Radiation protection guidance for activities in low-earth orbit

NCRP Report

Volumn , Issue 132, 2000, Pages

  Fry, R J M ^a   John Ainsworth, E ^a   Land, C E ^a   Blakely, E A ^a   Robbins, D E ^a   Boice J D , Jr ^a   Sinclair, W K ^a   Curtis, S B ^a   Townsend, L W ^a   Meistrich, M L ^a   Abrahamson, S ^a   Richmond, R G ^a   Badhwar, G D ^a   Beckner, W M ^a   Kearsley, E E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL;

CANCER RISK; COSMIC RADIATION; GENETIC DISORDER; HUMAN; MAGNETIC FIELD; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION HAZARD; RADIATION MEASUREMENT; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIATION RESPONSE; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SOLAR RADIATION;

EID: 0034739758     PISSN: 0083209X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (349)

1. Cyclotron-induced radiation cataracts
2. Genetic effects
3. 60Co gamma radiation
4. Response of colony-forming units-spleen to heavy charged particles
5. The relative biological effect of high-Z, high-LET charged particles for spermatogonial killing
6. Survival of intestinal crypt cells after exposure to high-Z, high-energy charged particles
7. Tumorigenic potential of high-Z, high-LET charged-particle radiations
8. Fluence-based relative biological effectiveness for charged particle carcinogenesis in mouse Harderian gland
9. Mouse skin reactions following fractionated irradiation with carbon ions
10. Relative radiation sensitivity of the integumentary system. Dose response of the epidermal, microvascular and dermal populations
11. The influence of radiation on fertility in man
12. Active dosimetric measurements on shuttle flights
13. Measurements of trapped protons and cosmic rays from recent Shuttle flights
14. Measurements of the secondary particle energy spectra in the Space Shuttle
15. A study of the radiation environment on board the Space Shuttle flight STS-57
16. Trapped particle energy spectrum in the Shuttle middeck
17. Measurements of the linear energy transfer spectra on the Mir Orbital Station and comparison with radiation transport models
18. Radiation measurements on the flight of IML-2
19. Radiation environment on the Mir Orbital Station during solar minimum
20. Radiological protection and medical dosimetry for the Skylab crewmen
21. The major ABCC samples
22. RBE-LET relationship for the survival of V79 cells irradiated with low energy protons
23. Cataract of lens as late effect of ionizing radiation in occupationally exposed persons
24. Summary of radiation dosimetry results on U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft
25. Space radiation and dosimetry on U.S. and Soviet manned missions
26. Mortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-1979
27. Mortality of employees of the atomic weapons establishment, 1951-82
28. Zur theorie des durchgungs schneller korpushkulasrahlen durch materie
29. In vitro cell transformations induced by 31 MeV protons
30. Assessment of acute and late effects to high-LET radiation
31. Symposium: Heavy charged particles in research and medicine
32. Heavy-ion radiobiology: New approaches to delineate mechanisms underlying enhanced biological effectiveness
33. Heavy-ion radiobiology: Cellular studies
34. Radiation carcinogenesis in the gut
35. Breast cancer in women after repeated fluoroscopic examinations of the chest
36. Cancer mortality in women after repeated fluoroscopic examinations of the chest
37. Radiation dose and leukemia risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix
38. Frequent chest x-ray fluoroscopy and breast cancer incidence among tuberculosis patients in Massachusetts
39. Diagnostic x-ray procedures and risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma
40. The RBE of different-energy neutrons as determined by human bone-marrow cell-culture techniques
41. Radiation cataract - New evidence on radiation dosage to the lens
42. Radiation cataracts in animals
43. Inactivation of cultured human cells and control of C3H mouse mammary tumors with accelerated nitrogen ions
44. Dose response for rat skin tumors induced by single and split doses of argon ions
45. Radiation carcinogenesis in rat skin
46. The dose response curve for tumor induction with single and split doses of 10 MeV protons
47. Extrapolations of rat skin tumour incidence: Dose, fractionation and linear energy transfer
48. Effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation: Cancer mortality among nuclear industry workers in three countries
49. The RBE of different energy neutrons as measured by the heamatopoietic spleen-colony technique
50. Fractionation of dose in radiation-induced male
51. Factors involved in the evaluation of space radiation standards - A preface
52. Neoplastic skin response of rats after 13 MeV proton irradiation
53. The effects of high LET radiation at low doses/dose rates
54. Radiation, work experience, and cause specific mortality among workers at an energy research laboratory
55. Ophthalmologic changes related to radiation exposure and age in adult health study sample, Hiroshima and Nagasaki
56. Relative effects of whole-body sublethal doses of 60-MeV protons and 300-kVp x-rays on disease incidences in RF mice
57. The effect of testicular x-irradiation on spermatogenesis in man. A comparison with the mouse
58. Thyroid cancer associated with radiation exposure: Dose effect relationships
59. 241Am alpha-particles or bleomycin
60. Life sciences and space research, XXIII(4) Radiation biology
61. Life sciences and space research, XXV(2) Radiation biology
62. Life sciences: Microgravity and space radiation effects, XXV(10) Cellular effects on charged particles from physics to biology-experimental and models
63. Use of primary cell cultures to measure the late effects in the skins of Rhesus monkeys irradiated with protons
64. Progress in the extrapolation of radiation cataractogenesis data across longer-lived mammalian species
65. Effects of low level radiation upon the hematopoietic stem cell: Implications for leukemogenesis
66. The anomalous cosmic-ray component
67. Fluence-related risk coefficients using the Harderian gland data as an example
68. Risk cross sections and their application to risk estimation in the galactic cosmic-ray environment
69. Some effects of whole-body 32-MeV proton irradiations on primates
70. The relative biological effectiveness of 138-MeV protons as compared to cobalt-60 gamma radiation
71. Some effects of 138-MeV protons on primates
72. Some effects of 400-MeV protons on primates
73. Prospects for fertility after chemotherapy or radiation for neoplastic disease
74. A parallel analysis of cancer mortality among atomic bomb survivors and patients with ankylosing spondylitis given x-ray therapy
75. Long term mortality after a single treatment course with x-rays in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis
76. Mortality in a cohort of women given x-ray therapy for metropathia haemorrhagica
77. Cancer mortality in a radiation-exposed cohort of Massachusetts tuberculosis patients
78. Cataracts after total body irradiation and marrow transplantation: A sparing effect of dose fractionation
79. Alpha-particle induced sister chromatid exchange in normal human lung fibroblasts - Evidence for an extranuclear target
80. Studying radiation environment on board STS-55 and STS-57 by the method of passive detectors
81. Cancer of the thyroid in children: A report of 28 cases
82. Radiation response of mammalian cells grown in culture. I. Repair of x-ray damage in surviving Chinese hamster cells
83. Relative biological effectiveness of neutrons for cancer induction and other late effects: A review of radiobiological data
84. Elemental configuration of cosmic rays from Be to Ni as measured by the French-Danish instrument on HEAO-3
85. Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei for elements from Be to Ni. Results from HEA0-3-C2
86. A qualitative test of solar modulation theory: The proton, helium and electron spectra from 1965 through 1979
87. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis
88. High-LET radiation carcinogenesis
89. Radiation induction of cancer of the skin
90. The elemental abundances of hydrogen through nickel in the low energy cosmic rays
91. Mouse testis weightless and survival of differentiated spermatogonia following irradiation with 250 kV x-rays and 5.5 MeV neutrons
92. An evaluation of several methods for assessing the effects of occupational exposure to radiation
93. Analyses of combined mortality data on workers at the Hanford Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant
94. Enhancement by fractionation of biological peak-to-plateau relative biological effectiveness ratios for heavy ions
95. Description, analysis and impact of major solar activity during recent U.S. Shuttle missions
96. Radiation dosimetry measurements during U.S. Space Shuttle missions with the RME-III
97. Spatial and temporal distribution of energy
98. Track structure analysis of ultrasoft x-rays compared to high- and low-LET radiations
99. Late effects of radiation on the eye and ocular adnexa
100. Genetic risks associated with radiation exposures during space flight
101. Radiation biology and cancer
102. RBE variation as a function of depth in the 200-MeV proton beam produced at the National Accelerator Centre in Faure (South Africa)
103. Radiation cataract
104. LDEF radiation measurements: Preliminary results
105. Prenatal x-ray exposure and childhood cancer in twins
106. Physical dosimetry and clinical observations on four human beings involved in a critical accidental assembly excursion
107. East-west asymmetry in the flux of mirroring geomagnetically trapped protons
108. Effects on the germinal epithelium
109. Acute radiation syndrome: Study of nine cases and review of problem
110. Neoplasms in persons treated with x-rays in infancy: Fourth survey in 20 years
111. Threshold models in radiation carcinogenesis
112. Secular trends in the distributions of the breast cancer risk factors - Menarche, first birth, menopause, and weight - In Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
113. Mechanisms of the action of radiation on skin and underlying tissues
114. The skin: Its structure and response to ionizing radiation
115. Epidemiology of radiogenic breast cancer
116. Leukemia and other cancers around UK nuclear installations
117. Lung cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study and a comparison with lung cancer mortality in the atomic bomb survivors study
118. Breast cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study and a comparison with breast cancer mortality in the atomic bomb survivors study
119. Breast cancer after multiple chest fluoroscopies: Second follow-up of Massachusetts women with tuberculosis
120. Hypersensitivity to very-low single radiation doses: Its relationship to the adaptive response and induced radioresistance
121. Testicular changes in atomic bomb survivors
122. Neutrons in space: Measurements aboard the Space Shuttle
123. Neutron spectrum and dose equivalent in shuttle during solar maximum
124. A review of the epidemiology of human breast cancer
125. Breast cancer epidemiology
126. Mortality and occupational exposure to radiation: First analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers
127. A note on vector flux models for radiation dose calculations
128. Radiation biology
129. Do heavy ions cause microlesions in cell membranes?
130. Radiation protection during space flight
131. Follow-up studies over a 25-year period on the Japanese fishermen exposed to radioactive fallout in 1954
132. Estimating cancer risks from low doses of ionizing radiation
133. Carcinogenic effect of radiation on the human digestive tract and other organs
134. Projection of risk from one population to another
135. Expressing risk in terms of loss in life expectancy: Lung cancer and exposure to indoor radon
136. The relative contributions of different organ sites to the total cancer mortality associated with low-dose radiation exposure
137. Induction period
138. Studies of breast cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors
139. A case control interview study of breast cancer among Japanese A-bomb survivors: I. Main effects
140. Fast neutron radiotherapy in relation to the radiation sensitivity of human organ systems
141. Comparison of skin responses of mice after single or fractionated exposure to cyclotron-accelerated helium ions and 230 kV x-irradiation
142. 20Neon ions on the skin of mice and hamsters
143. Early and late effects of accelerated charged particles on normal tissues
144. Response of the skin of hamsters to fractionated irradiation with x rays or accelerated carbon ions
145. Heavy-ion radiobiology: Normal tissue studies
146. Effects of the finite gyroradii of geomagmetically trapped protons
147. Some perspectives on cataractogenesis from heavy charged particles
148. Cataractogenic potential of ionizing radiations in animal models that simulate man
149. Selected examples of degenerative late effects caused by particulate radiations in normal tissues
150. Late cataractogenesis in Rhesus monkeys irradiated with protons and radiogenic cataract in other species
151. Curvature in the cancer mortality dose response in Japanese atomic bomb survivors: Absence of evidence of threshold
152. Risks of leukemia in Japanese atomic bomb survivors, in women treated for cervical cancer, and in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis
153. Chromosome aberrations induced by plasma from irradiated patients: An indirect effect of x-radiation
154. Long-term measurement of the neutron flux aboard the MIR-type space station
155. Cancer cells exhibit a mutator phenotype
156. Studies of indoor radon and lung cancer risk
157. The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: A review
158. Sensitivity of various germ-cell stages to environmental mutagens
159. Recovery of male fertility after sterilization by nuclear radiation
160. Etiology of human breast cancer: A review
161. The composition of galactic cosmic rays and solar particles
162. Radiation effects on breast cancer risk: A pooled analysis of eight cohorts
163. Cosmic ray modulation
164. The effects of x-irradiation on hematopoietic stem cell compartments in the mouse
165. A method for quantitative assessment of reproductive risks to the human male
166. Estimation of the increased risk of human infertility from alterations in semen characteristics
167. Radiation sensitivity of the human testis
168. Gonadal dysfunction
169. A clinical study of radiation cataracts and the relationship to dose
170. A clinical and experimental study of the effect of single and divided doses of radiation on cataract production
171. The relative radiosensitivity of rat lenses as a function of age
172. The effects of ionizing radiations on the eye
173. The Molecular Control of Blood Cells
174. Control of granulocytes and macrophages: Molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects
175. The elemental and isotopic composition of galactic cosmic ray nuclei
176. Elemental composition and energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays
177. Galactic cosmic ray composition
178. Mortality from breast cancer after irradiation during fluoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis
179. Review: Stratton Lecture 1990. Clinical implications of positive and negative hematopoietic stem cell regulators
180. Review: Genomic instability induced by ionizing radiation
181. Late effects on the eye of conformation radiotherapy for carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
182. Probabilistic approach to obtain hit-size effectiveness functions which relate microdosimetry and radiobiology
183. Occupational radiation exposure and mortality: Second analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers
184. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by extremely low doses of alpha-particles
185. Rapid development of corneal lesions in rats produced by accelerated heavy ions
186. Radiation sensitivity of pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFUGEMM) derived from human bone marrow
187. Real time quality factor and dose equivalent meter 'CIRCE' and its use on-board the Soviet Orbital Station 'MIR'
188. Late ophthalmological complications after total body irradiation in non-human primates
189. Effect of dose and dose rate on radiation damage to the mouse spermatogonia and oocytes as measured by cell survival
190. Cause of testicular injury following accidental exposure to nuclear radiations
191. Radiation-related posterior lenticular opacities in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors based on the DS86 dosimetry system
192. Calculation of relative biological effectiveness for proton beams using biological weighting functions
193. The passage of energetic charged particles through interplanetary space
194. Interplanetary crew dose rates for the August 1972 solar particle event
195. Monte Carol mixture model of lifetime cancer incidence risk from radiation exposure on shuttle and International Space Station
196. Longitudinal study of astronaut health: Mortality in the years 1959-1991
197. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part I. Cancer: 1950-1990
198. Spermatogenesis alterations during protracted irradiation in man
199. Radiation exposure and thyroid cancer incidence among Hiroshima and Nagasaki residents
200. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III. Leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950-1987
201. A heavy particle comparative study. Part IV: Acute and late reactions
202. Detailed analysis of radiation data from the Gemini IV and VII proton-electron spectrometer experiments
203. Solar energetic particles: A paradigm shift
204. A review of Gemini and Apollo astronaut dosimetry data
205. The Use of Passive Dosimeters in Monitoring the Space Radiation Environment
206. Thyroid and other neoplasms following childhood scalp irradiation
207. Mortality after radiotherapy for ringworm of the scalp
208. Thyroid neoplasia following low-dose radiation in childhood
209. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part IV: Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality
210. Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: A pooled analysis of seven studies
211. Skin tumor risk among atomic-bomb survivors in Japan
212. Effects of fast neutrons on the eye
213. Effect of graded doses of ionizing radiation on the human testis
214. Clinical radiation pathology as applied to curative radiotherapy
215. Solar flares, proton showers and the Space Shuttle
216. The effects of x irradiation on male human fertility
217. Ovarian function following marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia
218. Radiation-induced tumors of the head and neck following childhood irradiation. Prospective studies
219. Acquired radioresistance of hematopoietic progenitors (granulocyte/monocyte colony-forming units) during chronic radiation leukemogenesis
220. Hemopathologic predisposition and survival time under continuous gamma irradiation: Mediated by altered radiosensitivity of hemopoietic progenitors
221. A summary of major solar proton events
222. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. 9. Mortality, 1950-1985: Part 1. Comparison of risk coefficients for site-specific cancer mortality based on the DS86 and T65DR shielded kerma and organ doses
223. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors. 9. Mortality, 1950-1985: Part 2. Cancer mortality based on the recently revised doses (DS86)
224. Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part II. Noncancer mortality: 1950-1990
225. Nuclear reaction effects in use of newly recommended quality factor
226. Overview of radiation-induced skin cancer in humans
227. Issues and epidemiological evidence regarding radiation-induced thyroid cancer
228. Radiation-induced thyroid cancer
229. Skin cancer incidence among children irradiated for ringworm of the scalp
230. Breast cancer among women given x-ray therapy for acute postpartum mastitis
231. Solar flare protection for manned lunar missions: Analysis of the October 1989 proton flare event
232. Elemental and isotopic composition of the galactic cosmic rays
233. Introduction to the galactic cosmic radiation
234. Neoplasia in children treated with x-rays in infancy for thymic enlargement
235. Fifty years of neutrons in biology and medicine: The comparative effects of neutrons on biological systems
236. Radiation standards: Space hazards versus terrestrial hazards
237. Implications of risk information for the NCRP program
238. Trapped albedo theory of the radiation belt
239. Solar radiation
240. Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis after a single treatment course with x rays
241. Aspermia following lower truncal irradiation in Hodgkin's disease
242. Observations on the effects of continuous irradiation over ten generations of different strains of mice
243. Accuracy of diagnosis of cancer among autopsy cases: JNIH - ABCC population for Hiroshima and Nagasaki
244. Comparison of radiobiological effective depths in 65-MeV modulated proton beams
245. Early skin reaction following 250 MeV proton peak irradiation
246. 60Co)
247. The nature of mutants induced by ionizing radiation in cultured hamster cells. III. Molecular characterization of HPRT-deficient mutants induced by gamma-rays or alpha-particles showing that the majority have deletions of all or part of the HPRT gene
248. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958-1987
249. Effects of x-ray irradiation on human spermatogenesis
250. Cellular radiation biology
251. 14 ion beam observed in a beryllium target
252. The microlesion concept in HZE particle dosimetry
253. Breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors
254. Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, 1950-1985
255. Interplanetary crew exposure estimates for the August 1972 and October 1989 solar particle events
256. Radiation carcinogenesis: Time-dose relationships
257. Annex A. Epidemiological studies of radiation carcinogenesis
258. A comparison of the induction of myeloid and lymphoid leukemias in x-radiated RF mice
259. Relative biological effectiveness of modulated proton beams in various murine tissues
260. Radiation sensitivity of the hemopoietic stem cell
261. Results of the German Thorotrast Study
262. The German Thorotrast Study: Recent results and assessment of risks
263. Surface markers and growth factor receptors of immature hemopoietic stem cells subsets
264. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors, Report 7. Part III. Incidence of cancer in 1959-1978, based on the tumor registry, Nagasaki
265. Biochemistry of DNA lesions
266. Radiation analysis for Apollo lunar missions
267. Improved model for solar cosmic ray exposure in manned Earth orbital flights
268. Mortality among workers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Evidence of radiation effects in follow-up through 1984
269. Long-term mortality and cancer risk in irradiated Rhesus monkeys
270. Animal studies of life shortening and cancer risk from space radiation
271. Head and neck tumors after energetic proton irradiation in rats
272. Quantitative assessment of the cataractogenic potential of very low doses of neutrons
273. Low-dose radiation sensitivity and induced radioresistance to cell killing in HT-29 cells is distinct from the 'adaptive response' and cannot be explained by a subpopulation of sensitive cells
274. Measurements of relative biological effectiveness of the 70 MeV proton beam at TRIUMF using Chinese hamster V79 cells and the high-precision cell sorter assay
275. Neoplastic cell transformation by charged particles
276. Dose protraction studies with low- and high-LET radiations on neoplastic cell transformation in vitro
277. Seventeen-year mortality experience of proton radiation in Macaca mulatta
278. On the microdosimetric definition of quality factors