Reconstruction of the grampian episode in Scotland: Its place in the caledonian orogeny

Tectonophysics

Volumn 332, Issue 1-2, 2001, Pages 23-49

  Oliver, Grahame J H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Caledonian; Grampian; Orogeny

Indexed keywords

CALEDONIAN OROGENY; GARNET; GEOCHRONOLOGY; METAMORPHISM; PALEOZOIC; TERRANE;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0035009135     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00248-1     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Ashworth J.R., Chinner G.A. Coexisting garnet and cordierite in migmatites from the Scottish Caledonides. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 65:1978;379-394.
2. Atherton M.P. The composition of garnet in regionally metamorphosed rocks. Pitcher W., Flinn D. The Controls of Metamorphism. 1965;281-290 Oliver and Boyd, London.
3. Atherton M.P. The variation in garnet, biotite and chlorite composition in medium grade pelitic rocks from the Dalradian, Scotland with particular reference to the zonation in garnet. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 18:1969;347-371.
4. Atherton M.P., Edmunds W.M. An electron microprobe study of some zoned garnets from metamorphic rocks. E. P. S. L. 1:1966;185-193.
5. Bailey E.B. The structure of the south-west Highlands of Scotland. Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 78:1922;62-127.
6. Barrow G. On the intrusion of muscovite biotite gneiss in the south-east Highlands of Scotland and its accompanying metamorphism. Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 49:1893;330-358.
7. Beddoestephens B., Mason I. The volcanogenetic significance of garnet-bearing intrusions within the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, Eskdale Area. Geol. Mag. 128:1991;505-516.
8. Black P.M. Mineralogy of New Caledonian metamorphic rocks. (I): Garnets from the Ouegoa District. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 38:1973;221-235.
9. Bluck B.J., Halliday A.N., Aftalion M., Macintyre R.M. Age and origin of the Ballantrae ophiolite and its significance to the Caledonian orogeny and the Ordovician time scale. Geology. 8:1980;492-495.
10. Bogoch R., Bourne J., Shirav M., Harnois L. Petrochemistry of a Late Precambrian garnetiferous granite and aplite, southern Israel. Miner. Mag. 61:1997;111-122.
11. van Breemen O., Bluck B.J. Episodic granite plutons in the Scottish Caledonides. Nature. 291:1981;113-117.
12. van Breemen O., Piasecki M.A.J. The Glen Kyllachy Granite and its bearing on the nature of the Caledonian Orogeny in Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 140:1983;47-62.
13. van Breemen O., Aftalion M., Johnson M.R.W. Age of the Loch Borrolan complex, Assynt, and the late movements along the Moine thrust zone. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 136:1979;489-496.
14. van Breemen O., Halliday A.N., Bluck B.J., Haughton P. Age and derivation of metamorphic clasts in conglomerates in and around the Midland Valley (abstract). Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 75:1984;300.
15. Brothers R.N., Yokoyama K. Comparison of high-pressure schist belts of New Caledonia and Sanbagawa, Japan. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 79:1982;219-229.
16. Brown G.C. Geochemical and geophysical constraints on the origin and the evolution of Caledonian granites. Harris A.L., Holland C.H., Leake B.E. The Caledonides of the British Isles Reviewed. 1979;645-652 Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.
17. Brown, J.F., 1975. Rb-Sr studies and related geochemistry of the Caledonian calc-alkaline igneous rocks of N. W. Argyllshire. DPhil thesis, Oxford University, unpublished.
18. Brown, P.E., 1991. Caledonian and earlier magmatism. In: Craig, G.Y. (Ed.), Geology of Scotland, 3rd ed., Geological Society of London, pp. 229-295.
19. Chinner G.A. Pelitic gneisses with varying ferrous/ferric ratios from Glen Clova, Angus, Scotland. J. Petrol. 1:1960;128-267.
20. Chinner G.A. Almandine in thermal aureoles. J. Petrol. 3:1961;316-340.
21. Colman-Sadd S.P., Stone P., Swinden H.S., Barnes R.P. Parallel geological development in the Dunnage Zone of Newfoundland and the Lower Palaeozoic terranes of southern Scotland: an assessment. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 83:1992;571-594.
22. Coney P.J., Jones D.L., Monger J.W.L. Cordillerian suspect terrains. Nature. 288:1980;329-333.
23. 39Ar analysis of detrital K-feldspar and muscovite, Bengal fan. Geology. 18:1990;354-357.
24. Copeland P., Harrison T.M., Yun P., Kidd W.S.F., Roden M., Yuquan Z. Thermal evolution of the Gangdese batholith, Southern Tibet: a history of unroofing. Tectonics. 14:1995;223-236.
25. Curry G.B., Bluck B.J., Burton C.J., Ingham J.M., Siveter D.J., Williams A. Age, evolution and tectonic history of the Highland Border Complex, Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 75:1984;113-133.
26. 39Ar ages from the Bay of Islands metamorphic aureole: their bearing on the timing of Ordovician ophiolite obduction. Can. J. Earth Sci. 12:1975;1685-1690.
27. Dalziel I.W.D. Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: review, hypothesis, environmental speculation. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 109:1997;16-42.
28. Dempster, T.J. 1983. Studies of orogenic evolution in the Scottish Dalradian. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
29. Dempster T.J. Uplift patterns and orogenic evolution of the Scottish Dalradian. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 142:1985;111-128.
30. Dempster T.J., Hudson N.F., Rogers G. Metamorphism and cooling of the NE Dalradian. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 152:1995;383-390.
31. Dewey J.F. Evolution of the Appalachian Caledonian Orogen. Nature. 222:1969;124-129.
32. Dewey J.F. A model for the Lower Palaeozoic evolution of the southern margin of the early Caledonides of Scotland and Ireland. Scott. J. Geol. 7:1971;219-240.
33. Downie, C., Lister, T.R., Harris, A.R., Fettes, D.J., 1971. A palynological investigation of the Dalradian rocks of Scotland. Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, No 71/9, 30 pp.
34. Droop G.T.R., Harte B. The effect of Mn on the phase relations of medium grade pelites: constraints from natural assemblages on petrogenetic grid topology. J. Petrol. 36:1995;1549-1578.
35. England, P., Thompson A.B., 1986. Some thermal tectonic models for ultrametamorphism and crustal melting in continental collision zones. In: Coward, M.J., Ries, A. (Eds.), Collision Tectonics. Geological Society of London, Special Publication No 19, pp. 83-84.
36. Evans J.A., Soper N.J. Discussion on metamorphism and cooling of the NE Dalradian and U-Pb and Rb-Sr geogronology of magmatism and metamorphism in the Dalradian of Connemara, western Ireland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 154:1997;357-360.
37. Friedrich, A.M., Hodges, K.V., Bowring, S.A., 1997. Geochronological constraints on the tectonic evolution of Connemara. Abstracts volume of Discussion Meeting on the Caledonides, University of Glasgow, p. 12.
38. Friedrich A.M., Bowring S.A., Martin M.W., Hodges K.V.F. Short-lived continental magmatic arc at Connemara, western Irish Caledonides: Implications for the age of the Grampian orogeny. Geology. 27:1999;27-30.
39. Frost C.D., O'Nions R.K. Caledonian magma genesis and crustal recycling. J. Petrol. 26:1985;515-544.
40. Gary, M., McAfee Jr., R., Wolfe, C.L., 1972. Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, 805 pp.
41. Gee D., Roberts D. Timing of deformation in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Schenk W. Regional Trends in the Geology of the Appalachian-Caledonian Orogen. NATO ASI Series c. 1983;Reidel, Dordrecht. (116 pp.).
42. Gibbons W., Gayer R.A. British Caledonian terranes. Gayer G.A. The Tectonic Evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian Orogen. 1985;3-17 Vieweg, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden.
43. Giletti B., Moorbath S., Lambert R., St J. A geochronological study of the metamorphic complexes of the Scottish Highlands. Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 117:1961;233-264.
44. Gillully J. Steady plate motion and episodic orogeny and magmatism. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 84:1973;499-524.
45. Halliday A.N., Stephens W.E.S. Crustal controls on the genesis of the 400-Ma old Caledonian granites. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 35:1984;89-104.
46. Halliday A.N., Aftalion M., van Breemen O., Jocelyn J. Petrogenesis and significance of Rb-Sr and U-Pb isotopic systems in the 400 Ma old British Isles granitoids and their hosts. Harris A.L., Holland C.H., Leake B.E. The Caledonides of the British Isles Reviewed. 1979;653-662 Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.
47. Halliday A.N., Aftalion M., Upton B.G.J., Aspen P., Jocelyn J. U-Pb isotope ages from a granulite-facies xenolith from Partan Craig in the Midland Valley of Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 75:1984;71-74.
48. Halliday A.N., Graham C.M., Aftalion, Dymoke P. The depositional age of the Dalradian Supergroup - U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotopic studies of the Tayvallich volcanics, Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 146:1989;3-6.
49. Harper C.T. The geological interpretation of potassium-argon ages of metamorphic rocks from the Scottish Caledonides. Scott. J. Geol. 3:1967;46-66.
50. Harris, A.R.L., Pitcher, W.S., 1975. The Dalradian Supergroup. In: Harris, A.R.L. et al. (Eds.), A correlation of Precambrian Rocks in the British Isles. Special Report of the Geological Society of London, 6, pp. 52-75.
51. Harris, A.R.L., 1991. The growth and structure of Scotland. In: Craig, G.Y. (Ed.), Geology of Scotland, 3rd ed., Geological Society of London, pp. 1-24.
52. Harrison T.N., Hutchison J. The age and origin of the Eastern Grampians Newer Granites. Scott. J. Geol. 23:1987;269-282.
53. Harte B., Graham C.M. The graphical analysis of greenschist to amphibolite facies mineral assemblages in metabasites. J. Petrol. 16:1975;347-370.
54. Hatch F.H., Wells A.K. The Petrology of the Igneous Rocks. 9th ed. 1937;Allen and Unwin, London. (368 pp.).
55. Haughton P.D.W., Rogers G., Halliday A.N. Provenance of Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerates, SE Kincardineshire: evidence for the timing of Caledonian terrane accretion in central Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 147:1990;105-120.
56. Herve M., Sial A.N., Stephens W.E., Ferreira V.P. Adakitic magmas; modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos. 46:1999;411-429.
57. Hirst S., Maulik S. On some Arthropod remains from the Rhynie Chert (Old Red Sandstone). Geol. Mag. 63:1926;69-139.
58. Hutchison A.R., Oliver G.J.H. Garnet provenance studies, juxtaposition of Laurentian marginal terranes and timing of the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 155:1998;541-550.
59. Jacques J.M., Reavy R.J. Caledonian plutonism and major lineaments in the SW Scottish Highlands. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 151:1994;955-969.
60. Jäger E. Introduction to geochronology. Jäger E., Hunziker J.C. Lectures in Isotope Geology. 1979;1-12 Springer, Berlin.
61. 39Ar laser probe. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 146:1989;401-403.
62. 39Ar ages for detrital muscovite in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Chem. Geol. (Isotope Geosci. Sec.). 101:1992;143-156.
63. Kneller B., Aftalion M. The isotopic and structural age of the Aberdeen granite. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 144:1987;717-722.
64. Lambert R., St J., McKerrow W.S. The Grampian orogeny. Scott. J. Geol. 12:1976;271-292.
65. Larminie, F.G., 1988. British Geological Survey (Scotland) 1: 50,000 Solid Edition, Sheet 7, Girvan.
66. Leggett J.K., Mckerrow W.S., Eales M.H. The Southern Uplands: a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary prism. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 136:1979;755-770.
67. Longman C.D., Bluck B.J. Ordovician conglomerates and the evolution of the Midland Valley. Nature. 280:1979;578-581.
68. Macnair P. The Geology and Scenery of the Grampians and the Valley of Strathmore. vol. II:1908;J MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow. (256 pp.).
69. Maxwell G.S. A Battle Lost: Romans and Caledonians at Mons Graupius. 1990;Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. (138 pp.).
70. Marshall J.E.A. Palynology of the Stonehaven Group, Scotland - Evidence for Silurian age and its geological implications. Geol. Mag. 128:1991;283-286.
71. Molyneux S.G. An upper Dalradian microfossil reassessed. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 155:1998;741-743.
72. Molnar P., Atwater T. Inter-arc spreading and Cordilleran tectonics as alternates related to the age of subducted oceanic lithosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 41:1978;330-340.
73. Mørk M., Kullerud K., Stabel A. Sm-Nd dating of Seve eclogites, Norrbotten, Sweden. Evidence for early Caledonian (505 Ma) subduction. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 99:1988;344-351.
74. Noble, S., 1998. U-Pb constraints on the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Central Highlands, Scotland. Abstract with Programs, Geological Society of America Meeting, Toronto, A215 pp.
75. Osmundsen, P.T., Andersen, T.B., 2001. The middle Devonian basins of western Norway: sedimentary response to large-scale transtensional tectonics? Tectonophysics 332, 51-68.
76. O'Hara M.J. Thermal history of excavation of Archaean gneisses from the base of the continental crust. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 143:1977;185-200.
77. Oliver G.J.H., Corfu F., Krogh T.E. U-Pb ages from SW Poland: evidence for a Caledonian suture zone between Baltica and Gondwana. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150:1993;355-369.
78. Oliver, G.J.H., Buchwaldt, R., Robinson, R., 1998. How and when did the Grampian Orogeny occur in Scotland? Abstracts Volume, 29th Annual Meeting of the Tectonics Studies Group, University of St. Andrews, 62 pp.
79. Pankhurst R.J. Geochronology of the basic complexes. Scott. J. Geol. 6:1970;83-107.
80. Pankhurst R.J. Rb-Sr whole-rock chronology of Caledonian events in northeast Scotland. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 85:1974;345-350.
81. Pankhurst R.J., Pidgeon R.T. Inherited isotope systems and the source region history of early Caledonian granites in the Dalradian series, Scotland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 31:1976;55-58.
82. Pankhurst R.J., Sutherland D.S. Caledonian granites and diorites of Scotland and Ireland. Sutherland D.S. Igneous Rocks of the British Isles. 1982;141-190 Wiley, New York.
83. Perchuk A., Philipott P. Rapid cooling and exhumation of eclogitic rocks from the Great Caucasus. Russ. J. Meteorol. Geol. 15:1997;299-310.
84. Phillips E.R., Clark G.C., Smith D.I. Mineralogy, petrology and microfabric analysis of the Eilrig Shear Zone, Fort Augustus. Scott. J. Geol. 29:1993;143-158.
85. Phillips E.R., Key R.M., Clark G.C., May F., Glover B.W., Chacksfield B.C. Tectonothermal evolution of the Neoproterozoic Grampian and Appin Groups, south-western Monadhliath Mountains, Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 151:1994;971-986.
86. Piasecki M.A.J. New light on the Moine rocks of the Central Highlands of Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 137:1980;41-59.
87. Piasecki, M.A.J., New light on the Moine rocks of the Central Highlands 137, 41-59.
88. Pidgeon, R.T., Aftalion, M., 1978. Cogenetic and inherited zircon U-Pb systems in granites: palaeozoic granites of Scotland and England. Crustal Evolution in North-west Britain and Adjacent Regions. Geological Society of London, Special Issue 10, pp. 183-220.
89. Pitbaldo L.O. The Roman Invasions. 1935;Allen and Unwin, London. (160 pp.).
90. Prave, A.R., Alsop, G.I., 1998. Evidence for stratigraphic discontinuities in the Dalradian succession: implications for Neoproterozoic tectonics. Abstracts Volume, 29th Annual Meeting of the Tectonic Studies Group, University of St Andrews, p. 9.
91. Pringle J. The discovery of Cambrian trilobites in the Highland border rocks near Callander, Perthshire. Adv. Sci. Lond. 1:1940;252.
92. Rast N., Skehan J.W. Mid-Paleozoic orogenesis in the North Atlantic: the Acadian orogeny. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 275:1993;235-247.
93. Read H.H. Aspects of Caledonian magmatism in Britain. Proc. Liverpool Manchester Geol. Soc. 2:1961;653-683.
94. Richardson S.W., Powell R. Thermal causes of the Dalradian metamorphism in the central Highlands of Scotland. Scott. J. Geol. 12:1976;237-268.
95. Robertson A.H.F., Henderson W.G. Geochemical evidence for the origins of igneous and sedimentary rocks of the Highland Border, Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 135:1984;150.
96. Robinson, R.A.J., Rennie, C.A., Oliver, G.J.H., 1998. Palaeocurrent data, source terrains and palaeogeographic settings of the Dalradian block: the Stonehaven-Dunnnottar Groups revisited. Abstracts Volume, 29th Annual Meeting of the Tectonic Studies Group, University of St Andrews, p. 71.
97. Robinson, R.A.J., Oliver, G.J.H., 1998. Granite buoyancy and Dalradian terrane uplift. Abstracts Volume, 29th Annual Meeting of the Tectonic Studies Group, University of St Andrews, p. 100.
98. Rogers G., Dempster T.J., Bluck B.J., Tanner P.W. A high-precision U-Pb age for the Ben Vuirich granite: implications for the evolution of the Dalradian Supergroup. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 146:1989;789-798.
99. Rogers G., Dunning G.R. Geochronology of appinitic and related granitic magmatism in the W Highlands of Scotland: constraints on the timing of transcurrent fault movement. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 148:1991;17-27.
100. Rogers, G., Paterson, B.A., Dempster, T.L., Redwood, S.D., 1994. U-Pb geochronology of the Newer gabbros, NE Grampians. Caledonian Terrane Relationships in Britain. Programme with Abstracts, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, p. 8.
101. Rushton A.W., Phillips W.E.A. A Protospongia from the Dalradian of Clare Island, Co. Mayo, Ireland. Palaeontology. 16:1973;231-237.
102. Ryan P.D., Dewey J.F. A geological and tectonic cross-section of the Caledonides of western Ireland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 148:1991;173-180.
103. Santallier D. Mineralogy and crystallisation of the Seve eclogites in the Vuoggatjalme area, Swedish Caledonides of Norrbotten. Geol. For. I Stockholm. 116:1994;89-98.
104. Shepherd D.S., Adams C.J., Bird G.M. Age of metamorphism and uplift in the Alpine Schist Belt. N. Z. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 86:1975;1147-1153.
105. Smellie J.L., Stone P. Eclogite in the Ballantrae Complex: a garnet-clinopyroxene segregation in mantle harzbuurgite? Scott. J. Geol. 20:1984;315-327.
106. Smith R.A. The Siluro-Devonian evolution of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Geol. Mag. 132:1995;503-513.
107. Sollas, 1906. Suess's Face of the Earth II. ii. 82.
108. Soper N.J. The Newer Granite problem: a geotectonic view. Geol. Mag. 123:1986;227-236.
109. Soper N.J., Strachan R.A., Holdsworth R.E., Gayer R.A., Greiling R.O. Sinistral transpression and the Silurian closure of Iapetus. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 149:1992;871-880.
110. Stephens, W.E., 1988. Granitoid plutonism in the Caledonian orogen of Europe. In: Harris, A.L.R., Fettes, D.J. (Eds.), The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen. Geological Society of London, Special Publication No 38, pp. 389-403.
111. Stephens W.E., Halliday A.N. Geochemical contrasts between late Caledonian granitoid plutons of northern, central and southern Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 75:1984;259-273.
112. Stephenson D., Gould D. British Regional Geology. The Grampian Highlands. 4th ed. 1995;HMSO, London. (261 pp.).
113. Stillman, C.J., Francis, E.H., 1979. Caledonian volcanism in Britain and Ireland. In: Haris, A.R.L., Holland, C.H., Leake, B.E. (Eds.), The Caledonides of the British Isles Reviewed. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 8, pp. 557-577.
114. Stone, P., 1995. Geology of the Rhins of Galloway. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 1 and 3 (Scotland), p. 102.
115. Stone P., Floyd J.D., Barnes R.P., Lintern B.C. A sequential back-arc and foreland basin thrust duplex model for the Southern Uplands. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 144:1987;753-764.
116. Sturt B.A. The composition of garnets from pelitic schists in relation to the grade of metamorphism. J. Petrol. 3:1962;181-191.
117. Suess, 1888. Der Antlitz der Erde (quoted in Sollas, 1906).
118. Tanner P.W.G. Significance of the early fabric in the contact metamorphic aureole of the 590 Ma Ben Vuirich Granite, Perthshire, Scotland. Geol. Mag. 133:1996;683-695.
119. Tanner P.W.G., Leslie A.G. A pre-D2 age for the 590 Ma Ben Vuirich Granite in the Dalradian of Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 151:1994;209-212.
120. Thirwall M.F. Geochronology of Late Caledonian magmatism in northern Britain. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 145:1988;951-967.
121. Thompson R.N. Model for Grampian tract evolution. Nature. 314:1985;562.
122. Treloar P.J., Bluck B.J., Bowes D.R., Dudek A. Hornblende-garnet metapyroxenite beneath serpentinite in the Ballantrae Complex of SW Scotland and its bearing on the depth provenance of obducted oceanic lithosphere. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 71:1980;201-212.
123. Tucker R.D., McKerrow W.S. Early Palaeozoic chronology - a review in light of new U-Pb zircon ages from Newfoundland and Britain. Can. J. Earth Sci. 32:1995;368-379.
124. Upton B.G.J., Aspen P., Hunter R.H. Xenoliths and their implications for the deep geology of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb.: Earth Sci. 75:1984;65-70.
125. Van Staal C.R., Dewey, J.F.C., Mac Niocaill, McKerrow, W.S., 1998. The Cambrian-Silurian tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachians and the British Caledonides: history of a complex west and southwest Pacific-type segment of Iapetus. In: Blundell, D.J., Scott, A.C. (Eds.), Lyell: The Past is the Key to the Present. Geological Society of London. Special Publication, 143, pp. 199-242.
126. Walton, E.K., Oliver, G.J.H., 1991. Lower Palaeozoic Stratigraphy. In: Craig, G.Y. (Ed.), Geology of Scotland, 3rd ed., Geological Society of London, 612 pp.
127. Watkins K.P. Biotite- and garnet-forming reactions in inverted metamorphic zones in the Balquhidder region of the Scottish Dalradian. Scott. J. Geol. 23:1987;105-127.
128. Watson J.V. The ending of the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 141:1984;193-214.
129. Williams, H., 1994. IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy, Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy, Ordovician News. No 11. 44 pp.
130. Wills, J.J., 1929. Physiographic Evolution of Britain. II, vi, p. 76.