Model computations on wind flow and turning moment by wind for Scots pines along the margins of clear-cut areas

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 83, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 203-215

  Peltola, Heli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

Author keywords

Dynamic wind load; Model calculation; Stand management; Turbulence; Turning moment; Wind

Indexed keywords

PINUS SYLVESTRIS; PINACEAE;

SCOTS PINE; TURNING MOMENT; WIND FLOW; WINDTHROW;

EID: 0030176704     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/0378-1127(96)03717-6     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Alexander, R.R., 1964. Minimizing windfall around clear cuttings in spruce-fir forests. Forest Sci., 10: 130-142.
2. Alexander, R.R., 1967. Windfall after clear cutting on Fool Creek. Rocky mountain forest and range experiment station. U.S. Forest Service, Research Note RM-92. pp. 1-11.
3. Bergen, J.D., 1975. Air movement in a forest clearing as indicated by smoke drift. Agric. Meteorol., 17: 111-133.
4. Blackburn, P. and Petty, J.A., 1988. Theoretical calculations of the influence of spacing on stand stability. Forestry, 61 (3): 235-244.
5. Brünig, E.F., 1974, Das Risiko der Forstlichen Funktionenplanungs, dargestellt am Beispiel der Sturmgefährdung. Allgemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung 145: 60-67.
6. Chen, J., Franklin, J.F. and Thomas, A.S., 1993. Contrasting microclimates among clearcut, edge, and interior of old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Agric. Forest Meteorol., 63: 219-237.
7. Coutts, M.P., 1986. Components of tree stability in Sitka spruce on peaty gley soil. Forestry, 59 (2): 173-197.
8. Cremer, K.W., Borough, C.J., McKinnell, F.H. and Carter, P.R., 1982. Effects of stocking and thinning on wind damage in plantations. NZ J. For. Sci., 12: 224-268.
9. Davenport, A.C. and Surry, D.J., 1974. The pressures on low rise structures in turbulent wind. Canadian Structural Engineering Conference, 1974. 4th Proceedings, 39.
10. Elling, A.E. and Verry, E.S., 1978. Predicting wind-caused mortality in strip-cut stands of peatland Black spruce. For. Chron., 54: 249-252.
11. Flemming, G., 1968. Windeschwindigkeit auf Waldumgebenen Freiflächen. Arch. Forst., 17 (1): 5-16.
12. Hakkila, P., 1971. Coniferous branches as a raw material source. A sub-project of the joint Nordic research programme for the utilization of logging residues. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn., 75 (1): 1-60.
13. Halldin, S., 1985. Leaf and bark area distribution in a pine forest. In: B.A. Hutchison and B.B. Hicks, (Editors). The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Lancaster, pp. 39-58.
14. Hütte, P., 1968. Experiments on windflow and wind damage in Germany: Site and susceptibility of spruce forests to storm damage. Forestry (suppl.) 41: 20-26.
15. Jones, H.G., 1983. Plants and Microclimate. A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology. Cambridge, 323 p.
16. Kawatani, T. and Meroney, R.N., 1970. Turbulence and wind speed characteristics within a model canopy flow field. Agric. Meteorol., 7: 143-158.
17. Kohlstock, N. and Lockow, K.W. 1981. Mathematisch-statische Untersuchungen über die Sturmgefährdung rationell gepflegter Kiefern Jungbestände-ein Beitrag zur Erhöhung der Betriebssicherheit Beitr. Forstwirtsch., 15: 1-7.
18. Laasasenaho, J., 3982. Taper curve and volume functions for pine, spruce and birch. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn., 108: 1-74.
19. Laiho, O., 1987. Metsiköiden alttiudesta myrskytuhoille Etelä-Suomessa. Summary: Susceptibility of forest stands to windthrow in southern Finland. Folia For., 706: 1-24.
20. Laitakari, E., 1929. Ūber die Fähigkeit die Bäume sich gegen Sturmgefähr zu Schutzen. Acta For. Fenn., 34: 1-29.
21. Lohmander, P. and Helles, F., 1987. Windthrow probability as a function of stand characteristics and shelter. Scand. J. For. Res., 2 (2): 227-238.
22. Li, Z.J., Lin, J.D. and Miller, D.R., 1990. Air flow over and through a forest edge. A steady state numerical simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 51: 179-197.
23. Lu, Z.N., 1989. A computational model for turbulent flow in forests. B.S., Peking University. 1982. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the University of Connecticut, 49 p.
24. Mayhead, G.J., 1973. Some drag coefficients for British forest trees derived from wind tunnel studies, Agric. Meteorol., 12: 123-130.
25. Mayhead, G.J., Gardiner, J.B.H. and Durrant, D.W., 1975. A report on the physical properties of conifers in relation to plantation stability. Unpublished Report of Forestry Commission Research and Development Division, Edinburgh, 39 p.
26. McKenzie, R.F., 1976. Silviculture and management in relation to risk of windthrow in Northern Ireland. Irish For., 33 (1): 29-38.
27. Miller, K.F., 1985. Windthrow hazard classification. Forestry Commission Leaflet (UK) No. 85, 14 p.
28. Miller, D.R. and Lin J.D. and Lu, Z.N., 1991. Air flow across an alpine forest clearing: a model and field measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol., 56: 209-225.
29. Monteith, J.L., 1975. Vegetation and the Atmosphere. Vol 1. Academic Press, London, 278 p.
30. Neustein, S.A., 1965. Windthrow on the margins of various sizes of felling area. In: Report on forest research for the year ended March 1964. Forestry Commission, pp. 166-171.
31. Neustein, S.A., 1971. Damage to forests in relation to topography, soil and crops. In: B.W. Holtum (Editor). Windblow of Scottish forests in January 1968. For. Comm. Bull., 45: 42-48.
32. Nyyssönen, A., 1954. Hakkauksilla käsiteltyjen männiköiden rakenteesta ja kehityksestä. Summary: On the structure and development of Finnish pine stands treated with different cuttings. Acta For. Fenn., 60 (4): 1-194.
33. Odin, H., 1976. Studies of wind and evaporation in forests and clear felled areas. Swedish University, Agricultural Sciences, Department of Reforestation. Report No. 73, pp. 190-207.
34. Papesch, A.J.G., 1974. A simplified theoretical analysis of the factors that influence windthrow of trees. 5th Australasian Conference on Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics. University of Canterbury, New Zealand, pp. 235-242.
35. Peltola, H. and Kellomäki, S., 1993. A mechanistic model for calculating windthrow and stem breakage of Scots pines at stand edge. Silva Fenn., 27 (2): 99-111.
36. Peltola, H., Kellomäki, S., Hassinen, A., Lemettinen, M. and Aho, J., 1993. Swaying of trees as caused by wind: analysis of field measurements. Silva Fenn., 27 (2): 113-126.
37. Persson, P., 1975. Stormskador på skog - uppkomstbetingelser och inverkan av skogliga åtgärder. Skogshögskolan. Institutionen for skogsproduction. Summary: Windthrow in forests - Its causes and the effect of forestry measures. Swedish University for Agriculture Science, Department of Forest Management, Sweden, No. 36: 1-294.
38. Petty, J.A. and Swain, C., 1985. Factors influencing stem breakage of conifers in high winds. Forestry 58 (1): 75-85.
39. Quine, C.P., 1995. Assessing the risk of wind damage to forests: practice and pitfalls. In: M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (Editors). Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 379-403.
40. Raupach, M.R. and Thorn. A.S., 1981. Turbulence in and above plant canopies. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 13: 97-129.
41. Raynor, G.S., 1971. Wind and temperature structure in a coniferous forest and a continuous field. For. Sci., 17: 351-363.
42. RIL-144, 1990. Rakenteiden kuormitusohjeet. Suomen Rakenmisinsinöörien liitto. RIL r.y. [in Finnish]. 171 p.
43. Sachs, P., 1978. Wind Forces in Engineering, 2nd edn. Pergamon Press, 400 pp.
44. Sadeh, W.Z., 1975. Simulation of flow above forest canopies. In: D.A. DeVries and N.H. Afgan (Editors). Heat and Mass Transfer in the Biosphere, Part I. John Wiley, NY, pp. 251-263.
45. Savill, P.S., 1983. Silviculture in windy climates. For. Abstr., 44: 473-488.
46. Smith, V.G., Watts, M. and James, D.F., 1987. Mechanical stability of black spruce in the clay belt region of northern Ontario. Can. J. For. Res., 17: 1080-1091.
47. Solantie, R., 1986. Hårda vindar och vindskador. Skogsbruket, (1): 12-14.
48. Stacey, G.R., Bellcher, R.E., Wood, C.J. and Gardiner, B.A., 1994. Wind flows and forces in a model spruce forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 69: 311-334.
49. Stathers, R.J., Rollerson, T.P. and Mitchell, S.J., 1994. Windthrow handbook for British Columbia forests. Research Program Working Paper, 9401. Ministry of Forest Research Program, 31 p.
50. Walshe, D.E. and Fraser, A.I., 1963. Wind tunnel tests on a model forest. NPL Aero Report 1078, 41 p.
51. Wangler, F., 1976. Die Sturmgefährdung der Fichte in Abhängigkeit von Standort, Bestandestyp und Bestandeshöhe. Forst-und Holzwirt, 31: 220-222.
52. White, R.G., White, M.F. and Mayhead, G.J., 1976. Measurement of the motion of trees in two dimensions. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton University, and Forestry Commission, 22 p.