Management of ascites

Clinics in Liver Disease

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 541-568

  Yu, Andy S ^a   Hu, Ke Qin ^b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; AMILORIDE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFOTAXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DIURETIC AGENT; FUROSEMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; NORFLOXACIN; SPIRONOLACTONE;

ANAMNESIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ASCITES; ASCITES FLUID; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; PARACENTESIS; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSIS; REVIEW; SODIUM RESTRICTION;

EID: 0034998930     PISSN: 10893261     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1089-3261(05)70177-X     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Z. Ackerman Ascites in nephrotic syndrome: Incidence, patients' characteristics and complications J Clin Gastroenterol 22 1996 31 34
2. E.A. Akriviadis B.A. Runyon Utility of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial peritonitis Gastroenterology 98 1990 127 133
3. P. Angeli M. Dalla Pria E. De Bei Randomized clinical study of the efficacy of amiloride and potassium canrenoate in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites Hepatology 19 1994 72 79
4. R.J. Andrade A. Martin-Palanca J.M. Fraile Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of ascites J Clin Gastroenterol 22 1996 305 307
5. M.R. Antillon B.A. Runyon H. Steindel Is albumin infusion needed after large volume paracentesis in patients with refractory ascites? Gastroenterology 98 1990 A565
6. M.R. Antillon B.A. Runyon Postparacentesis plasma expansion prevents asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities, but does it have any impact on morbidity or mortality? Gastroenterology 101 1991 1455 1457
7. V. Arroyo P. Ginès A.I. Gerbes Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis Hepatology 23 1996 164 176
8. V. Arroyo P. Sort P. Ginès Treatment of ascites by paracentesis V. Arroyo Ginès P. Rodés J. Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment 1999 Blackwell Science Malden 463 479
9. J.W. Baker E.A. Deitch M. Li Hemorrhagic shock induces bacterial translocation from the gut J Trauma 28 1988 896 906
10. N.M. Bass Intravenous albumin for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis N Engl J Med 34 1999 443 444
11. E. Bellissant T. Denolle P. Sinnassamy Systemic and regional hemodynamic and biologic effects of a new κ-opioid agonist, niravoline, in healthy volunteers Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 278 1996 232 242
12. M. Bernardi G. Laffi M. Salvagnini Efficacy and safety of the stepped care medical treatment of ascites in liver cirrhosis: A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing two diets with different sodium content Liver 13 1993 156 162
13. W.R. Bezwoda T. Golombick R. Dansey Treatment of malignant ascites due to recurrent/refractory ovarian cancer: The use of interferon-alpha or interferon-alpha plus chemotherapy in vivo and in vitro Eur J Cancer 27 1991 1423 1429
14. T. Bichler D.A. Dudley Nephrogenous ascites Am J Gastroenterol 77 1983 73 74
15. P. Bories D. Garcia-Compean H. Michel The treatment of refractory ascites by the LeVeen shunt: A multi-center controlled trial (57 patients) J Hepatol 3 1986 212 218
16. Bosch-Marcé W. Jiménez P. Angeli Aquaretic effect of the κ-opioid agonist RU 51599 in cirrhotic rats with ascites and water retention Gastroenterology 109 1995 217 223
17. T.D. Boyer P. Zia T.B. Reynolds Effect of indomethacin and prostaglandin A1 on renal function and plasma renin activity in alcoholic liver disease Gastroenterology 77 1979 215 222
18. R.E. Brand Intravenous albumin in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Is it worth the cost? Am J Gastroenterol 94 1999 3404
19. R.E. Bristow F.J. Montz L.D. Lagasse Survival impact of surgical cytoreduction in stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer Gynecol Oncol 72 1999 278 287
20. M.W. Brown R.F. Burk Development of intractable ascites following upper abdominal surgery in patients with cirrhosis Am J Med 80 1986 879 883
21. R.S. Brown Jr J.R. Lake Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a form of treatment for portal hypertension: Indications and contraindications Adv Intern Med 42 1997 485 504
22. E.L. Callau Jr S.B. Benjamin T.E. Knuff The accuracy of the physical examination in the diagnosis of suspected ascites JAMA 247 1982 1164 1166
23. R. Chetty G.M. Learmonth D.A. Taylor Giant cell hepatocellular carcinoma Cytopathology 1 1990 233 237
24. R.O. Chiprut K.B. Knudsen T.R. Liebermann Myxedema ascites American Journal of Digestive Diseases 21 1976 807 808
25. R. Craig M. Sparberg P. Ivanovich Nephrogenic ascites Arch Intern Med 134 1974 276 279
26. G. D'Amico A. Morabito L. Pagliaro Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis Dig Dis Sci 31 1986 468 475
27. G. Daskalopoulos G. Laffi T. Morgan Immediate effects of flurosemide on renal hemodnamics in chronic liver disease with ascites Gastroenterology 92 1987 1859 1863
28. F. De Castro M. Bonacini J.M. Walden Myxedema ascites: Report of two cases and review of the literature J Clin Gastroenterol 13 1991 411 414
29. P.C. De Groen J. Rakela C. Moore Diagnostic laparoscopy in gastroenterology: A 14-year experience Dig Dis Sci 32 1987 677 681
30. M. Deschênes M.P. Dufresne B. Bui Predictors of clinical response to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites Am J Gastroenterol 94 1999 1361 1365
31. A.M. Di Bisceglie C.L. Schamroth Transudative ascites with a high protein content: Case reports South African Medical Journal 67 1985 941 942
32. W.J. Eisenmenger S.H. Blonheim A.M. Bongiovanni Electrolyte studies on patients with cirrhosis of the liver J Clin Invest 29 1950 1491 1499
33. D.H. Ellison The physiological basis of diuretic synergism: Its role in treating diuretic resistance Ann Intern Med 114 1991 886 894
34. J. Felisart A. Rimola V. Arroyo Cefotaxime is more effective than is ampicillin-tobramycin in cirrhotics with severe infections Hepatology 5 1985 457 462
35. R.N. Garrison H.M. Cryer D.A. Howard Clarification of risk factors for abdominal operations in patients with hepatic cirrhosis Ann Surg 199 1984 648 655
36. P. Ginès V. Arroyo E. Quintero Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites: Results of a randomized study Gastroenterology 93 1987 234 241
37. P. Ginès E. Quintero V. Arroyo Compensated cirrhosis: Natural history and prognostic factors Hepatology 7 1987 122 128
38. P. Ginès L. Titó V. Arroyo Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis Gastroenterology 94 1988 1493 1502
39. P. Ginès A. Rimola R. Planas Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Hepatology 12 1990 716 724
40. P. Ginès V. Arroyo V. Vargas Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites N Engl J Med 325 1991 829 835
41. P. Ginès R. Planas P. Angeli Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites using LeVeen shunt with titanium tip: Comparison with therapeutic paracentesis Hepatology 22 1995 124 131
42. P. Ginès G. Fernández-Esparrach A. Monescillo Randomized trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites treated by paracentesis Gastroenterology 111 1996 1002 1010
43. F.D. Gordon H.T. Anastopoulos W. Cineshaw The successful treatment of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Hepatology 25 1997 1366 1369
44. R.J. Groszmann Hyperdynamic circulation of liver disease 40 years later: Pathophysiology and clinical consequences Hepatology 20 1996 1359 1363
45. C. Guarner B.A. Runyon Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management Gastroenterologist 3 1995 311 328
46. M. Guazzi A. Polese F. Magrini Negative influences of ascites on the cardiac function of cirrhotic patients Am J Med 59 1975 165 170
47. R. Hamdani S. Young B.A. Runyon Increased bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats undergoing hemorrhagic shock Gastroenterology 106 1994 A904
48. S.H.B. Han T.B. Reynolds T.L. Fong Nephrogenic ascites: Analysis of 16 cases and review of the literature Medicine (Baltimore) 77 1998 233 245
49. D.J. Hillebrand B.A. Runyon W.G. Yasmineh Ascitic fluid adenosine deaminase insensitivity in detecting tuberculous peritonitis in the United States Hepatology 24 1996 1408 1412
50. J.C. Hoefs Increase in ascites WBC and protein concentrations during diuresis in patients with chronic liver disease Hepatology 1 1981 249 254
51. J.C. Hoefs Serum protein concentration and portal pressure determine the ascitic fluid protein concentration in patients with chronic liver disease J Lab Clin Med 102 1983 260 273
52. J.C. Hoefs Globulin correction of the albumin gradient: Correlation with measured serum to ascites colloid osmotic gradient Hepatology 16 1992 396 403
53. S. Iwatsuki T.B. Reynolds The effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on hepatic hemodynamics in patients with chronic liver disease and portal hypertension Gastroenterology 65 1973 294 299
54. H.W. Kao N.E. Rakov E. Savage The effect of large volume paracentesis on plasma volume–A cause of hypovolemia? Hepatology 5 1985 403 407
55. R.C. Kurtz R.L. Bronzo Does spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occur in malignant ascites? Am J Gastroenterol 77 1982 146 148
56. J.R. Lake The role of transjugular portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites N Eng J Med 342 2000 1745 1747
57. J.H. Laragh The proper use of newer diuretics Ann Intern Med 67 1967 606 613
58. K.N. Lazaridis J.W. Frank M.J. Krowka Hepatic hydrothorax: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management Am J Med 107 1999 262 267
59. D. Lebrec O. Nouel J. Bernau Portal hypertension in Fulminant hepatic failure Gut 21 1980 962 964
60. D. Lebrec N. Giuily A. Hadengue Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: Comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: A randomized trial J Hepatol 25 1996 135 144
61. F.L. Lieberman R. Hidemura R.L. Peters Pathogenesis and treatment of hydrothorax complicating cirrhosis with ascites Ann Intern Med 64 1966 341 351
62. F.L. Lieberman E.K. Denison T.B. Reynolds The relationship of plasma volume, portal hypertension, ascites, and renal sodium retention in cirrhosis: The overflow theory of ascites formation Ann N Y Acad Sci 70 1970 202 212
63. M.S. Loewenstein R.A. Rittgers A.E. Feinerman CEA assay of ascites and detection of malignancy Ann Intern Med 88 1978 635 638
64. M. Malinchoc P.S. Kamath F.D. Gordon A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts Hepatology 31 2000 864 871
65. J.P. Martinet D. Fenyves L. Legault Treatment of refractory ascites using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: A caution Dig Dis Sci 42 1997 161 166
66. K. Mauer N.C. Manzione Usefulness of the serum-ascites albumin gradient in separating transudative from exudative ascites: Another look Dig Dis Sci 33 1988 1208
67. P.M. Mauk J.T. Schwartz J.E. Lowe Diagnosis and course of nephrogenic ascites Arch Intern Med 148 1988 1577 1579
68. P.A. McVay P.T. Toy Lack of increased bleeding after paracentesis and thoracentesis in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities Transfusion 31 1991 164 171
69. E.B. Miedema N.K. Bissada A.E. Finkbeiner Chylous ascites complicating retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for testis tumors: Management with peritoneovenous shunting J Urol 120 1978 377 382
70. D. Mirouze H.U. Juttner T.B. Reynolds Left pleural effusion in patients with chronic liver disease and ascites: Prospective study of 22 cases Dig Dis Sci 26 1981 984 988
71. D. Mirouze R.D. Zipser T.B. Reynolds Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on induced diuresis in cirrhosis Hepatology 3 1983 50 55
72. A. Mogyorosi M. Schubert Intravenous albumin reduces mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Gastroenterology 118 2000 231 233
73. S. Moller F. Bendtsen J.H. Henriksen Effect of volume expansion on systemic hemodynamics and central and arterial blood volume in cirrhosis Gastroenterology 109 1995 1917 1925
74. M. Morales-Ruiz W. Jimenez D. Perez-Sala Increased nitric oxide synthase expression in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats with ascites Hepatology 24 1996 1481 1486
75. J. Mouroux C. Perrin N. Venissac Management of pleural effusion of cirrhotic origin Chest 109 1996 1093 1096
76. J.W. Muller-Schoop S.T. Wang J. Munzinger Chlamydia trachomatis as possible cause of peritonitis and perihepatitis in young women BMJ 1 1978 1022 1024
77. M. Novella R. Sola G. Soriano Continuous versus inpatient prophylaxis of the first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with norfloxacin Hepatology 25 1997 532 536
78. A. Ochs M. Rossle K. Haag The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for refractory ascites N Engl J Med 332 1995 1192 1197
79. 2 antagonist in men Pharmacol Exp Ther 272 1995 546 551
80. O. Oketdalen K. Nygaard M. Osnes Somatostatin in the treatment of pancreatic ascites Gastroenterology 99 1990 1520 1521
81. P. Pare J. Talbot J.C. Hoefs Serum-ascites albumin concentration gradient: A physiological approach to the differential diagnosis of ascites Gastroenterology 85 1983 240 244
82. G. Pelletier G. Lesur O. Ink Asymptomatic bacterascites: Is it spontaneous bacterial peritonitis? Hepatology 14 1991 112 115
83. K.M. Peltekian F. Wong P.P. Liu Cardiovascular, renal, and neurohumoral responses to single large-volume paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and diuretic-resistant ascites Am J Gastroenterol 92 1977 394 399
84. R.M. Pérez-Ayuso V. Arroyo R. Planas Randomized comparative study of efficacy of furosemide versus spironolactone in nonazotemic cirrhosis with ascites: Relationship between the diuretic response and the activity of the renin-aldosterone system Gastroenterology 84 1983 961 968
85. P.C. Pinto J. Amerian T.B. Reynolds Large-volume paracentesis in nonedematous patients with tense ascites: Its effect on intravascular volume Hepatology 8 1988 207 210
86. P.J. Pockros T.B. Reynolds Rapid diuresis in patients with ascites from chronic liver disease: The importance of peripheral edema Gastroenterology 90 1986 1827 1833
87. P.J. Pockros K.T. Esrason C. Nguyen Mobilization of malignant ascites with diuretics is dependent on ascitic fluid characteristics Gastroenterology 103 1992 1302 1306
88. O.W. Press N.O. Press S.D. Kaufman Evaluation and management of chylous ascites Ann Intern Med 96 1982 358 364
89. W.G. Rector Spontaneous chylous ascites of cirrhosis J Clin Gastroenterol 6 1984 369 372
90. W.G. Rector T.B. Reynolds Superiority of the serum-ascites albumin difference over the ascites total protein concentration in separation of “transudative” and “exudative” ascites Am J Med 77 1984 83 85
91. T.B. Reynolds Therapeutic paracentesis: Have we come full circle? Gastroenterology 93 1987 386 388
92. T.B. Reynolds Ascites Clinics in Liver Disease 4 2000 151 168
93. T.B. Reynolds H.M. Geller O.T. Kuzma Spontaneous decrease in portal pressure with clinical improvement in cirrhosis N Engl J Med 263 1960 734 739
94. H. Ring-Larson B. Hesse J.H. Henriksen Sympathetic nervous activity and renal and systemic hemodynamics in cirrhosis: Plasma norepinephrine concentration, hepatic extraction and renal release Hepatology 2 1982 304 310
95. A. Rolachon L. Cordier Y. Bacq Ciprofloxacin and long-term prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Results of a prospective controlled trial Hepatology 22 1995 1171 1174
96. N. Rolando A. Gimson J. Philpott-Howard Infectious sequelae after endoscopic sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices: Role of antibiotic prophylaxis J Hepatol 18 1993 290 294
97. H.R. Rosen P. Martin Liver transplantation E.R. Schiff M.F. Sorrell W.C. Maddrey Schiff's Disease of the Liver 1999 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 1589 1615
98. M. Rössle A. Ochs V. Gulberg A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites N Engl J Med 342 2000 1701 1707
99. D. Rubinstein I.A. Mclimes F.J. Dudley Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of clinical ascites: Diagnosis and management Gastroenterology 88 1985 188 191
100. B.A. Runyon Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis associated with cardiac ascites Am J Gastroenterol 79 1984 796
101. B.A. Runyon Low-protein-concentration ascitic fluid is predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Gastroenterology 91 1986 1343 1346
102. B.A. Runyon Paracentesis of ascitic fluid: A safe procedure Arch Intern Med 146 1986 2259 2261
103. B.A. Runyon Four days of antibiotics can be effective therapy of culture-negative neutrocytic ascites or of delayed growth culture-positive spontaneous peritonitis Hepatology 6 1986 1139A
104. B.A. Runyon Amylase levels in ascitic fluid J Clin Gastroenterol 9 1987 172 174
105. B.A. Runyon Ascitic fluid bilirubin concentration as a key to choleperitoneum J Clin Gastroenterol 9 1987 543 545
106. B.A. Runyon Cardiac ascites: A characterization J Clin Gastroenterol 10 1988 410 412
107. B.A. Runyon Patients with deficient ascitic fluid opsonic activity are predisposed to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatology 8 1988 632 635
108. B.A. Runyon Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: A variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatology 12 1990 710 715
109. B.A. Runyon Care of patients with ascites N Engl J Med 330 1994 337 342
110. B.A. Runyon Patient selection is important in studying the impact of large-volume paracentesis on intravascular volume A J Gastroenterol 92 1997 371 373
111. B.A. Runyon Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis Hepatology 27 1998 264 272
112. B.A. Runyon Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis M. Feldman B.F. Scharachmidt M.H. Sleisenger Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management 1998 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1310 1333
113. B.A. Runyon Albumin infusion for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Lancet 354 1999 1838 1839
114. B.A. Runyon J.C. Hoets Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: A variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatology 4 1984 1209 1211
115. B.A. Runyon J.C. Hoefs Ascitic fluid analysis before, during, and after spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatology 5 1985 257 259
116. B.A. Runyon D.E. Van Epps Diuresis of cirrhotic ascites increases its opsonic activity and may help prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatology 6 1986 396 399
117. B.A. Runyon M.R. Antillon Ascitic fluid pH and lactate: Insensitive and nonspecific tests in detecting ascitic fluid infection Hepatology 13 1991 929 935
118. B.A. Runyon D.J. Hillebrand Approach to the patient with ascites T. Yamada D.H. Alpors L. Laine Atlas of Gastroenterology, 2 1999 Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins Philadelphia 100 104
119. B.A. Runyon R. Morrissey J.C. Hoefs Opsonic activity of human ascitic fluid: A potentially important protective mechanism against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatology 5 1985 634 637
120. B.A. Runyon J.C. Hoefs H.N. Canawati Polymicrobial bacterascites: A unique entity in the spectrum of infected ascitic fluid Arch Intern Med 146 1986 2173 2175
121. B.A. Runyon M. Greenblatt R.H.C. Ming Hepatic hydrothorax is a relative contraindication to chest tube insertion Am J Gastroenterol 81 1986 566 567
122. B.A. Runyon H.N. Canawati E.A. Akriviadis Optimization of ascitic fluid culture technique Gastroenterology 95 1988 1351 1355
123. B.A. Runyon J.C. Hoefs T.R. Morgan Ascitic fluid analysis in malignancy-related ascites Hepatology 8 1988 1104 1109
124. B.A. Runyon M.R. Antillon A.A. Montano Effect of diuresis versus therapeutic paracentesis on ascitic fluid opsonic activity and serum complement Gastroenterology 97 1989 158 162
125. B.A. Runyon M.R. Antillon E.A. Akriviadis Bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascitic fluid is superior to delayed inoculation in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis J Clin Microbiol 28 1990 2811 2813
126. B.A. Runyon E.A. Akriviadis A.J. Keyser The opacity of portal hypertension-related ascites correlates with the fluid's triglyceride concentration Am J Clin Pathol 96 1991 142 143
127. B.A. Runyon A.A. Montano F.A. Akriviadis The utility of the serum-ascites albumin gradient in the differential diagnosis of ascites: Analysis of 901 paired specimens Gastroenterology 100 1991 A790
128. B.A. Runyon J.G. McHutchison M.R. Antillon Short-course vs long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A randomized controlled study of 100 patients Gastroenterology 100 1991 1737 1742
129. B.A. Runyon E.A. Akriviadis F.R. Sattler Ascitic fluid and serum cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime levels in patients treated for bacterial peritonitis Dig Dis Sci 36 1991 1782 1786
130. B.A. Runyon A.A. Montano E.A. Akriviadis The serum-ascites albumin gradient is superior to the exudates-transudate concept in the differential diagnosis of ascites Ann Intern Med 117 1992 215 220
131. B.A. Runyon S.U. Squier M. Borzio Translocation of gut bacteria in rats with cirrhosis to mesenteric lymph nodes partially explains the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis J Hepatol 2 1994 792 796
132. B.A. Runyon M. Borzio S. Young Effect of selective bowel decontamination with norfloxacin on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, translocation, and survival in an animal model of cirrhosis Hepatology 21 1995 1719 1724
133. M. Sabat L. Kolle G. Soriano Parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections does not improve cost-efficacy of oral norfloxacin in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding Am J Gastroenterol 93 1998 2457 2462
134. H.H. Salem F.J. Dudley A. Merrett Coagulopathy of peritoneovenous shunts: Studies on the pathogenic role of ascitic fluid collagen and value of antiplatelet therapy Gut 24 1983 412 417
135. R.E. Sampliner F.L. Iber High protein ascites in patients with uncomplicated hepatic cirrhosis Am J Med Sci 267 1974 275 279
136. A.J. Sanyal A.M. Freedman P.P. Purdum The hematologic consequences of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts Hepatology 23 1996 32 39
137. R.W. Schrier Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy: First of two parts N Engl J Med 319 1988 1065 1072
138. R.W. Schrier Pathogenesis of sodium and water retention in high-output and low-output cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and pregnancy: Second of two parts N Engl J Med 319 1988 1127 1132
139. R.W. Schrier V. Arroyo M. Bernardi Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: A proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis Hepatology 8 1988 1151 1157
140. A.O. Shakil J. Korula G.C. Kanel Diagnostic features of tuberculous peritonitis and presence of chronic liver disease: A case control study Am J Med 100 1996 179 185
141. S. Sherlock S. Shaldon The aetiology and management of ascites in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: A review Gut 4 1963 95 105
142. J.A. Singer M.M. Kaplan R.L. Katz Cirrhotic pleural effusion in the absence of ascites Gastroenterology 73 1977 575 577
143. N. Singh T. Gayowski V.L. Yu Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: A randomized study Ann Intern Med 122 1995 595 598
144. P. Sogni R. Moreau A. Gadano The role of nitric oxide in the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome associated with portal hypertension J Hepatol 23 1995 218 224
145. K.A. Somberg J.L. Rieglar J.M. LaBerge Hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Incidence and risk factors An J Gastroenterol 90 1995 549 555
146. G. Soriano C. Guarner M. Teixidó Selective intestinal decontamination prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Gastroenterology 100 1991 477 481
147. G. Soriano C. Guarner A. Tomás Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage Gastroenterology 103 1992 1267 1272
148. P. Sort M. Navasa V. Arroyo Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis N Engl J Med 341 1999 403 409
149. M.M. Stanley S. Ochi K.K. Lee Peritoneovenous shunting as compared with medical treatment in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and massive ascites N Engl J Med 321 1989 1632 1638
150. M.M. Stanley C.V. Reyes H.B. Greenlee Peritoneal fibrosis in cirrhotics treated with peritoneovenous shunting for ascites. An autopsy study with clinical correlations Dig Dis Sci 4 1996 571 577
151. R.M. Strauss L.G. Martin S.L. Kaufman Transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt for the management of symptomatic cirrhotic hydrothorax Am J Gastroenterol 89 1994 1520 1522
152. R.M. Strauss T.D. Boyer Hepatic hydrothorax Semin Liver Dis 17 1997 227 232
153. I. Sungaila W.R. Bartle S.E. Walker Spironolactone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with cirrhotic ascites Gastroenterology 102 1992 1680 1685
154. L. Titó A. Rimola P. Ginés Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: Frequency and predictive factors Hepatology 8 1988 27 31
155. L. Titó P. Ginés V. Arroyo Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites Gastroenterology 98 1990 146 151
156. J.F. Trotter P.V. Suhocki D.C. Rockey Transjugular intrahepatic porrosystemic shunt in patients with refractory ascites: Effect on body weight and Child-Pugh score Am J Gastroenterol 93 1998 1891 1894
157. Y. Tsuboi S.E. Ishikawa G. Fujisawa Therapeutic efficacy of the non-peptide AVP antagonist OPC-31260 in cirrhotic rats Kidney Int 46 1994 237 244
158. W. Uhl S.E. Anghelacopoulos H. Friess The role of octreotide and somatostatin in acute and chronic pancreatitis Digestion 60 suppl 2 1999 23 31
159. D.H. Van Thiel A. Nadir T. Hassanein Simultaneous right-sided volume overload and left-sided hypovolemia in a man with massive ascites and a hydrothorax Am J Gastroenterol 90 1995 478 481
160. J.J. Wade N. Rolando K. Hayllar Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: An analysis of 284 patients Hepatology 2 1995 1328 1336
161. P.J. Weinstein C.M. Noyer Rapid onset of massive ascites as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosis Am J Gastroenterol 95 2000 302 303
162. K.W. Wilkins Jr G.S. Hoffman Massive ascites in systemic lupus erythematosus Journal of Rheumatol 12 1985 571 574
163. F. Wong L. Blendis Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: Is it the ultimate solution for refractory ascites? Hepatology 22 1995 1613 1615
164. G.M. Woolf B.A. Runyon Spontaneous Salmonella infection of high protein non-cirrhotic ascites J Clin Gastroenterol 12 1990 430 432
165. X. Xiol J.M. Castellvi J. Guardiola Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients: A prospective study Hepatology 23 1996 719 723
166. X. Xiol R. Cortés J. Castellote Utility and complications of thoracocentesis in cirrhotic patients Hepatology 26 1997 286A
167. Z.M. Younossi J.G. McHutchison T.G. Gamats An economic analysis of norfloxacin prophylaxis against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis J Hepatol 27 1997 295 298
168. E. Zuckerman A. Lanir E. Sabo Cancer antigen 125: A sensitive marker of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis Am J Gastroenterol 94 1999 1613 1618