Caudal epidural analgesia

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 709-730

  Peutrell, J M ^a   Cupples, P A ^a  

^a ROYAL HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anaesthesia, regional extradural, peridural, epidural, caudal; Clonidine, ketamine, neostigmine, tramadol; Drugs local anaesthetics; Epinephrine; Opioids, opiates; Paediatric, child, infant, neonate; Postoperative analgesia

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMIDE; BUPIVACAINE; BUPRENORPHINE; CHLOROPROCAINE; CLONIDINE; DIAMORPHINE; ESTER; FENTANYL; FLUMAZENIL; KETAMINE; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MEPIVACAINE; MIDAZOLAM; MORPHINE; NALOXONE; NEOSTIGMINE; OPIATE; ROPIVACAINE; TRAMADOL;

AIR EMBOLISM; ANESTHESIA COMPLICATION; ANESTHESIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; ANESTHETIC EQUIPMENT; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CATHETERIZATION; CAUDAL ANESTHESIA; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG HYDROLYSIS; DRUG INJECTION VOLUME; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NERVE BLOCK; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; URINE RETENTION;

EID: 0034461467     PISSN: 15216896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/bean.2000.0122     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Caudal anaesthesia in children
2. Penile block for circumcision? A comparison with caudal blockade
3. Caudal or dorsal nerve block? A comparison of two local anaesthetic techniques for postoperative analgesia following day case circumcision
4. Ilioinguinal nerve block in children: A comparison with caudal block for intra and postoperative analgesia
5. Comparison of two regional techniques for postoperative analgesia in children following herniotomy and orchidopexy
6. Analgesia following inguinal herniotomy or orchidopexy in children: A comparison of caudal and regional blockade
7. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations during caudal analgesia and ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block in children
8. Paediatric postoperative analgesia. A comparison between caudal block and wound infiltration of local anaesthetic
9. A comparison of postoperative analgesia provided by wound infiltration or caudal analgesia
10. Regional anaesthesia for hernia repair in children: Local vs caudal anaesthesia. Report of an investigation
11. Postoperative analgesia and intraoperative inhalational anesthetic requirements during umbilical herniorrhaphy in children: Post incisional local infiltration versus preincisional caudal epidural block
12. Caudal anesthesia in the awake, high-risk infant
13. Caudal epidural anesthesia in conscious premature and high-risk infants
14. Epidural anaesthesia through caudal catheters for ex-premature babies
15. Continuous regional anaesthesia in infants
16. Regional anaesthesia for surgical treatment of inguinal hernia in preterm babies
17. Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in babies
18. Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery in infants
19. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia via caudal route in infants
20. Lumbar and thoracic epidural analgesia via the caudal approach for postoperative pain relief in infants and children
21. Oesophageal atresia: Caudo-thoracic epidural anaesthesia reduces the need for post-operative ventilatory support
22. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia via the caudal approach in children
23. Pain relief for infants undergoing abdominal surgery: Comparison of infusions of I.V. morphine and extradural bupivacaine
24. The risk of infection from epidural analgesia in children: A review of 1620 cases
25. Bupivacaine plasma concentrations during continuous epidural anesthesia in infants and children
26. Outcomes after single injection caudal epidural versus continuous infusion epidural via caudal approach for postoperative analgesia in infants and children undergoing patent ducts arteriosus ligation
27. Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine
28. Comparison of a bupivacaine-clonidine mixture with plain bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children
29. Clonidine in paediatric caudal anaesthesia
30. Comparison of the effects of adrenaline, clonidine and ketamine on the duration of caudal analgesia produced by bupivacaine in children
31. Clonidine-mepivacaine mixture versus plain mepivacaine in paediatric surgery
32. The optimal dose of ketamine for caudal epidural blockade in children
33. Effects of clonidine added to bupivacaine for combined caudal and general anaesthesia in children
34. 2 tension effects of clonidine in paediatric caudal analgesia
35. The efficacy and safety of a clonidine/bupivacaine combination in caudal blockade for paediatric hernia repair
36. S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia
37. Ropivacaine-clonidine combination for caudal blockade in children
38. Anatomy
39. A study of the caudal space using magnetic resonance imaging
40. Hiatus canalis sacralis in American whites and negroes
41. Caudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery: Success rate and adverse effects in 750 consecutive patients
42. The caudal canal in children: A study using magnetic resonance imaging
43. Level of termination of the spinal cord and the dural sac: A magnetic resonance study
44. Surgical face masks are effective in reducing bacterial contamination caused by dispersal from the upper airway
45. Probable venous air embolism during caudal anesthesia in a child
46. Respiratory arrest after caudal injection of bupivacaine
47. Respiratory arrest after caudal bupivacaine
48. Epidural and subarachnoid block in children
49. Spread of local anesthetic into the epidural caudal space for two rates of injection in children
50. Sacral intervertebral epidural block
51. Dosage of lidocaine for caudal anesthesia in infants and children
52. Lessons from 1100 pediatric caudal blocks in a teaching hospital
53. Regional anaesthesia in children
54. The spread of caudal analgesia in children: A mathematical model
55. Spread of extradural analgesia following caudal injection in children
56. Regional anaesthesia
57. Caudal analgesia in children. Five hundred cases for procedures below the diaphragm
58. Evolution of regional anesthesia in a pediatric surgical practice
59. The effect of needle size and type in paediatric caudal analgesia
60. Experience with caudal blocks in children over a period of 3.5 years
61. Pulsed doppler ascending aortic, carotid, brachial, and femoral artery blood flows during caudal anaesthesia in infants
62. Infants tolerate spinal anesthesia with minimal overall autonomic changes: Analysis of heart rate variability in former premature infants undergoing hernia repair
63. Caudal anaesthesia in children. A survey
64. 'Kiddie caudals': Experience with 1154 consecutive cases without complications
65. Accidents following extradural analgesia in children. The results of a retrospective study
66. Epidemiology and morbidity of regional anesthesia in children: A one-year prospective study of the French Language Society of Paediatric Anesthesiologists
67. Electrocardiographic and haemodynamic changes associated with unintentional intravascular injection of bupivacaine with epinephrine in infants
68. Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children
69. Regional anesthesia in children: What have we learn?
70. Total spinal anaesthesia following caudal block with bupivacaine and buprenorphine
71. An analysis of the complications of extradural and caudal block
72. Probable venous air embolism during epidural placement in an infant
73. Epidural air bubbles as a cause of incomplete analgesia during epidural anesthesia
74. Flare reaction following caudal analgesia
75. Complications in regional anaesthesia
76. Continuous caudal anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair in former preterm infants
77. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants: Prospective comparison of spinal and general anesthesia
78. Postoperative apnea, bradycardia, and oxygen denaturation in formerly premature infants: Prospective comparison of spinal and general anesthesia
79. Postoperative apnea after caudal anaesthesia in an ex-premature infant
80. Continuous caudal anaesthesia during inguinal hernia repair in an awake, 1440 g infant
81. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in young infants after continuous epidural infusion
82. Regional anaesthesia for the ex-premature infant
83. Continuous regional anaesthesia in infants
84. Culture of bacteria from lumbar and caudal epidural catheters used for post-operative analgesia in children
85. Retained caudal catheter in a paediatric patient
86. Pediatric caudal epidural catheter sequestration: An unusual complication
87. Epidurograph in premature infants
88. Ventricular tachycardia and brief cardiovascular collapse in two infants after caudal anaesthesia using a bupivacaine-epinephrine solution
89. Cardiovascular collapse in an infant after caudal anaesthesia with lidocaine-epinephrine solution
90. Postoperative voiding interval and duration of analgesia following peripheral or caudal nerve blocks in children
91. Bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in infants and children: The optimum effective concentration
92. Caudal anaesthesia for day case surgery: Assessment of motor function prior to discharge
93. Caudal block for postoperative pain relief in children
94. Postoperative analgesia for circumcision
95. Caudal anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief in children: A comparative trial of different regimes using plain bupivacaine
96. Plasma bupivacaine concentrations in children during caudal epidural analgesia
97. Bupivacaine in children: Pharmacokinetics following caudal anaesthesia
98. Optimum concentration of bupivacaine for combined caudal-general anaesthesia in children
99. N-alkyl pyrrolidine and N-alkyl piperidine carboxylic acid amides
100. Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine following caudal anaesthesia in infants
101. Bupivacaine: A review of 11,080 cases
102. Is there an optimum concentration of bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in out-patient surgery for children?
103. Cardiovascular and central nervous system effects of intravenous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep
104. A comparison of the electrocardiographic cardiotoxic effects of racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in anaesthetised swine
105. Extradural S (+)-bupivacaine: Comparison with racemic RS bupivacaine
106. Ropivacaine
107. Caudal anaesthesia with 0.375% ropivacaine or 0.375% bupivacaine in paediatric patients
108. Plasma ropivacaine concentrations following caudal analgesia in children
109. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of long-term postoperative epidural ropivacaine infusion in children
110. Caudal block in children with ropivacaine in different concentrations (1,2,3 mg per ml)
111. Ropivacaine 0.25% compared with bupivacaine 0.25% by the caudal route
112. Pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine following caudal analgesia in children
113. Neurological effects of subarachnoid 2-chloroprocaine-CE, bupivacaine and low pH normal saline
114. Chloroprocaine for epidural anaesthesia in infants and children
115. Opiate receptors: Demonstration in nervous tissues
116. Synergistic antinociceptive interaction after epidural co-administration of morphine and lidocaine in rats
117. Interaction of intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine and lidocaine in the rat
118. The dose response of caudal morphine in children
119. Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: A comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphine
120. A comparison of caudal morphine given per or post surgery for postoperative analgesia in children
121. Postoperative analgesia after paediatric orchidopexy: Evaluation of a bupivacaine-morphine mixture
122. Combined morphine-bupivacaine caudal for reconstructive penile surgery in children: Systemic absorption of morphine and postoperative analgesia
123. Low dose caudal morphine and for postoperative analgesia in infants and children: A report of 500 cases
124. Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants and children: A report of 138 cases
125. Comparison of caudal bupivacaine and diamorphine with caudal bupivacaine alone for repair of hypospadias
126. Postoperative analgesia in children who have genito-urinary surgery. A comparison between caudal buprenorphine and bupivacaine
127. Comparison of caudal morphine and buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in children
128. Postoperative extradural analgesia in children: Comparison of morphine with fentanyl
129. Comparative pharmacokinetics of spinal opioids in humans: A step towards determination of relative safety
130. Postoperative pain treatment after upper abdominal surgery with epidural morphine at thoracic and lumbar level
131. Comparison of four narcotic analgesics for extradural analgesia
132. Epidural buprenorphine: A double blind study of postoperative analgesia and side effects
133. Clinical use of alpha-2 agonists
134. An imidazoline specific mechanism for the hypotensive effects of clonidine. A study with yohimbine and idazoxcam
135. Comparative study of oral clonidine and diazepam as premedicants in children
136. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: Defining the role in anaesthesia
137. Haemodynamic and analgesic effects of epidurally administered clonidine
138. Can a dose of 2 micrograms per kg of caudal clonidine cause respiratory depression in neonates?
139. Some pharmacological similarities of ketamine, lidocaine and procaine
140. The local aminergic dependency of spinal ketamine
141. Ketamine: An update on the first twenty five years of clinical experience
142. Epidural ketamine for postoperative analgesia
143. Evaluation of the analgesic effects of epidural ketamine
144. Epidural ketamine for control of postoperative pain
145. Intrathecal ketamine with preservative - Histological effects on spinal nerve roots of baboons
146. Histopathology after repeated intrathecal injections of preservative-free ketamine in the rabbit: A light and electron microscopic examination
147. Ketamine and midazolam neurotoxicity in the rabbit
148. On the mechanism by which midazolam causes spinally mediated analgesia
149. Epidural midazolam for the treatment of postoperative pain
150. Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine
151. Histological changes following epidural injection of midazolam in the neonatal rabbit
152. The clinical utility of epidural midazolam for inguinal hernia repair in children
153. Epidural tramadol for postoperative pain relief
154. Caudal tramadol for postoperative analgesia in paediatric hypospadias surgery
155. Antinociceptive effects of spinal cholinesterase inhibition and isobolographic analysis of the interaction with mu and alpha-2 receptor systems
156. Study of 3 different doses of epidural neostigmine coadministered with Lidocaine for postoperative analgesia
157. The effects of age, epinephrine, and operative site on duration of caudal analgesia in paediatric patients
158. Bupivacaine pharmacokinetics during epidural anaesthesia in children