Patterns and prediction of population recovery in marine reserves

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 209-231

  Jennings, Simon ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHING MORTALITY; NATURE RESERVE;

INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 0034444584     PISSN: 09603166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1016619102955     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Alcala, A.C. (1988) Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio 17, 194-199.
2. Alcala, A.C. and Russ, G.R. (1990) A direct test of the effects of protective management on the abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 46, 40-47.
3. Allee, W.C. (1931) Animal Aggregations: A Study in General Sociology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
4. Allison, G.W., Lubchenco, J. and Carr, M.H. (1998) Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecol. Applic. 8(Supplement), S79-S92.
5. Alm, G. (1959) Connection between maturity, size and age in fishes. Rep. Inst. Freshwat. Fish. Res., Drottingholm 5, 5-145.
6. Appeldoorn, R.S. (1995) Potential depensatory mechanisms operating on reproductive output in gonochoristic molluscs, with particular reference to strombid gastropods. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 199, 13-18.
7. Atkinson, D.B., Rose, G.A., Murphy, E.F. and Bishop, C.A. (1997) Distribution changes and abundance of northern cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Supplement 1), 132-138.
8. Attwood, C.G. and Bennett, B.A. (1995) Modelling the effect of marine reserves on the recreational shore-fishery of the south-western Cape, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 16, 227-240.
9. Auster, P.J. and Shackell, N.L. (1997) Fishery reserves: A tool for managing groundfish resources. In: Boreman, J.G., Nakashima, H.W., Powles, J.A., Wilson, J.A. and Kendall, R.L. (eds.), North-west Atlantic Groundfish: Perspectives on a Fishery Collapse. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda.
10. Babcock, R. and Keesing, J. (1999) Fertilization biology of the abalone Haliotis laevigata: Laboratory and field studies. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1668-1678.
11. Bailey, R.S. (1991) Changes in the North Sea herring population over a cycle of collapse and recovery. In: Kawasaki, T., Tanaka, S., Toba, Y. and Taniguchi, A. (eds.), Long-Term Variability of Pelagic Fish Populations and Their Environment. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 191-198.
12. Bannister, R.C.A. and Addison, J.T. (1986) Effect of assumptions about the stock-recruitment relationship on a lobster (Homarus gammarus) stock assessment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43, 2353-2359.
13. Bell, J.D. (1983) Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. J. App. Ecol. 20, 357-369.
14. Bennett, B.A. and Attwood, C.G. (1991) Evidence for recovery of a surf-zone fish assemblage following the establishment of a marine reserve on the southern coast of South Africa. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 75, 173-181.
15. Beverton, R.J.H. (1963) Maturation, growth and mortality of Clupeid and Engraulid stocks in relation to fishing. Rapp. P-V. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 154, 44-67.
16. Beverton, R.J.H. (1987) Longevity in fish: Some ecological and evolutionary perspectives. In: Woodhead, A.D., Witten, M. and Thompson, K. (eds.), Ageing Processes in Animals. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 161-186.
17. Beverton, R.J.H. (1990) Small marine pelagic fish and the threat of fishing: Are they endangered? J. Fish Biol. 37(Supplement 1), 5-16.
18. Beverton, R.J.H. (1992) Patterns of reproductive strategy parameters in some marine teleost fishes. J. Fish Biol. 41(Supplement B), 137-160.
19. Beverton, R.J.H. and Holt, S.J. (1957) On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.
20. Beverton, R.J.H. and Holt, S.J. (1959) A review of the lifespan and mortality rates of fish in nature and their relationship to growth and other physiological characteristics. Ciba Foundation Colloquim on Ageing 5, 142-180.
21. Bohnsack, J.A. (1990) The potential of marine fishery reserves for reef fish management in the U.S. southern Atlantic. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFC 261, 1-40.
22. Bohnsack, J.A. (1998) Application of marine reserves to reef fisheries management. Aust. J. Ecol. 23, 298-304.
23. Botsford, L.W., Moloney, C.L., Hastings, A., Largier, J.L., Powell, T.M., Higgins, K. and Quinn, J.F. (1994) The influence of spatially and temporally varying oceanographic conditions on meroplanktonic metapopulations. Deep-Sea Res. 41, 107-145.
24. Botsford, L.W., Moloney, C.L., Largier, J.L. and Hastings, A. (1998) Metapopulation dynamics of meroplanktonic invertebrates: The Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) as an example. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 125, 295-306.
25. Bowering, W.B., Morgan, M.J. and Brodie, W.B. (1997) Changes in the population of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) off Labrador and northeastern Newfoundland: A collapsing stock with low exploitation. Fish. Res. 30, 199-216.
26. Brodie, W.B., Walsh, S.J. and Atkinson, D.B. (1998) The effect of stock abundance on range contraction of yellowtail flounder (Pleuronectes ferruginea) on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland in the Northwest Atlantic from 1975 to 1995. J. Sea Res. 39, 139-152.
27. Brothers, E.B., Williams, D.M. and Sale, P.F. (1983) Length of larval life in 12 families of fishes at One Tree lagoon, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Biol. 76, 319-324.
28. Brown, L.D. (1991) Genetic variation and population structure of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 42, 77-90.
29. Buxton, C.D. and Smale, M.J. (1989) Abundance and distribution patterns of three temperate marine reef fish (Teleostei: Sparidae) in exploited and unexploited areas off the Southern Cape Coast. J. App. Ecol. 26, 441-451.
30. Carpenter, R.C. (1988) Mass mortality of a Caribbean sea urchin: Immediate effects on community metabolism and other herbivores. Proc. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci. 85, 511-514.
31. Carr, M.H. and Reed, D.C. (1993) Conceptual issues relevant to marine harvest refuges: Examples from temperate reef fishes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2019-2028.
32. Chambers, R.C. and Trippel, E.A. (1997) Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations. Chapman and Hall, New York.
33. Chapman, M.R. and Kramer, D.L. (1999) Gradients in coral reef fish density and size across the Barbados Marine Reserve boundary: Effects of reserve protection and habitat characteristics. Mar. Ecol Prog. Ser. 181, 81-96.
34. Chapman, M.R. and Kramer, D.L. (2000) Movements of post-settlement fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Eniron. Biol. Fish. 57, 11-24.
35. Charnov, E.L. (1993) Life History Invariants: Some Explorations of Symmetry in Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 167.
36. Clark, J.R., Causey, B. and Bohnsack, J.A. (1989) Benefits from coral reef protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida. In: Magoon, O.T., Converse, H., Miner, D., Tobin, L.T. and Clark, D. (eds.), Coastal Zone '89. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 3076-3086.
37. Cole, R.G., Ayling, A.M. and Creese, R.G. (1990) Effects of marine reserve protection at Goat Island, northern New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24, 197-210.
38. Crecco, V. and Overholtz, W.J. (1990) Causes of density-dependent catchability of Georges Bank haddock Melano-grammus aeglefinus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47, 385-394.
39. Cushing, D.H. (1996) Towards a Science of Recruitment in Fish Populations. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, pp. 175.
40. Daan, N. (1993) Simulation study of effects of closed areas to all fishing, with particular reference to the North Sea ecosystem. In: Sherman, K., Alexander, L.M. and Gold, B.D. (eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems: Stress, Mitigation and Sustainability. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, pp. 252-258.
41. Davis, G.E. (1981) On the role of underwater parks and sanctuaries in the management of coastal resources in the south-eastern United States. Env. Cons. 8, 67-70.
42. Dayton, P.K., Thrush, S.F., Agardy, M.T. and Hofman, R.J. (1995) Environmental effects of marine fishing. Aquat. Cons. 5, 205-232.
43. De Martini, E.E. (1993) Modeling the potential of fishery reserves for managing Pacific coral reef fisheries. Fish. Bull. 91, 414-427.
44. De Martini, E.E. (1998) How might recruitment research on coral-reef fishes help manage tropical reef fisheries. Aust. J. Ecol. 23, 305-310.
45. Die, D.J. and Watson, R.A. (1992) A per-recruit simulation model for evaluating spatial closures in an Australian penaeid fishery. Aquat. Living Resources 5, 145-153.
46. Dingle, H. (1996) Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 474.
47. Done, T.J. (1992) Phase-shifts in coral-reef communities and their ecological significance. Hydrobiologia 247, 121-132.
48. Dufour, V., Jouvenel, J.Y. and Galzin, R. (1995) Study of a Mediterranean fish assemblage: comparisons of population distributions between depths in protected and unprotected areas over one decade. Aquat. Living Resources 8, 17-25.
49. Dugan, J.E. and Davis, G.E. (1993) Applications of marine refugia to coastal fisheries management. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2029-2042.
50. Fogarty, M.J. (1998) Implications of migration and larval interchange in American lobster (Homarus americanus) stocks: spatial structure and resilience. In: Jamieson, G.S. and Campbell, A. (eds.), Proceedings of the North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock Assessment and Management, vol. 125. Canadian Special Publications in Fishery and Aquatic Science, pp. 273-283.
51. Francour, P. (1991) The effect of protection level on a coastal fish community at Scandola, Corsica. Revue d'Ecologie (Terre Vie) 46, 65-81.
52. Fretwell, S.D. (1969) Dominance behavior and winter habitat distribution in juncos (Junco hyemalis). Bird Banding 34, 293-306.
53. Fretwell, S.D. (1972) Populations in a Seasonal Environment. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp. 217.
54. Fretwell, S.D. and Lucas, H.L. (1970) On territorial behaviour and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. Acta Biotheoretica 19, 16-36.
55. García-Rubies, A. and Zabala, M. (1990) Effects of total fishing prohibition on the rocky fish assemblages of Medes Island marine reserve (NW Mediterranean) Scientia Marina 54, 317-328.
56. Guénette, S., Lauck, T. and Clark, C. (1998) Marine reserves: From Beverton and Holt to the present. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries 8, 1-21.
57. Guénette, S. and Pitcher, T. J. (1999) An age-structured model showing the benefits of marine reserves in controlling exploitation. Fish. Res. 39, 295-303.
58. Hall, S.J. (1999) The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems and Communities. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
59. Hanski, I. (1991) Single-species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models and observations. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42, 17-38.
60. Harvey, P.H. and Pagel, M.D. (1991) The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 239.
61. Hilborn, R. and Walters, C.J. (1992) Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 570.
62. Holland, D.S. and Brazee, R.J. (1996) Marine reserves for fisheries management. Mar. Res. Econ. 11, 157-171.
63. Holland, K.N., Peterson, J.D., Lowe, G.G. and Wetherbee, B.M. (1993) Movements, distribution and growth rates of the white goatfish Mulloides flavolineatus in a fisheries conservation zone. Bull. Mar. Sci. 52, 982-992.
64. Holland, K.N., Lowe, C.G. and Wetherbee, B.M. (1996) Movements and dispersal patterns of Blue Trevally (Caranx melampygus) in a fisheries conservation zone. Fish. Res. 25, 279-292.
65. Horwood, J.W. (2000) No-take zones: A management context. In: Kaiser, M.J. and de Groot, S.J. (eds.), The Effects of Fishing on Non-Target Species and Habitats: Biological, Conservation and Socio-Economic Issues. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 302-311.
66. Horwood, J.W., Nichols, J.H. and Milligan, S. (1998) Evaluation of closed areas for fish stock conservation. J. App. Ecol. 35, 893-903.
67. Hughes, T.P. (1994) Catastrophes, phase shifts and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265, 1547-1551.
68. Hutchings, J.A. and Myers, R.A. (1994) What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource - Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51, 2126-2146.
69. Hutchings, J.A. (1996) Spatial and temporal variation in the density of northern cod and a review of hypotheses for the stock's collapse. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53, 943-962.
70. Hutchings, J.A. (1999) Influence of growth and survival costs of reproduction on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, population growth rate. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1612-1623.
71. ICES (1990) Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management. ICES Co-op. Res. Report 168.
72. ICES (1994a) Reports of the Barents Sea working group. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea., Committee Meeting Assess 8.
73. ICES (1994b) Report of the study group on the North Sea plaice box. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea., Committee Meeting Assess 14.
74. ICES (1999) Report of the workshop on the evaluation of the plaice box. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea., Committee Meeting 1999/D:6.
75. Jakobsson, J. (1980) Exploitation of the Icelandic spring- and summer-spawning herring in relation to fisheries management, 1947-1977. Rapp. P-V. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 177, 23-42.
76. Jamieson, G.S. and Francis, K. (1986) Invertebrate and marine plant resources of British Columbia. Can. Spec. Public. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 91, 89.
77. Jennings, S. and Beverton, R.J.H. (1991) Intraspecific variation in the life history tactics of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) stocks. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 48, 117-125.
78. Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M.J. (1998) The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34, 201-352.
79. Jennings, S. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1996) Impacts of fishing on tropical reef ecosystems. Ambio 25, 44-49.
80. Jennings, S., Marshall, S.S. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1996) Seychelles' marine protected areas: comparative structure and status of reef fish communities. Biol. Cons. 75, 201-209.
81. Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. and Mills, S.C. (1998) Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proc. Roy. Soc. Biol. Sci. 265, 333-339.
82. Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1999) Predicting the vulnerability of tropical reef fishes to exploitation using phylogenies and life histories. Cons. Biol. 13, 1466-1475.
83. Kaiser, M.J. and Spencer, B.E. (1996) The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on infaunal communities in different habitats. J. Anim. Ecol. 65, 348-358.
84. Kaiser, M.J. and de Groot, S.J. (2000) The Effects of Fishing on Non-Target Species and Habitats: Biological, Conservation and Socio-Economic Issues. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
85. Koslow, J.A. (1992) Fecundity and the stock recruitment relationship. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49, 210-217.
86. Knowlton, N. (1992) Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral-reef community dynamics. Am. Zool. 32, 674-682.
87. Kramer, D.L. and Chapman, M. (1999) Implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function. Environ. Biol. Fish. 55, 65-79.
88. Kulbicki, M. (1998) How the acquired behaviour of commercial fishes may influence the results obtained from visual censuses. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 222, 11-30.
89. Lauck, T., Clark, C.W., Mangel, M. and Munro, G.R. (1998) Implementing the precautionary principle in fisheries management through marine reserves. Ecol. Applic. 8(Supplement), S72-S78.
90. Leggett, W.C. and Carscadden, J.F. (1978) Latitudinal variation in the reproductive characteristics of American Shad Alosa sapidissima: Evidence for population specific life history strategies in fish. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35, 1469-1478.
91. Lessios, H.A., Robertson, D.R. and Cubit, J.D. (1985) Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the Caribbean. Science 226, 335-337.
92. Letourneur, Y. (1996) Réponses des peuplements et populations de poissons aux réserves marines: le cas de l'île de Mayotte, Océan Indien occidental. Ecoscience 3, 442-450.
93. Levitan, D.R. (1991) Influence of body size and population density on fertilization success and reproductive output in a free-spawning invertebrate. Biol. Bull. 181, 261-268.
94. Levitan, D.R. (1995) The ecology of fertilisation in free-spawning invertebrates. In: McEdward, L. (ed.), Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. CRC Press, New York.
95. Levitan, D.R. and Sewell, M.A. (1998) Fertilization success in free-spawning marine invertebrates: review of the evidence and fisheries implications. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 125, 159-164.
96. Levitan, D.R., Sewell, M.A. and Chia, P.S. (1992) How distribution and abundance influence fertilization success in the sea-urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Ecology 73, 248-254.
97. Liermann, M. and Hilborn, R. (1997) Depensation in fish stocks: A hierarchic Bayesian meta-analysis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 1976-1984.
98. Lindeboom, H.J. and de Groot, S.J. (1998) The Effects of Different Types of Fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea Benthic Ecosystems. Netherlands Institute of Sea Research, Texel, pp. 404.
99. MacCall, A.D. (1990) Dynamic Geography of Marine Fish Populations. University of Washington Press, Washington, pp. 153.
100. Man, A., Law, R. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1995) Role of marine reserves in recruitment to reef fisheries: A metapopulation model. Biol. Cons. 71, 197-204.
101. McClanahan, T.R. (1992) Resource utilization, competition and predation: A model and example from coral reef grazers. Ecol. Model. 61, 195-215.
102. McClanahan, T.R. (1994) Kenyan coral reef lagoon fish: Effects of fishing, substrate complexity, and sea urchins. Coral Reefs 13, 231-241.
103. McClanahan, T.R. (1995) A coral-reef ecosystem-fisheries model-impacts of fishing intensity and catch selection on reef structure and processes. Ecol. Model. 80, 1-19.
104. McClanahan, T.R. and Kaunda-arara, B. (1996) Fishery recovery in a coral reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Cons. Biol. 10, 1187-1199.
105. McClanahan, T.R., Kakamura, A.T., Muthiga, N.A., Gilagabher Yebio, M. and Obura, D. (1996) Effects of sea-urchin reductions on algae, coral and fish populations. Cons. Biol. 10, 136-154.
106. Metcalfe, J.D. and Arnold, G.P. (1997) Tracking fish with electronic tags. Nature 387, 665-666.
107. Mosquera, I., Coté, I.M., Jennings, S. and Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations. Animal Cons., in press.
108. Munro, J.L. and Watson, M. (1999) Caribbean marine protected areas project: The role of marine protected areas in fisheries management and biodiversity conservation in coral reef ecosystems. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 47.
109. Myers, R.A. and Stokes, K. (1989) Density-dependent habitat utilisation of groundfish and the improvement of research surveys. Int. Counc. Explor. Sea., Committee Meeting D: 15.
110. Myers, R.A., Bridson, J. and Barrowman, N.J. (1995) Summary of worldwide spawner and recruitment data. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 2024, 274.
111. Myers, R.A., Mertz, G. and Fowlow, P.S. (1997) Maximum population growth rates and recovery times for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Fish. Bull. 95, 762-772.
112. Orensanz, J.M. and Jamieson, G.S. (1998) The assessment and management of spatially structured stocks: An overview of the North Pacific Symposium on invertebrate stock assessment and management. Can. Spec. Public. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 125, 441-459.
113. Parsons, D.G. and Frechétte, J. (1989) Fisheries for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in the northwest Atlantic from Greenland to the Gulf of Maine. In: Caddy, J.F. (ed.), Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Their Assessment and Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 63-86.
114. Pauly, D. (1980) On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 39, 175-192.
115. Pennington, J.T. (1985) The ecology of fertilisation of echinoid eggs: the consequences of sperm dilution, adult aggregation and synchronous spawning. Biol. Bull. 169, 417-430.
116. Piet, G.J. and Rijnsdorp, A.D. (1998) Changes in the demersal fish assemblage in the south-eastern North Sea following the establishment of a protected area ('plaice box'). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55, 420-429.
117. Polacheck, T. (1990) Year round closed areas as a management tool. Nat. Res. Model. 4, 327-354.
118. Polunin, N.V.C. (1984) Do traditional marine reserves conserve? A review of Indonesian and New Guinean evidence. Senri Ethnological Studies 17, 267-283.
119. Polunin, N.V.C. and Roberts, C.M. (1993) Greater biomass and value of target coral-reef fishes in two small Caribbean marine reserves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 100, 167-176.
120. Prince, J.D., Sellers, T.L., Ford, W.B. and Talbot, S.R. (1987) Experimental evidence for limited dispersal of Haliotid larvae (genus Haliotis: Mollusca: Gastropoda). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. col. 106, 243-263.
121. Prince, J.D., Sellers, T.L., Ford, W.B. and Talbot, S.R. (1988) Confirmation of a relationship between the localised abundance of breeding stock and recruitment for Haliotis rubra Leach (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 122, 91-104.
122. Quinn, J.F., Wing, S.R. and Botsford, L. W (1993) Harvest refugia in marine invertebrate fisheries: models and applications of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Am. Zool. 33, 537-550.
123. Rakitin, A. and Kramer, D.L. (1996) Effect of a marine reserve on the distribution of coral reef fishes in Barbados. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 131, 97-113.
124. Ricker, W.E. (1954) Stock and recruitment. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 11, 559-623.
125. Rickman, S.J., Dulvy, N.K., Jennings, S. and Reynolds, J.D. (2000) Recruitment variation related to fecundity in marine fishes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57, 116-124.
126. Rijnsdorp, A.D. and van Leeuwen, P.I. (1996) Changes in growth of North Sea plaice since 1950 in relation to density, eutrophication, beam-trawl effort and temperature. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53, 1199-1213.
127. Roberts, C.M. (1995) Rapid buildup of fish biomass in a Caribbean marine reserve. Conservation Biology 9, 815-826.
128. Roberts, C.M. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1991) Are marine reserves effective in management of reef fisheries. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries 1, 65-91.
129. Roberts, C.M. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1992) Effects of marine reserve protection on northern Red Sea fish populations. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 969-977.
130. Roberts, C.M. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1993) Marine reserves: Simple solutions to managing complex fisheries. Ambio 22, 363-368.
131. Roff, D.A. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories: Theory and Analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 535.
132. Rowley, R.J. (1994) Marine reserves in fisheries management. Aquat. Cons. 4, 233-254.
133. Russ, G.R. (1985) Effects of protective management on coral reef fishes in the central Philippines. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium 4, 219-224.
134. Russ, G.R. and Alcala, A.C. (1996) Marine reserves-rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecol. Applic. 6, 947-961.
135. Russ, G.R. and Alcala, A.C. (1998a) Natural fishing experiments in marine reserves 1983-1993: Community and trophic responses. Coral Reefs 17, 383-397.
136. Russ, G.R. and Alcala, A.C. (1998b) Natural fishing experiments in marine reserves 1983-1993: Roles of life history and fishing intensity in family responses. Coral Reefs 17, 399-416.
137. Russ, G.R., Alcala, A.C. and Cabanban, A.S. (1992) Marine reserves and fisheries management on coral reefs with preliminary modelling of the effects of yield per recruit. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium.
138. Sadovy, Y.J. (1996) Reproduction of reef fishery species. In: Polunin, N.V.C. and Roberts, C.M. (ed.), Reef Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 15-59.
139. Samoilys, M. (1988) Abundance and species richness of coral reef fish on the Kenyan coast: The effects of protective management and fishing. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 261-266.
140. Shelton, P.A. and Healey, B.P. (1999) Should depensation be dismissed as a possible explanation for the lack of recovery of the northern cod (Gadus morhua) stock. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56, 1521-1524.
141. Shepherd, J.G. (1982) A versatile new stock-recruitment relationship for fisheries and the construction of sustainable yield curves. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. 40, 67-75.
142. Shepherd, S.A. (1986) Studies on the southern Australian abalone (genus Haliotis) VII. Aggregative behaviour of H. laevigata in relation to spawning. Mar. Biol. 90, 231-236.
143. Shepherd, S.A. and Brown, L.D. (1993) What is an abalone stock: Implications for the role of refugia in conservation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2001-2009.
144. Shepherd, S.A., Lowe, D. and Partington, D. (1992) Studies on southern Australian abalone (genus Haliotis) XIII. Larval dispersal and recruitment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 164, 247-260.
145. Sladek-Nowlis, J. and Roberts, C.M. (1999) Fisheries benefits and optimal design of marine reserves. Fish. Bull. 97, 604-616.
146. Smith, S.E., Au, D.W. and Show, C. (1998) Intrinsic rebound potentials of 26 species of Pacific sharks. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 49, 663-678.
147. Stearns, S.C. (1976) Life-history tactics: A review of the ideas. Q. Rev. Biol. 51, 3-47.
148. Stearns, S.C. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories Oxford University Press, Oxford.
149. Stephens, P.A., Sutherland, W.J. and Freckleton, R.P. (1999) What is the Allee effect? Oikos 87, 185-190.
150. Sutherland, W.J. (1996) From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 213.
151. Tegner, M.J. (1992) Brood-stock transplants as an aid to abalone stock enhancement. In: Shepherd, S.A., Tegner, M.J. and Guzman, S.A. (eds.), Abalone of the World: Their Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 461-473.
152. Tegner, M.J. (1993) Southern California abalones: Can stocks be rebuilt using marine harvest refugia. Can. J Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 2010-2018.
153. Tegner, M.J., Basch, L.V. and Dayton, P.K. (1996) Near extinction of an exploited marine invertebrate. Trend. Ecol. Evol. 11, 278-280
154. Tuck, G.N. and Possingham, H.P. (2000) Marine protected areas for spatially structured exploited stocks. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 192, 89-101.
155. Victor, B.C. (1986) Duration of the planktonic larval stage of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic wrasses (family Labridae). Mar. Biol. 90, 317-327.
156. Waldner, R.E. and Robertson, D.R. (1980) Patterns of habitat partitioning by eight species of territorial Caribbean damselfishes (Pisces: Pomacentridae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 171-186.
157. Wantiez, L., Thollot, P. and Kulbicki, M. (1997) Effects of marine reserves on coral reef fish communities from five islands in New Caledonia. Coral Reefs 16, 215-224.
158. Watson, M. and Ormond, R.F.G. (1994) Effects of an artisanal fishery on the fish and urchin populations of a Kenyan coral reef. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 109, 115-129.
159. Wellington, G.M. and Victor, B.C. (1989) Planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic damselfishes (Pomacentridae). Mar. Biol. 101, 557-567.
160. White, A.T. (1988) The effect of community-managed marine reserves in the Philippines on their associated coral reef fish populations. Asian Mar. Biol. 2, 27-41.
161. Willis, T.J., Millar, R.B. and Babcock, R.C. (2000) Detection of spatial variability in relative density of fishes: Comparison of visual census, angling and baited underwater video. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 198, 249-260.
162. Winters, G.H. and Wheeler, J.P. (1985) Interaction between stock area, stock abundance and catchability coefficient. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42, 989-998.
163. Zeller, D.C. and Russ, G.R. (1998) Marine reserves: patterns of adult movement of the coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) (Serranidae). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55, 917-924.