The state of the 'state' in globalization: Social order and economic restructuring in Malaysia

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 1035-1057

  Chin, Christine B N ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC PLANNING; GLOBALIZATION; NEOLIBERALISM; STATE ROLE;

MALAYSIA;

EID: 0034523204     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590020012016     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. See, for example, M McLuhan & B R Powers, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the Twenty-first Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: Free Press, 1996; and J M Guehenno, The End of the Nation State, St Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
2. See, for example, M McLuhan & B R Powers, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the Twenty-first Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: Free Press, 1996; and J M Guehenno, The End of the Nation State, St Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
3. See, for example, M McLuhan & B R Powers, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the Twenty-first Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: Free Press, 1996; and J M Guehenno, The End of the Nation State, St Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
4. P G Cerny, 'Paradoxes of the competition state: the dynamics of political globalisation', Government and Opposition, 32(2), 1997, pp 251-274; J H Mittelman & R Johnston, 'The globalization of organized crime, the courtesan state, and the corruption of civil society', Global Governance, 5, 1999, pp 103-126; and L Panitch, 'Rethinking the role of the state', in J H Mittelman (ed), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 83-113. See also P Hirst & G Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, New York: Polity Press, 1996; and W C Opello & S J Rosow, The Nation-State and Global Order. A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
5. P G Cerny, 'Paradoxes of the competition state: the dynamics of political globalisation', Government and Opposition, 32(2), 1997, pp 251-274; J H Mittelman & R Johnston, 'The globalization of organized crime, the courtesan state, and the corruption of civil society', Global Governance, 5, 1999, pp 103-126; and L Panitch, 'Rethinking the role of the state', in J H Mittelman (ed), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 83-113. See also P Hirst & G Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, New York: Polity Press, 1996; and W C Opello & S J Rosow, The Nation-State and Global Order. A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
6. P G Cerny, 'Paradoxes of the competition state: the dynamics of political globalisation', Government and Opposition, 32(2), 1997, pp 251-274; J H Mittelman & R Johnston, 'The globalization of organized crime, the courtesan state, and the corruption of civil society', Global Governance, 5, 1999, pp 103-126; and L Panitch, 'Rethinking the role of the state', in J H Mittelman (ed), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 83-113. See also P Hirst & G Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, New York: Polity Press, 1996; and W C Opello & S J Rosow, The Nation-State and Global Order. A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
7. P G Cerny, 'Paradoxes of the competition state: the dynamics of political globalisation', Government and Opposition, 32(2), 1997, pp 251-274; J H Mittelman & R Johnston, 'The globalization of organized crime, the courtesan state, and the corruption of civil society', Global Governance, 5, 1999, pp 103-126; and L Panitch, 'Rethinking the role of the state', in J H Mittelman (ed), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 83-113. See also P Hirst & G Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, New York: Polity Press, 1996; and W C Opello & S J Rosow, The Nation-State and Global Order. A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
8. P G Cerny, 'Paradoxes of the competition state: the dynamics of political globalisation', Government and Opposition, 32(2), 1997, pp 251-274; J H Mittelman & R Johnston, 'The globalization of organized crime, the courtesan state, and the corruption of civil society', Global Governance, 5, 1999, pp 103-126; and L Panitch, 'Rethinking the role of the state', in J H Mittelman (ed), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 83-113. See also P Hirst & G Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, New York: Polity Press, 1996; and W C Opello & S J Rosow, The Nation-State and Global Order. A Historical Introduction to Contemporary Politics, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
9. S Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. See also J A Scholte, 'Global capitalism and the state', International Affairs, 73(3), 1997, pp 427-452; J MacMillan & A Linklater (eds), Boundaries in Question: New Directions in International Relations, London: Pinter, 1995; and D Held & A McGrew, 'Globalisation and the liberal democratic state', in Y Sakamoto (ed), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994, pp 57-84.
10. S Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. See also J A Scholte, 'Global capitalism and the state', International Affairs, 73(3), 1997, pp 427-452; J MacMillan & A Linklater (eds), Boundaries in Question: New Directions in International Relations, London: Pinter, 1995; and D Held & A McGrew, 'Globalisation and the liberal democratic state', in Y Sakamoto (ed), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994, pp 57-84.
11. S Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. See also J A Scholte, 'Global capitalism and the state', International Affairs, 73(3), 1997, pp 427-452; J MacMillan & A Linklater (eds), Boundaries in Question: New Directions in International Relations, London: Pinter, 1995; and D Held & A McGrew, 'Globalisation and the liberal democratic state', in Y Sakamoto (ed), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994, pp 57-84.
12. S Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. See also J A Scholte, 'Global capitalism and the state', International Affairs, 73(3), 1997, pp 427-452; J MacMillan & A Linklater (eds), Boundaries in Question: New Directions in International Relations, London: Pinter, 1995; and D Held & A McGrew, 'Globalisation and the liberal democratic state', in Y Sakamoto (ed), Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994, pp 57-84.
13. W I Robinson, 'Capitalist globalization and the transnationalization of the state', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Los Angeles, CA, 14-18 March 2000, p 6.
14. World Bank, The State in a Changing World, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1997, p 25.
15. R Dahl, Polyarchy, Participation, and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
16. For an analysis and critique of the causes underlying the shift in US policy from supporting authoritarian states to that of democracy movements in civil society, see WI Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
17. For an instrumentalist approach, see R Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society: An Analysis of the Western System of Power, New York, Basic Books, 1969, and for a structuralist approach, see N Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes, London, New Left Books, 1973.
18. For an instrumentalist approach, see R Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society: An Analysis of the Western System of Power, New York, Basic Books, 1969, and for a structuralist approach, see N Poulantzas, Political Power and Social Classes, London, New Left Books, 1973.
19. R W Cox, Production, Power and World Orders: Social Forces in the Making of History, New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
20. A Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans and ed, with an Introduction, by Q Hoare & G N Smith, New York: Lawrence & Wishart, 1971, p 246, emphasis added.
21. Ibid, p 268, emphasis added.
22. C B N Chin & J H Mittelman, 'Conceptualising resistance to globalisation', New Political Economy, 2(1), 1997, p 27.
23. C E R Abraham, Divide and Rule: The Roots of Race Relations in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: INSAN, 1997.
24. D Nonini, British Colonial Rule and the Resistance of the Malay Peasantry, 1900-1957, Monograph Series no 38, Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1992.
25. R Stevenson, Cultivators and Administrators: British Educational Policy Towards the Malays, 1875-1906, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975.
26. Syed Hussein Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th Century and its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism, London: Frank Cass, 1977; and V Purcell, The Chinese in Malaya, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
27. Syed Hussein Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th Century and its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism, London: Frank Cass, 1977; and V Purcell, The Chinese in Malaya, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
28. Lai Ah Eng, Peasants, Proletarians and Prostitutes: A Preliminary Investigation into the Work of Chinese Women in Colonial Malaya, Research Notes and Discussion Papers No 59, Singapore: Institute for Southeast Asian Studies, 1986.
29. P Ramasamy, Plantation Labour, Unions, Capital and the State in Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1994.
30. K S Jomo & P Todd, Trade Unions and the State in Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1994.
31. J S Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
32. R S Milne & D K Mauzy, Politics and Government in Malaysia, Singapore: Federal Publishers, 1978.
33. Saw Swee Hock, The Population of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1988, p 65.
34. For a detailed discussion on the growth of Chinese firms, see J Jedudason, Ethnicity and the Economy: The State, Chinese Business, and Multinationals in Malaysia, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1989.
35. As cited in A Ong, Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia, Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1987, p 152.
36. Chee Heng Leng, 'Babies to order: official population policies in Malaysia and Singapore', in B Agarwal (ed), Structures of Patriarchy: The State, The Community and The Household, London: Zed Books, 1988; A Ong, 'State versus Islam: Malay families, women's bodies, and the body politics in Malaysia', American Ethnologist, 17(2), 1990, pp 258-276; and J Nagata, The Reflowering of Malaysian Islam: Modern Religious Radicals and Their Roots, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984.
37. Chee Heng Leng, 'Babies to order: official population policies in Malaysia and Singapore', in B Agarwal (ed), Structures of Patriarchy: The State, The Community and The Household, London: Zed Books, 1988; A Ong, 'State versus Islam: Malay families, women's bodies, and the body politics in Malaysia', American Ethnologist, 17(2), 1990, pp 258-276; and J Nagata, The Reflowering of Malaysian Islam: Modern Religious Radicals and Their Roots, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984.
38. Chee Heng Leng, 'Babies to order: official population policies in Malaysia and Singapore', in B Agarwal (ed), Structures of Patriarchy: The State, The Community and The Household, London: Zed Books, 1988; A Ong, 'State versus Islam: Malay families, women's bodies, and the body politics in Malaysia', American Ethnologist, 17(2), 1990, pp 258-276; and J Nagata, The Reflowering of Malaysian Islam: Modern Religious Radicals and Their Roots, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984.
39. Chee, 'Babies to order', p 167.
40. K Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1944.
41. G P Means, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991.
42. Committee Against Repression in the Pacific and Asia (CARPA), Tangled Web: Dissent, Deterrence and the 27 October 1987 Crackdown in Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: CARPA, 1988.
43. The state began to implement economic privatization, liberalization and to a lesser extent, deregulation policies during the mid to late 1980s. For a good discussion of these policies (including detailed analysis of the beneficiaries), see E T Gomez & K S Jomo, Malaysia's Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and Profits, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
44. Jomo & Todd, Trade Unions, pp 29-30.
45. For detailed economic data, see Government of Malaysia, Second Outline Perspective Plan 1991-2000, Kuala Lumpur: National Printing Department, 1991.
46. Gomez & Jomo, Malaysia's Political Economy, p 173.
47. Mahathir Mohamad, 'Malaysia: the way forward', in Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid (ed), Malaysia's Vision 2020: Understanding the Concept, Implications and Challenges, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 1993, p 404.
48. James Parsonage argues that the phenomenon of subregional growth zones in Southeast Asia should not be read as being solely market-driven, but that they are the product of state intervention to create the conditions for new forms of subregional manufacturing and financial networks. See 'Trans-state developments in South-East Asia: subregional growth zones' in G Rodan, K Hewison & R Robison (eds), Political Economy of Southeast Asia, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp 248-283.
49. P Pillai, 'The impact of the economic crisis on migrant labor in Malaysia: policy implications' Asia Pacific Migration Journal, 7(2-3), 1998, pp 255-280.
50. C B N Chin, 'Walls of silence and late twentieth century representations of the foreign female domestic worker: the case of Filipina and Indonesian female servants in Malaysia', International Migration Review, 31(2), 1997, pp 353-385; I Fernandez, 'Migrant workers and employers in Malaysia', Asian Migrant, 10(3), 1997, pp 94-97; and Azizah Kassim, 'Recruitment and employment of foreign workers in Malaysia', in Rokiah Talib & Tan Chee Beng (eds), Dimensions of Tradition and Development in Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 1995, pp 163-202.
51. C B N Chin, 'Walls of silence and late twentieth century representations of the foreign female domestic worker: the case of Filipina and Indonesian female servants in Malaysia', International Migration Review, 31(2), 1997, pp 353-385; I Fernandez, 'Migrant workers and employers in Malaysia', Asian Migrant, 10(3), 1997, pp 94-97; and Azizah Kassim, 'Recruitment and employment of foreign workers in Malaysia', in Rokiah Talib & Tan Chee Beng (eds), Dimensions of Tradition and Development in Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 1995, pp 163-202.
52. C B N Chin, 'Walls of silence and late twentieth century representations of the foreign female domestic worker: the case of Filipina and Indonesian female servants in Malaysia', International Migration Review, 31(2), 1997, pp 353-385; I Fernandez, 'Migrant workers and employers in Malaysia', Asian Migrant, 10(3), 1997, pp 94-97; and Azizah Kassim, 'Recruitment and employment of foreign workers in Malaysia', in Rokiah Talib & Tan Chee Beng (eds), Dimensions of Tradition and Development in Malaysia, Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications, 1995, pp 163-202.
53. M Pinches (ed), Culture and Privilege in Capitalist Asia, London: Routledge, 1999.
54. Mahathir, "Malaysia", p 404.
55. For a comprehensive discussion of Vision 2020 by politicians and corporate executives, see Ahmad, Malaysia's Vision 2020.
56. See Gomez & Jomo, Malaysia's Political Economy.
57. The Star, 1 October 1996; 24 May 1997.
58. Berita Harian, 18 May 1996; The Star, 15 March 1996; 26 May 1996; and The Sun, 8 April 1996.
59. Berita Harian, 18 May 1996; The Star, 15 March 1996; 26 May 1996; and The Sun, 8 April 1996.
60. Berita Harian, 18 May 1996; The Star, 15 March 1996; 26 May 1996; and The Sun, 8 April 1996.
61. The Sun, 23 May 1996; and New Straits Times, 7 April 1996.
62. The Sun, 23 May 1996; and New Straits Times, 7 April 1996.
63. The Sun, 28 June 1996.
64. The Star, 8 June 1996; 30 June 1996.
65. S Strange, Casino Capitalism, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.
66. See, for example, K S Jomo (ed), Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia, London: Zed, 1998; R H Macleod & R Garnaut, East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One? London: Routledge, 1998; and R Wade, 'Asian debt and development crisis of 1997-?', World Development, 26(8), 1998, pp 1535-1553.
67. See, for example, K S Jomo (ed), Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia, London: Zed, 1998; R H Macleod & R Garnaut, East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One? London: Routledge, 1998; and R Wade, 'Asian debt and development crisis of 1997-?', World Development, 26(8), 1998, pp 1535-1553.
68. See, for example, K S Jomo (ed), Tigers in Trouble: Financial Governance, Liberalisation and Crises in East Asia, London: Zed, 1998; R H Macleod & R Garnaut, East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One? London: Routledge, 1998; and R Wade, 'Asian debt and development crisis of 1997-?', World Development, 26(8), 1998, pp 1535-1553.
69. At the November 1998 APEC meeting held in Kuala Lumpur, comments by the US Vice President Albert Gore Jr in support of former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim's 'reformasi' movement, and later, global hedge-fund manager George Soros's suggestion that Malaysians ought to topple their leader, only strengthened the prime minister's allegations of foreign saboteurs' intent on destabilizing the economy and country.
70. The Star, 31 March 1998.
71. ibid.
72. The Minister of Transportation's comments that encouraged women to save for the country were revealing of the continued perception of women's work as located naturally and primarily in the private-domestic sphere of the household. He said, '[Women are] the ministers of finance, tourism, home affairs, education and consumer affairs in a household because they are the ones who decide on daily matters ... Men are considered foreign affairs ministers as they are not in the house most of the time and do not decide much on household matters.' The Star, 9 Feburary 1998.
73. Ibid, 10 March 1998.
74. The Sun, 13 January 1998.
75. The Star, 26 February 1998.
76. Asiaweek, 3 July 1998.
77. Reuters, 19 May 1999.
78. Asian Wall Street Journal, 30 March 1999.
79. Far Eastern Economic Review, 12 November 1998.
80. Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 December, 1998, and Asiaweek, 30 October 1998.
81. Far Eastern Economic Review, 3 December, 1998, and Asiaweek, 30 October 1998.
82. Bernama, 13 May 1999.
83. Asiaweek, 16 April 1999.