Antibiotic resistance: An impending crisis

Saudi Medical Journal

Volumn 21, Issue 12, 2000, Pages 1125-1129

  Mah, Manuel W ^a   Memish, Ziad A ^a,b  

^a KING ABDULLAH INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (Saudi Arabia)

^b KING FAHAD NATIONAL GUARD HOSPITAL   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Antibiotic; Antimicrobial; Resistance

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL DNA;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG UTILIZATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENETICS; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; MEDICAL ETHICS; MICROBIOLOGY; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; POPULATION GENETICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SAUDI ARABIA;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DNA, BACTERIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; DRUG UTILIZATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR; ETHICS, MEDICAL; GENETICS, POPULATION; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; MODELS, GENETIC; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAUDI ARABIA; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 0034570311     PISSN: 03795284     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Cohen ML. Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era. Science 1992; 257: 1050-1055.
2. Neu HC. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science 1992; 257: 1064-1073.
3. World Health Organization. Containing antimicrobial resistance: review of the literature and report of a WHO workshop on the development of a global strategy for the containment of antimicrobial resistance. WHO/CDS/CSR/ DRS [online] 2000 Jan; [6 screens]. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/cmc/globalstrategy/strategy.html.
4. Ostroff SM, Leduc JW. Global epidemiology of infectious diseases. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. pp 167-178.
5. Ashkenazi S, Cleary TG. Antibiotic treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10: 140-148.
6. Levy SB. The challenge of antibiotic resistance. Sci Am 1998; 278: 32-39.
7. Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Antibiotic resistance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [online] 2000 Sept; [5 screens]. Available from: URL: http:/ /www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/antibioticresistance.
8. Witte W. Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture. Science 1998; 279: 996-997.
9. Tenover FC, Hughes JM. The challenge of emerging infectious diseases. Development and spread of multiply-resistant bacterial pathogens. JAMA 1996; 275: 300-304.
10. O'Brien TF. Global surveillance of antibiotic resistance. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 339-340.
11. Abdel-Rahman EM, Ismael NA, Dixon RA. Antibiotic resistance and prevalence of beta-lactamase in Haemophilus influenzae isolates-a surveillance study of patients with respiratory infection in Saudi Arabia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 36: 203-208.
12. Shibl AM, Al-Rasheed AM, Elbashier AM, Osoba AO. Penicillin-resistant and intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae in Saudi Arabia. J Chemother 2000; 12: 134-137.
13. Felmingham D, Gruneberg RN. The Alexander Project 1996-1997: latest susceptibility data from this international study of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45: 191-203.
14. El-Karsh T, Tawfik AF, Al-Shammary F, Al-Salah S, Kambal AM, Shibl AM. Antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase among clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria in Riyadh. J Chemother 1995; 7: 509-514.
15. Zaman R, Dibb WL. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Saudi Arabia: epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns. J Hosp Infect 1994; 26: 297-300.
16. Kagalwalla AF, Khan SN, Kagalwalla YA, Alola S, Yaish H. Childhood shigellosis in Saudi Arabia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11: 215-219.
17. Shibl AM, Hussein SS. Surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Riyadh and their susceptibility to penicillin and other commonly prescribed antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 29: 149-157.
18. Oldfield EC, Wallace MR, Hyams KC, Yousif AA, Lewis DE, Bourgeois AL. Endemic infectious diseases of the Middle East. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13(Suppl 3): S199-S217.
19. Shlaes DM, Gerding DN, John JF Jr, Craig WA, Bornstein DL, Duncan RA, et al. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the prevention of antimicrobial resistance: guidelines for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 275-291.
20. Levin BR, Lipsitch M, Bonhoeffer S. Population biology, evolution, and infectious disease: convergence and synthesis. Science 1999; 283: 806-809.
21. Austin DJ, Kristinsson KG, Anderson RM. The relationship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 1152-1156.
22. Levin BR, Lipsitch M, Perrot V, Schrag S, Antia R, Simonsen L, et al. The population genetics of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24(Suppl 1): S9-S16.
23. Bonhoeffer S, Lipsitch M, Levin BR. Evaluating treatment protocols to prevent antibiotic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 12106-12111.
24. Kim JH, Gallis HA. Observations on spiraling empiricism: its causes, allure, and perils, with particular reference to antibiotic therapy. Am J Med 1989; 87: 201-206.
25. Kunin CM. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs-a worldwide calamity. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 557-561.
26. Kunin CM, Lipton HL, Tupasi T, Sacks T, Scheckler WE, Jivani A, et al. Social, behavioral, and practical factors affecting antibiotic use worldwide: report of Task Force 4. Rev Infect Dis 1987; 9: S270-S285.
27. Murray B. New aspects of antimicrobial resistance and the resulting therapeutic dilemmas. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 1185-1194.
28. Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians. JAMA 1997; 278: 901-904.
29. Jarvis WR. Preventing the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms through antimicrobial use controls: the complexity of the problem. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 490-495.
30. Chopra I, Hodgson J, Metcalf B, Poste G. New approaches to the control of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. An industry perspective. JAMA 1996; 275: 401-403.
31. Health Canada. Controlling antimicrobial resistance: an integrated action plan for Canadians. Canada Communicable Disease Report [serial online] 1997 Nov; 23S7: [15 screens]. Available from: URL: http://www/hc-sc.gc.ca/mam/lcdc/ web/publicat/ccdr/97vol23s7/index.html.
32. Burke JP. Antibiotic resistance-squeezing the balloon? JAMA 1998; 280: 1270-1271.
33. Loefler IJP. Microbes, chemotherapy, evolution, and folly. Lancet 1996; 348: 1703-1704.