Crustal and upper mantle seismic structure beneath the rift mountains and across a nontransform offset at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (35°N)

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 105, Issue B2, 2000, Pages 2699-2719

  Canales, J Pablo ^a   Detrick, Robert S ^a   Lin, Jian ^a   Collins, John A ^a   Toomey, Douglas R ^b  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; MANTLE STRUCTURE; MID-OCEAN RIDGE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE;

EID: 0034628326     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999jb900379     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Barclay, A.H., D.R. Toomey, and S.C. Solomon, Seismic structure and crustal magmatism at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 35°N, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17,827-17,844, 1998.
2. Bideau, D., R. Hekinian, C. Bollinger, M. Constantin, E. Gracia, C. Guivel, B. Sichler, R. Apprioual, and R. Le Gall, Submersible investigations of highly contrasted magmatic activities recorded on two segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 34°52′N and 33°55′N, InterRidge News, 5(1), 9-14, 1996.
3. Birch, F., The velocity of compressional waves in rocks to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 1083-1102, 1960.
4. Blackman, D.K., and D.W. Forsyth, Isostatic compensation of tectonic features of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: 25°-27°30′S, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,741-11,758, 1991.
5. Blackman, D.K., J.R. Cann, B. Janssen, and D.K. Smith, Origin of extensional core complexes: evidences from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at Atlantis fracture zone, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21,315-21,333, 1998.
6. Cannat, M., C. Mével, M. Maia, C. Deplus, C. Durand, P. Gente, P. Agrinier, A. Belarouchi, G. Dubuisson, E. Humler, and J. Reynolds, Thin crust, ultramafic exposures, and rugged faulting patterns at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (22°-24°N), Geology, 23, 49-52, 1995.
7. Carlson, R.L., and G.S. Raskin, Density of the ocean crust, Nature, 311, 555-558, 1984.
8. Christensen, N.I., Elasticity of ultrabasic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5921-5931, 1966.
9. Christensen, N.I., The magnitude, symmetry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analyses of ultramafic tectonites, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 76, 89-111, 1984.
10. Christensen, N.I., and J.D. Smewing, Geology and seismic structure of the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2545-2555, 1981.
11. Coleman, R.G., Petrological and geophysical nature of serpentinites, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 897-918, 1971.
12. Collins, J.A., T.M. Brocher, and J.A. Karson, Two dimensional seismic reflection modeling of the inferred fossil oceanic crust/mantle transition in the Bay of Islands ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12,520-12,538, 1986.
13. Creager, K.C., and L.M. Dorman, Location of instruments on the seafloor by joint adjustment of instrument and ship position, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8379-8388, 1982.
14. DeMets, C., R.G. Gordon, D.F. Argus, and S. Stein, Current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478, 1990.
15. Deplus, C., J. Escartín, A. Briais, M. Cannat, J. Georgen, J. Lin, S. Mercouriev, C. Meyzen, M. Muller, G. Pouliquen, A. Rabain, and P. da Silva, Linking variation in magma supply and segment growth: Temporal evolution of segment OH-1 (MAR at 35°N) during the last 12 Myr, Eos Trans. AGU, 79(45), Fall Meet. Suppl., F856, 1998.
16. Detrick, R.S., and G.M. Purdy, The crustal structure of the Kane fracture zone from seismic refraction studies, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 3759-3778, 1980.
17. Detrick. R.S., R.S. White, and G.M. Purdy, Crustal structure of North Atlantic fracture zones, Rev. Geophys., 31, 439-458, 1993.
18. Detrick, R.S., H.D. Needham, and V. Renard, Gravity anomalies and crustal thickness variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 33°N and 40°N, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3767-3787, 1995.
19. Detrick, R.S., J.A. Collins, G.M. Kent, J. Lin, and D.R. Toomey, Mid-Atlantic Ridge Bullseye seismic refraction and multichannel reflection experiment, R/V Maurice Ewing Leg 96-08, Cruise Rep., 120 pp., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., 1996.
20. Dick, H.J.B., W.B. Bryan, and G. Thompson, Low-angle faulting and steady-state emplacement of plutonic rocks at ridge-transform intersections, Eos Trans. AGU, 62, 406, 1981.
21. Dick, H.J.B., P.S. Meyer, S. Bloomer, S. Kirby, D.S. Stakes, and C. Mawer, Lithostratigraphic evolution of an in situ section of oceanic layer 3, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 118, 439-538, 1991.
22. Escartín, J., and J. Lin, Ridge offsets, normal faulting, and gravity anomalies of slow spreading ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6163-6177, 1995.
23. Escartín, J., and J. Lin, Tectonic modification of axial crustal structure: Evidence from spectral analyses of residual gravity and bathymetry of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Hanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 154, 279-293, 1998.
24. Fialko, Y.A., and A.M. Rubin, Thermodynamics of lateral dike propagation: Implications for crustal accretion at slow spreading mid-ocean ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2501-2514, 1998.
25. Goff, J.A., B.E. Tucholke, J. Lin, G. Jaroslow, and M.C. Kleinrock, Quantitative analysis of abyssal hills in the Atlantic Ocean: A correlation between inferred crustal thickness and extensional faulting, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,509-22,522, 1995.
26. Gràcia, E., D. Bideau, R. Hekinian, Y. Lagabrielle, and L.M. Parson, Along-axis magmatic oscillations and exposures of ultramafics rocks in a second-order segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (33°43′N to 34°07′N), Geology, 25, 1059-1062, 1997.
27. Henstock, T.J., R.S. White, and J.H. McBride, Along-axis variability in crustal accretion at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results from the OCEAN study, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 13, 673-13, 688, 1996.
28. Holbrook, W.S., E.C. Reiter, G.M. Purdy, D. Sawyer, P.L. Stoffa, J.A. Austin Jr., J. Oh, and J. Makris, Deep structure of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin, offshore South Carolina, from coincident ocean bottom and multichannel seismic data, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9155-9178, 1994.
29. Hooft, E.E.E., R.S. Detrick, D.R. Toomey, J.A. Collins, and J. Lin, Crustal and upper mantle structure along three contrasting spreading segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 33.5°-35°N, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1999.
30. Horen, H., M. Zamora, and G. Dubuisson, Seismic waves velocities and anisotropy in serpentinized peridotites from Xigaze ophiolite: Abundance of serpentinite in slow spreading ridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 9-12, 1996.
31. Hosford, A., R.S. Detrick, J.A. Collins, J. Lin, and D.R. Toomey, Seismic structure and gravity models of inside-corner crust at 35°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Eos Trans. AGU, 79(17), Spring Meet. Suppl., S335, 1998.
32. Karson, J.A., and H.J.B. Dick, Tectonics of ridge-transform intersection at the Kane Fracture Zone, Mar. Geophys. Res., 6, 51-98, 1983.
33. Karson, J.A., J.A. Collins, and J.F. Casey, Geologic and seismic velocity structure of the crust/mantle transition in the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6126-6138, 1984.
34. Kelemen, P.B., and E. Aharonov, Periodic formation of magma fractures and generation of layered gabbros in the lower crust beneath oceanic spreading ridges, in Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 106, edited by W.R. Buck et al., pp. 267-289, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
35. Kelemen, P.B., and W.S. Holbrook, Origin of thick, high-velocity igneous crust along the U.S. East Coast Margin, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 10,077-10,094, 1995.
36. Kelemen, P.B., N. Shimizu, and V.J.M. Salters, Extraction of mid-ocean ridge basalt from the upwelling mantle by focused flow of melt in dunite channels, Nature, 375, 747-753, 1995.
37. Kelemen, P.B., K. Koga, and N. Shimizu, Geochemistry of gabbro sills in the crust-mantle transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: Implications for the origin of the oceanic lower crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 146, 475-488, 1997.
38. Korenaga, J., and P.B. Kelemen, Origin of gabbro sills in the Moho transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: Implications for magma transport in the oceanic lower crust, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27,729-27,749, 1997.
39. Kuo, B.-Y., and D.W. Forsyth, Gravity anomalies of the ridge-transform system in the South Atlantic between 31° and 34.5°S: Upwelling centers and variations in crustal thickness. Mar. Geophys. Res., 10, 205-232, 1988.
40. LeDouaran, S., H.D. Needham, and J. Francheteau, Pattern of opening rates along the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Nature, 300, 254-257, 1982.
41. Lin, J., G.M. Purdy, H. Schouten, J.-C. Sempéré, and C. Zervas, Evidence from gravity data for focused magmatic accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Nature, 344, 627-632, 1990.
42. Macdonald, A.H., and W.S. Fyfe, Rate of serpentinization in seafloor environments, Tectonophysics, 116, 123-135, 1985.
43. Macdonald, K.C., The crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Models for crustal generation processes and tectonics, in The Geology of North America, The Western North Atlantic Region, vol. M, edited by P.R. Vogt and B.E. Tucholke, pp. 51-68, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo., 1986.
44. Magde, L.S., A.H. Barclay, D.R. Toomey, R.S. Detrick, and J.A. Collins, Crustal magma plumbing within a segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 35°N, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., in press, 1999.
45. McKenzie, D., and M.J. Bickle, The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere, J. Petrol., 29, 625-679, 1988.
46. Mével, C., M. Cannat, P. Gente, E. Marion, J.M. Auzende, and J.A. Karson, Emplacement of deep crustal and mantle rocks on the west median valley wall of the MARK area (MAR, 23°N), Tectonophysics, 190, 31-53, 1991.
47. Miller, D.J., and N.I. Christensen, Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane transform zone (MARK), in Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 153, 437-454, 1997.
48. Minshull, T.A., R.S. White, J.C. Mutter, P. Buhl, R.S. Detrick, C.A. Williams, and E. Morris, Crustal structure at the Blake Spur fracture zone from expanding spread profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9955-9984, 1991.
49. Muller, M.R., C.J. Robinson, T.A. Minshull, R.S. White, and M.J. Bickle, Thin crust beneath ocean drilling program borehole 735B at the Southwest Indian Ridge?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 148, 93-107, 1997.
50. Nicolas, A., and F. Boudier, Mapping oceanic ridge segments in Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6179-6197, 1995.
51. O'Hanley, D.S., Serpentinites: Records of Tectonic and Petrological History, Oxford Monogr. Geol. Geophys., vol. 34, 277 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
52. Parker, R.L., The rapid calculation of potential anomalies, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 31, 447-455, 1972.
53. Phipps Morgan, J., and D.W. Forsyth, Three-dimensional flow and temperature perturbations due to a transform offset: Effects on oceanic crustal and upper mantle structure, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2955-2966, 1988.
54. Scheuten, H., K.D. Klitgord, and J.A. Whitehead, Segmentation of mid-ocean ridges. Nature, 317, 225-229, 1985.
55. Sempéré, J.-C., J. Lin, H.S. Brown, H. Schouten, and G.M. Purdy, Segmentation and morpho-tectonic variations along a slow-spreading center: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (24°N-30°40′N), Mar. Geophys. Res., 15, 153-200, 1993.
56. Severinghaus, J.P., and K.C. Macdonald, High inside corners at ridge-transform intersections, Mar. Geophys. Res., 9, 353-367, 1988.
57. Shaw, P.R., Ridge segmentation, faulting and crustal thickness in the Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 358, 490-493, 1992.
58. Shaw, W.J., and J. Lin, Causes and consequences of variations in faulting style at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21, 839-21, 851, 1993.
59. Sinha, M.C., and K.E. Louden, The Oceanographer fracture zone, I, Crustal structure from seismic refraction studies, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 75, 713-736, 1983.
60. Sleep, N.H., Formation of oceanic crust: Some thermal constraints, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4037-4042, 1975.
61. Smith, D.K., and J.R. Cann, The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (24°-30°N), J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1645-1658, 1992.
62. Takahashi, N., Evidence for melt segregation towards fractures in the Horoman mantle peridotite complex. Nature, 359, 52-55, 1992.
63. Thibaud, R., P. Gente, and M. Maia, A systematic analysis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge morphology and gravity between 15°N and 40°N: Constraints of the thermal structure, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 24, 223-24, 243, 1998.
64. Tivey, M.A., and B.E. Tucholke, Magnetization of 0-29 Ma ocean crust on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 25°30′ to 27°10′N, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17,807-17,826, 1998.
65. Toomey, D.R., S.C. Solomon, and G.M. Purdy, Tomographic imaging of the shallow crustal structure of the East Pacific Rise at 9°30′N, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,135-24,157, 1994.
66. Tucholke, B.E., and J. Lin, A geological model for the structure of ridge segments in slow spreading ocean crust, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11,937-11,958, 1994.
67. Wessel, P., and W.H.F. Smith, New version of the generic mapping tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 76, 329, 1995.
68. White, R.S., R.S. Detrick, M.C. Sinha, and M.-H. Cormier, Anomalous seismic crustal structure of oceanic fracture zones, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 79, 779-798, 1984.
69. White, R.S., D. McKenzie, and R.K. O'Nions, Oceanic crustal thickness from seismic measurements and rare earth element inversions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19,683-19,715, 1992.
70. Zeit, C.A., and R.B. Smith, Seismic traveltime inversion for 2-D crustal velocity structure, Geophys. J. Int., 108, 16-34, 1992.