Prospects for pneumococcal vaccination in African children

Acta Tropica

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 141-153

  Obaro, Steven K ^a  

^a MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORIES   (Gambia)

Author keywords

B cells; Haemophilus influenzae; Meningitis

Indexed keywords

PNEUMOCOCCUS POLYSACCHARIDE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE;

CHILD HEALTH; HEALTH CARE; VACCINATION;

AFRICA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VACCINATION;

ADHESINS, BACTERIAL; AFRICA; ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BACTERIAL VACCINES; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; LIPOPROTEINS; MALARIA; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; NUTRITION DISORDERS; PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCOCCAL; POLYSACCHARIDES, BACTERIAL; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; STREPTOLYSINS; VACCINES, CONJUGATE;

AFRICA;

HAEMOPHILUS; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE SEROTYPE B; PNEUMOCOCCUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE;

EID: 0034712436     PISSN: 0001706X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0001-706X(99)00094-7     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Adegbola R.A., Falade A.G., Sam B.E., Aidoo M., Baldeh I., Hazelett D., Whittle H., Greenwood B.M., Mulholland E.K. The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well-nourished Gambian children. Ped. Infect. Dis. J. 13:1994;975-982.
2. Alonso de Velasco E., Verheul A.F.M., Veeneman G.H., Gomes L.J.F., Van Boom J.H., Verhoef J., Snippe H. Protein conjugated synthetic di and trisaccharides of pneumococcal type 17F exhibit a different immunogenicity and antigenicity than tetrasaccharide. Vaccine. 11:1993;1429-1436.
3. Austrian R., Douglas R.M., Schiffman G. et al. Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by vaccination. Trans Assoc. Am. Physician. 89:1976;184-194.
4. Barker J., Gratten M., Riley I., Lehmann D., Montgomery J., Kajoi H., Gratten H., Smith D., de Marshall T.F., Alpers M.P. Pneumonia in children in the eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea; a bacteriologic study of patients selected by standard clinical criteria. J. Infect. Dis. 159:1989;348-352.
5. Briles D.E., Tart R.C., Wu H.Y., Ralph B.A., Russell M.W., McDaniel L.S. Sytemic and mucosal protective immunity to pneumococcal surface protein A. Annal NY Acad. Sci. 797:1996;118-126.
6. Breiman R.F., Spika J.S., Navarro V.J., Darden P.M., Darby C.P. Pneumococcal bacteraemia in Charleston County, South Carolina. A decade later. Arch. Intern. Med. 150:1990;1401-1405.
7. Bruyn G.A.W., Van Furth R. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines: indications, efficacy and recommendations. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10:1991;897-910.
8. Childrens Vaccine Initiative. CVI Forum. A pneumococcal vaccine to save children of all ages nears final testing. 1996;13:3-12.
9. Crewe-Brown H.H., Karstaedt A.S., Saunders G.L., Khoosal M., Jones N., Wasas A., Klugman K.P. Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patient with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups or serotypes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:1997;1165-1172.
10. Dagan R., Melamed R., Muallem M., Piglansky L., Greeenberg D., Abramson O., Mendelman P.M., Bohidar N., Yagupsky P. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 174:1996;1271-1278.
11. Davidson M., Parkinson A.J., Bulkow L.R., Fitzgerald M.A., Peters H.V., Parks D.J. The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Alaska, 1986-1990-ethnic differences and opportunities for prevention. J. Infect. Dis. 170:1993;368-376.
12. De Francisco A., Hall A.J., Amstrong Schelleberg J.R.M., Greenwood A.M., Greenwood B.M. The pattern of infant mortality in Upper River Division, The Gambia. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 13:1993;345-352.
13. Diallo A.A., Silverman M., Egler L.J. Bacteriology of lung puncture aspirates in malnourished children in Zaria. Nig. Med. J. 9:1979;421-423.
14. Dick W.E., Beurret M. Glycoconjugates of bacterial carbohydrate antigens. A survey and consideration of design and preparation factors. Cruse J.M., Lewis R.E. Conjugate Vaccines, Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1989;48-114 Karger, Karger.
15. English M., Punt J., Mwang I., McHugh K., Marsh K. Clinical overlap between malaria and severe pneumonia in African children in hospital. Trans Roy. Soc. Med. 90:1996;658-662.
16. Eskola J., Takala A.K., Kela E., Pekannen E., Kalliokoski R., Leinonen M. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in Finland. J. Am. Med. Ass. 268:1992;323-327.
17. Fattom A., Lue C., Szu S.C. et al. Serum antibody response in adult volunteers elicited by injection of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 12F polysaccharide alone or conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. Infect. Immun. 58:1990;2309-2312.
18. Fedson D.S. Pneumococcal vaccine. Plotkin S.A., Mortimer E.A. Vaccines, 1st ed. 1988;127-139 Saunders, Philadelphia.
19. Fedson D.S., Musher D.M. Pneumococcal vaccine. Plotkin S.A., Mortimer E.A. Jr Vaccines. 2 ed. 1994;517-564 Saunders, Philadelphia.
20. Fedson D.S., Musher D.M., Eskola J. Pneumococcal vaccine. Plotkin S., Orenstein W. Vaccines. 1999;553-607 Saunders, Philadelphia.
21. Forgie I.M., O'Neill K.P., Lloyd-Evans N., Leinonen M., Campbell H., Whittle H.C., Greenwood B.M. Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children:II. Acute lower respiratory tract infections in children aged one to nine years presenting at the hospital. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 10:1991;42-47.
22. Gilks C.F. Acute bacterial infections and HIV disease. Br. Med. Bull. 54:1998;383-393.
23. Goebel W.F., Avery O.T. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate-proteins. 1. The synthesis of p-aminophenol β-glucoside p-aminophenol β-galactoside and their coupling with serum globulin. J. Exp. Med. 50:1929;521-533.
24. Greenwood B.M. The epidemiology of acute bacterial meningitis in tropical Africa. Williams J.D., Burnie J. Bacterial Meningitis. 1987;61-91 Academic Press, London.
25. Hennerberger P.K., Galaid E.I., Marr J.S. The descriptive epidemiology of pneumococcal meningitis in New York City. Am. J. Epidemiol. 117:1983;484-491.
26. Ikeogu M.O. Acute pneumonia in Zimbabwe: bacterial isolates by lung aspiration. Arch. Dis. Child. 63:1988;1266-1267.
27. Jaffar S., Leach A., Greenwood A.M., Jepson A., Muller O., Ota M., Bojang K., Obaro S., Greenwood B.M. Changes in the pattern of infant and childhood mortality in Upper River Division, The Gambia, from 1989 to 1993. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2:1997;28-37.
28. Jones, N., Huebner, R., Khoosal, M., Crewe-Brown H, Klugman, K., 1998. The impact of HIV on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia in a South African population. 1998. AIDS 12(16):2177-84.
29. Karma, P., Pukander, J., Sipilä, M., et al., 1985. Prevention of otitis media in children by pneumococcal vaccination. Am. J. Otolaryngol.;8:173-84.
30. Kurikka S., Kayhty H., Saarinen L., Ronnberg P., Eskola J., Makela P.H. Comparison of five different vaccination schedules with Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid xonjugate vaccine. J. Pediatr. 128:1996;524-530.
31. Lee, C.J., Banks, S.D., Li, J.P., 1991. Virulence, immunity and vaccine related to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 18, 89-114.
32. Lehmann D., Marshall T.F., de C., Riley I.D., Alpers M.P. Effect of pneumococcal vaccine on morbidity from acute lower respiratory tract infections in Papua New Guinean children. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 11:1991;247-257.
33. Lehmann D. Epidemiology of acute respiratory tract infections, especially those due to Haemophilus influenzae, in Papua New Guinean Children. J. Infect. Dis. 165(Suppl 1):1992;S20-S25.
34. Leoswki J. Mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age; global estimates. World Health Stat. Q. 39:1986;138-144.
35. Lieberman J.M., Greenberg D.P., Wong V.K. et al. Effect of neonatal immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids on antibody responses to Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. J. Pediatr. 126:1995;198-205.
36. Mbelle, N., Wasas, A., Huebner, Kimura, A., Chang, I., Klugman, K., Immunogenicity and impact on carriage of 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given to infants in Soweto, South Africa. ICAAC. Toronto, 1997;LB-12, P13.
37. Meyer R.D., Fich R.G. Community acquired pneumonia. J. Hosp. Infect. Suppl. (A). 22:1992;51-59.
38. Mimica I., Danoso E., Howard J.E., Lederman G.W. Lung puncture in the etiological diagnosis of pneumonia: a study of 543 infants and children. Am. J. Dis. Child. 122:1971;278-282.
39. Mosier D.E., Freeney A.J., Sheerie P. The physiology of B lymphocytes capable of generating anti-polysaccharide antibody responses. Bell R., Torrigiani G. Vaccines Towards Better Carbohydrate. 1987;243-261 Wiley, Chichester.
40. Nathoo K.J., Nkrumah F.K., Ndlovu D., Nhembe M., Pirie D.J., Kowo H. Acute lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children in Zimbabwe. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 13:1993;253-261.
41. Obaro S.K., Henderson D.C., Monteil M. Immunity to pneumococcal infections. Lancet. 345:1995;70-71.
42. Obaro S.K., Huo Z., Banya W.A.S., Henderson D.C., Monteil M.A., Leach A., Greenwood B.M. A glycoprotein conjugate vaccine primes for antibody responses to a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Gambian children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16:1997;1135-1140.
43. Obaro S.K., Adegbola R.A., Banya W.A.S., Greenwood B.M. Carriage of pneumococci after pneumococcal vaccination. Lancet. 348:1996;271-272.
44. O'Demsey T.J.D., McArdle T.F., Lloyd-Evans N., Baldeh I., Lawrence B.E., Secka O., Greenwood B.M. Pneumococcal disease in children in Upper River Division, The Gambia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 15:1996;431-437.
45. O'Demsey T.J.D., McArdle T.F., Morris J., Lloyd-Evans N., Baldeh I., Laurence B.E., Secka O., Greenwood B.M. A study of risk factors for pneumococcal disease among children in a rural area of West Africa. Int. J. Epid. 25:1996;885-893.
46. Paul W.E., Katz D.H., Benacerraf B. Augmented anti-SII antibody responses to an S-III protein conjugate. J. Immunol. 107:1971;685-688.
47. Peeters C.C.A.M., Tenbergen-Meekes A., Haagamans B., Evenberg D., Poolman J.T., Zegers B.J.M., Rijkers G.T. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Immunol. Lett. 30:1991;267-274.
48. Riley I.D., Lehman P., Alpers M.P., Marshall Tfde C., Gratten H., Smith D. Pneumococcal vaccine prevents death from acute lower respiratory tract infections in Papua New Guinea. Lancet. 2:1986;877-878.
49. Robins J.S., Austrian R., Lee C.J., Rastogi S.C., Schiffman G., Henrichsen J. et al. Considerations for formulating the second generation pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine with emphasis on the cross-reactive types within groups. J. Infect. Dis. 38:1983;64-68.
50. Russell H., Tharpe J.A., Wells D.E., White E.H., Johnson J.E. Monoclonal antibody recognizing a species-specific protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1990;2191-2195.
51. Sampson J.S., Furlow Z., Whitney A.M., Williams D., Facklam R., Carlone G.M. Limited diversity of Streptococcus pneumoniae psaA among pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. Infect. Immun. 65, 1967. Limited diversity of Streptococcus pneumoniae psaA among pneumococcal vaccine serotypes. Infect. Immun. 65:1997;1967-1971.
52. Shann F. Etiology of severe pneumonia in children in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 5:1986;247-252.
53. Shann F. Pneumococcal vaccine: time for another controlled trial. Lancet. 351:1998;1600-1601.
54. Shann, F., Steinhoff, M.C., 1999. Vaccines for children in rich and poor countries. Lancet 354 (suppl II): 7-10.
55. Sniadack D.H., Schwartz B., Lipman H. et al. Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia: geographic and temporal differences in serotype and serogroup distribution of sterile site penumococcal isolates from children: implications for vaccine strategies. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14:1995;503-510.
56. Steinhoff M.C., Edwards K., Keyeserling H., Thoms M.L., Johnson C., Madore D., Hogerman D. A randomised comparison of three bivalent Streptococcus pneumoniae glycoprotein conjugate vaccines in young children: effect of polysaccharide size and linkage characteristics. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:1994;368-372.
57. Temple K., Greenwood B.M., Inskip H., Hall A., Koskela M., Leinonen M. Antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in African children. Ped. Infect. Dis. J. 10:1991;386-390.
58. Tharpe J.A., Russell H. Purification and seroreactivity of pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA). Clin. and. Diag. Lab. Immunol. 3(2):1996;227-229.
59. Usen S., Adegbola R., Mulholland K., Jaffar S., Hilton S., Oparaugo A., Omosigho C., Lahai G., Corrah T., Palmer A., Schneider G., Weber M., Greenwood B. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Western Region, The Gambia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 17:1998;23-28.
60. Van de Winkel J.G.J., Capel P.J.A. Human IgG Fc receptor heterogeneity: molecular aspects and clinical implications. Immunol. Today. 14:1993;215-221.
61. Vella P.P., Marburg S., Staub J.M., Kniskern P.J., Miller W., Hagopian A. et al. Immunogencity of conjugate vaccines consisting of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide types 6B, 14, 19F and 23F and a meningococcal outer membrane protein complex. Infect. Immun. 60:1992;4977-4983.
62. Wall R.A., Corrah P.T., Mabey D.C.W., Greenwood B.M. The etiology of lobar pneumonia in The Gambia. Bull. Wld. Health Org. 64:1986;553-558.
63. Ward, J.I., Bulkow, L., Walnwright, R., Chang, S., 1992. Immune tolerance and lack of booster responses to Haemophilus influenazae (Hib) conjugate vaccination in infants immunized beginning at birth. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), Anheim, Calif,. Abstract # 984.
64. Watson D.A., Musher D.M., Jacobsen J.W., Verhoef J. A brief history of the pneumococcus in biomedical research; a panoply of scientific discovery. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:1993;913-924.
65. Weber M.W., Dackour R., Usen S., Schneider G., Adegbola R.A., Cane P., Jaffar S., Milligan P., Greenwood B.M., Whittle H., Mulholland K. The clinical spectrum of respiratory syncitial virus disease in The Gambia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 17:1998;224-230.
66. Weistein, L., Swartz, M.N., 1974. Pathophysiologic changes due to localisation of infections in specific organs. In: Sodeman, W.A., (ed.) Pathophysiologic Physiology Mechanism of Diseases 5th ed., WB Saunders, Philadelphia: pp. 389-510.
67. Whittle H.C., Brown J., Marsh K. et al. T-cell control of Ebstein-Barr virus infected B cells is lost during P. falciparum malaria. Immunol. Today. 10:1989;421-422.
68. The bacterial etiology of serious infections in young infants in developing countries-results of multicenter study. Ped. Infect. Dis. J. 18(10):1999;53-69.
69. WHO, 1998. Report on the meeting on Maternal and neonatal pneumococcal immunization. Geneva. WHO/VRD/GEN/98.01.
70. Zangwill K.M., Vadheim C.M., Vannier A.M., Hemenway L.S., Greenberg D.P., Ward J.I. Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Southern California: implications for the design and conduct of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy trial. J. Infect. Dis. 174:1996;752-759.