241-244
    • (1999) FEBS Lett , vol.449 , pp. 241-244
    • Schroeter, M.L.1    Mertsch, K.2    Giese, H.3    Müller, S.4    Sporbert, A.5    Hickerl, B.6    Blasig, I.E.7
  • 57
    • 0028988886 scopus 로고
    • 2 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells
    • 2 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1271-1279
    • (1995) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.36 , pp. 1271-1279
    • Tate D.J., Jr.1    Miceli, M.V.2    Newsome, D.A.3
  • 59
    • 0031465419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant defense of the brain: A role for astrocytes
    • Wilson JX (1997) Antioxidant defense of the brain: a role for astrocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 75:1149-1163
    • (1997) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.75 , pp. 1149-1163
    • Wilson, J.X.1
  • 60
    • 0024202127 scopus 로고
    • Induction of manganous superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor: Possible protective mechanism
    • Wong GHW, Goeddel DV (1984) Induction of manganous superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor: possible protective mechanism. Science 242:941-944
    • (1984) Science , vol.242 , pp. 941-944
    • Wong, G.H.W.1    Goeddel, D.V.2
  • 62
    • 0028308792 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in the human brain
    • Zhang P, Anglade P, Hirsch EC, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y (1994) Distribution of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in the human brain. Neuroscience 61:317-330
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.61 , pp. 317-330
    • Zhang, P.1    Anglade, P.2    Hirsch, E.C.3    Javoy-Agid, F.4    Agid, Y.5
  • 63
    • 0029801944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of cell growth and sensitization to oxidative damage by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in rat glioma cells
    • Zhong W, Oberley LW, Oberley TD, Yan T, Domann FE, St. Clair DK (1996) Inhibition of cell growth and sensitization to oxidative damage by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in rat glioma cells. Cell Growth Differ 7:1175-1186
    • (1996) Cell Growth Differ , vol.7 , pp. 1175-1186
    • Zhong, W.1    Oberley, L.W.2    Oberley, T.D.3    Yan, T.4    Domann, F.E.5    St. Clair, D.K.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.