Clientalism, Lebanon: Roots and trends

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 167-178

  Hamzeh, A Nizar ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIENTELISM; PATRON-CLIENT RELATIONS; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

LEBANON;

EID: 0034903174     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/714004405     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. For the ubiquity of patronage and clientalism in modern societies see E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); S.N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, Patronage, and Development (London: Sage, 1981); C. Clapham (ed.), Private Petronage and Public Power (New York: St. Martin Press, 1982); S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, Patron, Clients and Friends (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
2. For the ubiquity of patronage and clientalism in modern societies see E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); S.N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, Patronage, and Development (London: Sage, 1981); C. Clapham (ed.), Private Petronage and Public Power (New York: St. Martin Press, 1982); S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, Patron, Clients and Friends (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
3. For the ubiquity of patronage and clientalism in modern societies see E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); S.N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, Patronage, and Development (London: Sage, 1981); C. Clapham (ed.), Private Petronage and Public Power (New York: St. Martin Press, 1982); S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, Patron, Clients and Friends (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
4. For the ubiquity of patronage and clientalism in modern societies see E. Gellner and J. Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London: Duckworth, 1977); S.N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, Patronage, and Development (London: Sage, 1981); C. Clapham (ed.), Private Petronage and Public Power (New York: St. Martin Press, 1982); S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, Patron, Clients and Friends (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
5. For clientalism and the logic of social exchange see S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, 'Patron-client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.22, No.1 (1980), pp.42-77. R. Lemarchand, 'Comparative Political Clientalism: Structure, Process and Optic', in Eisenstadt and Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, pp.7-32; L. Graziano, 'Issue on Political Clientalism', International Political Science Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1983), pp.425-34.
6. For clientalism and the logic of social exchange see S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, 'Patron-client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.22, No.1 (1980), pp.42-77. R. Lemarchand, 'Comparative Political Clientalism: Structure, Process and Optic', in Eisenstadt and Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, pp.7-32; L. Graziano, 'Issue on Political Clientalism', International Political Science Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1983), pp.425-34.
7. For clientalism and the logic of social exchange see S.N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger, 'Patron-client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange', Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.22, No.1 (1980), pp.42-77. R. Lemarchand, 'Comparative Political Clientalism: Structure, Process and Optic', in Eisenstadt and Lemarchand (eds.), Political Clientalism, pp.7-32; L. Graziano, 'Issue on Political Clientalism', International Political Science Review, Vol.4, No.4 (1983), pp.425-34.
8. For clientalism and the central institutional core of the society see Carl Lande, 'Introduction: The Dyadic Basis of Clientalism', in S. Shmidt, et al., Friends, Followers and Factions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp.xiii-xxxvii; L. Roniger and A. Gunes-Ataya (eds.), Democracy, Clientalism and Civil Society (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
9. For clientalism and the central institutional core of the society see Carl Lande, 'Introduction: The Dyadic Basis of Clientalism', in S. Shmidt, et al., Friends, Followers and Factions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp.xiii-xxxvii; L. Roniger and A. Gunes-Ataya (eds.), Democracy, Clientalism and Civil Society (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994).
10. For roots of clientalism see M. Kenny, 'Patterns of Patronage in Spain', Anthropological Quarterly, Vol.8 (1960), pp.14-23; M. Gilsenan, 'Against Patron-Client Relations', in Gellner and Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients, pp.167-83; S. Kettering, 'The Historical Development of Political Clientalism', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.18, No.3 (1988), pp.419-47.
11. For roots of clientalism see M. Kenny, 'Patterns of Patronage in Spain', Anthropological Quarterly, Vol.8 (1960), pp.14-23; M. Gilsenan, 'Against Patron-Client Relations', in Gellner and Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients, pp.167-83; S. Kettering, 'The Historical Development of Political Clientalism', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.18, No.3 (1988), pp.419-47.
12. For roots of clientalism see M. Kenny, 'Patterns of Patronage in Spain', Anthropological Quarterly, Vol.8 (1960), pp.14-23; M. Gilsenan, 'Against Patron-Client Relations', in Gellner and Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients, pp.167-83; S. Kettering, 'The Historical Development of Political Clientalism', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.18, No.3 (1988), pp.419-47.
13. See I. Harik, 'The Iqta System in Lebanon: A Comparative Political View', Middle East Journal (Autumn 1965), pp.405-12; M. Kerr, Lebanon in the Last Years of Feudalism, 1840-1868 (Beirut: Catholic Press, 1959); L. Binder 'Political Change in Lebanon', in L. Binder (ed.), Politics in Lebanon (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966).
14. See I. Harik, 'The Iqta System in Lebanon: A Comparative Political View', Middle East Journal (Autumn 1965), pp.405-12; M. Kerr, Lebanon in the Last Years of Feudalism, 1840-1868 (Beirut: Catholic Press, 1959); L. Binder 'Political Change in Lebanon', in L. Binder (ed.), Politics in Lebanon (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966).
15. See I. Harik, 'The Iqta System in Lebanon: A Comparative Political View', Middle East Journal (Autumn 1965), pp.405-12; M. Kerr, Lebanon in the Last Years of Feudalism, 1840-1868 (Beirut: Catholic Press, 1959); L. Binder 'Political Change in Lebanon', in L. Binder (ed.), Politics in Lebanon (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966).
16. Harik, 'The Iqta System', pp.409-10.
17. Kerr, 'Lebanon in the Last Year', p.3.
18. Harik, 'The Iqta System', p.411.
19. Waterbury, 'An Attempt to Put Patrons and Clients in Their Place', in Gellner and Waterbury (eds.), Patron and Clients, pp.336-7.
20. Harik, 'The Iqta System', p.420.
21. Ibid.
22. S. Khalaf, 'Changing Forms of Political Patronage', in Gellner and Waterbury (eds.), Patrons and Clients, p.190.
23. I. Harik, Politics and Change in Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p.221.
24. Khalaf, 'Changing Forms', p.193.
25. K. Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld, 1965), p.11.
26. Ibid, pp.111-12.
27. The three forms of 'political patronage' - feudal, administrative and pseudo-ideological -identified by S. Khalaf were considered to have much in common, particularly the ascriptive ties of family solidarity. See S. Khalaf, 'Changing Forms', p.201.
28. Many writers have stressed the clan system or familism over the sect in perpetuating political clientalism in Lebanon, see R. Dekmejian, Patterns of Political Leadership: Lebanon, Israel, Egypt (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975), pp.13-14; S. Khalaf, 'Changing Forms'.
29. Many writers have stressed the clan system or familism over the sect in perpetuating political clientalism in Lebanon, see R. Dekmejian, Patterns of Political Leadership: Lebanon, Israel, Egypt (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975), pp.13-14; S. Khalaf, 'Changing Forms'.
30. Dekmejian, Patterns, p.14.
31. S. Khalaf, 'Changing Form', p.194.
32. M. Johnson, 'Political Bosses and Their Gangs', in Gellner and Waterbury, Patrons and Clients, p.209; Khalaf, p.203.
33. Lebanon: A Country Study (Library of Congress: Federal Division Research, 1987), p.1.
34. al-Nahar, 'Elections: Fifty Years', Special Issue, 1972, Jan., pp.39-60.
35. Dekmejian, Patterns of Political Leadership, p.18.
36. L. Roniger, Democracy, Clientalism, p.12.
37. Johnson, 'Political Bosses', p.209.
38. L. Roniger, Democracy, Clientalism, p.12.
39. Khalaf, 'Changing Forms', p.198.
40. J. Waterbury, 'An Attempt to Put Patrons and Clients in their Place', p.339.
41. See Michael W. Sulieman, Political Parties in Lebanon (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966).
42. Ayse Gunes-Ayata, 'Clientalism: Premodern, Modern, Postmodern' in Roniger and Gunes-Ayata, Democracy, Clientalism and Civil Society, p.22.
43. Lemarchand, Comparative Political Clientalism, p.25; N. Kassfir, The Shrinking Political Arena (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), p.267.
44. Lemarchand, Comparative Political Clientalism, p.25; N. Kassfir, The Shrinking Political Arena (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976), p.267.
45. For a full translated text of the Taif agreement see Beirut Review (Spring 1991) pp.119-60.
46. Lemarchand, Comparative Political Clientalism, p.25.
47. Ibid., see 'Clientalism and Dependency', p.27.
48. Ibid., see 'Clientalism and Dependency', p.27.
49. Richard Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), p.162.
50. For Islamists' social welfare services see A. Nizar Hamzeh, 'Islamism in Lebanon: A Guide to the Groups', Middle East Quarterly (September 1997), pp.47-54.
51. Roniger, 'Clientalism and Civil Society', p.12.