A clue to the extent of convective mixing inside massive stars: The surface hydrogen abundances of luminous blue variables and hydrogen-poor Wolf-Rayet stars

Astrophysical Journal

Volumn 540, Issue 2 PART 1, 2000, Pages 1041-1048

  Stothers, Richard B ^a   Chin, Chao Wen ^a  

^a NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Convection; Stars: evolution; Stars: oscillations; Stars: variables: other; Stars: Wolf Rayet; Supergiants

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034633047     PISSN: 0004637X     EISSN: 15384357     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/309349     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Barlow, M. J. 1991, in IAU Symp. 143, Wolf-Rayet Stars and Interrelations with Other Massive Stars in Galaxies, ed. K. A. Van der Hucht & B. Hidayat (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 281
2. Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S., & Nadyoshin, D. K. 1972, Ap&SS, 15, 353
3. Bressan, A., Fagotto, F., Bertelli, G., & Chiosi, C. 1993, A&AS, 100, 647
4. Brocato, E., & Castellani, V. 1993, ApJ, 410, 99
5. Canuto, V. M. 1999, ApJ, 524, 311
6. Chiosi, C., & Nasi, E. 1974, A&A, 34, 355
7. _. 1978, Ap&SS, 56, 431
8. Chiosi, C., Nasi, E., & Sreenivasan, S. R. 1978, A&A, 63, 103
9. Chiosi, C., & Summa, C. 1970, Ap&SS, 8, 478
10. Chu, Y.-H., Weis, K., & Garnett, D. R. 1999, AJ, 117, 1433
11. Conti, P. S. 1976, Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liège (Ser. 6), 9, 193
12. Crowther, P. A. 1997, in ASP Conf. Ser. 120, Luminous Blue Variables: Massive Stars in Transition, ed. A. Nota & H. J. G. L. M. Lamers (San Francisco: ASP), 51
13. Crowther, P. A., & Smith, L. J. 1997, A&A, 320, 500
14. Crowther, P. A., & Bohannan, B. 1997, A&A, 317, 532
15. Crowther, P. A., Hillier, D. J., & Smith, L. J. 1995a, A&A, 293, 172
16. _. 1995b, A&A, 293, 403
17. de Koter, A., Heap, S. R., & Hubeny, I. 1997, ApJ, 477, 792
18. Demarque, P. 1961, ApJ, 134, 9
19. Deng, L., Bressan, A., & Chiosi, C. 1996, A&A, 313, 159
20. Denissenkov, P. A. 1994, A&A, 287, 113
21. El Eid, M. F. 1995, MNRAS, 275, 983
22. Endal, A. S., & Sofia, S. 1976, ApJ, 210, 184
23. Eryurt, D., Kirbiyik, H., Kiziloglu, N., Civelek, R., & Weiss, A. 1994, A&A, 282, 485
24. Esteban, C., & Rosado, M. 1995, A&A, 304, 491
25. Grossman, S. A., & Taam, R. E. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 1165
26. Hamann, W.-R. & Koesterke, L. 1998a, A&A, 333, 251
27. _. 1998b, A&A, 335, 1003
28. Hamann, W.-R., Koesterke, L., & Wessolowski, U. 1995, A&A, 299, 151
29. Haselgrove, C. B., & Hoyle, F. 1959, MNRAS, 119, 112
30. Heger, A., Jeannin, L., Langer, N., & Baraffe, I. 1997, A&A, 327, 224
31. Howard, J. M. 1993, Ph.D. thesis, Yale Univ.
32. Humphreys, R. M., & Davidson, K. 1994, PASP, 106, 1025
33. Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., de Groot, M., & Cassatella, A. 1983, A&A, 123, L8
34. Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., Haser, S., de Koter, A., & Leitherer, C. 1999, ApJ, 516, 872
35. Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., & Leitherer, C. 1993, ApJ, 412, 771
36. Lamers, H. J. G. L. M., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L229
37. Langer, N. 1992, A&A, 265, L17
38. Langer, N., El Eid, M. F., & Fricke, K. J. 1985, A&A, 145, 179
39. Langer, N., Hamann, W.-R., Lennon, M., Najarro, F., Pauldrach, A. W. A., & Puls, J. 1994, A&A, 290, 819
40. Langer, N., & Maeder, A. 1995, A&A, 295, 685
41. Leitherer, C., Chapman, J. M., & Koribalski, B. 1997, ApJ, 481, 898
42. Leitherer, C., et al. 1994, ApJ, 428, 292
43. Lennon, D. J., Wobig, D., Kudritzki, R.-P., & Stahl, O. 1994, Space Sci. Rev., 66, 207
44. Li, Y., & Gong, Z. G. 1994, A&A, 289, 449
45. Maeder, A. 1981a, A&A, 99, 97
46. _. 1981b, A&A, 102, 401
47. _. 1987, A&A, 178, 159
48. Marston, A. P. 1995, AJ, 109, 1839
49. Meynet, G., Maeder, A., Schaller, G., Schaerer, D., & Charbonnel, C. 1994, A&AS, 103, 97
50. Mowlavi, N., & Forestini, M. 1994, A&A, 282, 843
51. Nieuwenhuijzen, H., & de Jager, C. 1990, A&A, 231, 134
52. Nugis, T., Crowther, P. A., & Willis, A. J. 1998, A&A, 333, 956
53. Nugis, T., & Niedzielski, A. 1995, A&A, 300, 237
54. Pasquali, A., Langer, N., Schmutz, W., Leitherer, C., Nota, A., Hubeny, I., & Moffat, A. F. J. 1997a, ApJ, 478, 340
55. Pasquali, A., Schmutz, W., Nota, A., & Origlia, L. 1997b, A&A, 327, 265
56. Puls, J., et al. 1996, A&A, 305, 171
57. Ritossa, C. 1996, MNRAS, 281, 970
58. Robertson, J. W. 1972, ApJ, 177, 473
59. Schaerer, D., Meynet, G., Maeder, A., & Schaller, G. 1993, A&AS, 98, 523
60. Schaller, G., Schaerer, D., Meynet, G., & Maeder, A. 1992, A&AS, 96, 269
61. Schmutz, W., Leitherer, C., Hubeny, I., Vogel, M., Hamann, W.-R., & Wessolowski, U. 1991, ApJ, 372, 664
62. Simpson, E. E. 1971, ApJ, 165, 295
63. Smith, L. J., Crowther, P. A., & Prinja, R. K. 1994, A&A, 281, 833
64. Sreenivasan, S. R., & Wilson, W. J. F. 1978, Ap&SS, 53, 193
65. Sreenivasan, S. R., & Ziebarth, K. E. 1974, Ap&SS, 30, 57
66. Staritsin, E. I., & Tutukov, A. V. 1989, Soviet Astron., 33, 144
67. Stothers, R. B. 1972, ApJ, 175, 431
68. _. 1999a, MNRAS, 305, 365
69. _. 1999b. ApJ, 516, 366
70. Stothers, R. B., & Chin, C.-w. 1968, ApJ, 152, 225
71. _. 1975, ApJ, 198, 407
72. _. 1976, ApJ, 204, 472
73. _. 1979, ApJ, 233, 267
74. _. 1992, ApJ, 390, L33
75. _. 1993, ApJ, 408, L85
76. _. 1994, ApJ, 431, 797
77. _. 1996, ApJ, 468, 842
78. _. 1999, ApJ, 522, 960
79. Talon, S., Zahn, J.-P., Maeder, A., & Meynet, G. 1997, A&A, 322, 209
80. Tanaka, Y. 1966a, PASJ, 18, 47
81. _. 1966b, Prog. Theor. Phys., 36, 844
82. Varshavsky, V.I., & Tutukov, A. V. 1975, Soviet Astron., 19, 142
83. Weiss, A. 1989, ApJ, 339, 365
84. _. 1994, A&A, 284, 138