Bt transgenic crops: Risks and benefits

Integrated Pest Management Reviews

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 151-173

  Cannon, R J C ^a  

^a DEFRA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bacillus thuringiensis; Bt; Crops; GM; Risks

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL TOXIN; BENEFICIAL INSECT; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GENETIC ENGINEERING; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; PEST CONTROL; PESTS AND PEST CONTROL; PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRANSGENIC PLANT;

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRANSGENIC PLANT;

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS;

EID: 0034434841     PISSN: 13535226     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1011347122894     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Managing the evolution of insect resistance to transgenic plants
2. The environmental risks of transgenic crops: An agroecological assessment
3. Feeding behaviour of CryIIIA-resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larvae on Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis-transgenic CryIIIA-treated and untreated potato foliage
4. Modifications in dispersal and oviposition of Bt-resistant and Bt-susceptible Colorado potato beetles as a result of exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin
5. Mating ability of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) males fed transgenic potato (Solanaceae) foliage
6. Relative fitness of Colorado potato beetle (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae) resistant and susceptible to the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3A toxin
7. Laboratory assessment of flight activity displayed by Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) fed on transgenic and Cry3a toxin-treated potato foliage
8. 2 screen for rare resistance alleles
9. Credebility interval for rare resistance allele frequencies
10. Bt-corn resistance management
11. 2 screen to search for resistance alleles to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
12. Position statement on transgenic insect-resistant crops: Potential benefits and hazards
13. Global GM crop planting up 44% in 1999
14. Continued growth in 1998: Acreage totals of Monsanto's biotechnology crops
15. Germany bans Bt maize planting
16. Potential impact of Coleomegilla maculata predation on adaptation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata to Bt-transgenic potatoes
17. Cloning of novel enterotoxin genes from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis
18. Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) development in in tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae treated with Bacillus thuringiensis and thiodocarb
19. Feeding disruption bioassay for species and Bacillus thuringiensis resistance diagnosis for Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in cotton (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
20. On-farm efficacy of aerially applied Bacillus thuringiensis for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control in sweet corn
21. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis application interval on European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) control in sweet corn
22. Resistance: A threat to the insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis
23. Fiber fanning with insecticidal trees
24. Engineering Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticides with an indigenous site-specific recombination system
25. Distribution, frequency and diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis in olive tree environments in Spain
26. Field performance of cottons expressing transgenic CryIA insecticidal proteins for resistance to Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
27. Efficacy and deployment of transgenic plants for stemborer management
28. Natural isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis: Worldwide distribution, characterisation, and activity against insect pests
29. Interactions among Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), its larval endoparasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Bacillus thuringiensis
30. Long-term selection for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac endotoxin in a Minnesota population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
31. Host-plant diversity of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis: What value for sustainable transgenic insecticidal Bt maize?
32. Phylogenetic relationships of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin family proteins and their functional domains
33. Genetically modified crops: The research requirements of the conservation agencies
34. Prospects and progress for Bacillus thuringiensis-based pesticides
35. Bacillus thuringiensis use in agriculture: A molecular perspective
36. Evaluating resistance management strategies for multiple toxins in the presence of external refuges
37. Transgenic maize expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein for control of European corn borer
38. Recherche de souches naturelles du Bacillus thuringiensis dans différents biotopes, à travers le monde
39. Effects of parasitoid strain and host instar on the interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki with the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larval parasitoid Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
40. Host-mediated competition between the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis and the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
41. Independent and combined effects of Bacillus thuringiensis and the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on susceptible and resistant diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
42. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on adults of Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
43. Revision of the nomenclature for the Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal crystal proteins
44. Revision of the nomenclature for the Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal cry genes
45. Diarrhoel enterotoxin production by strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from commercial Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides
46. Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on cabbage foliage and in insects associated with cabbage crops
47. Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on grass foliage
48. Production of transgenic plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat with the gene of Bac. thuringiensis δ-endotoxin
49. Microbial populations, fungal species diversity and plant pathogen levels in field plots of potato plants expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis endotoxin
50. A field study with genetically engineered alfalfa inoculated with recombinant Sinorhizobium meliloti
51. Use of transgenes to increase host plant resistance to insects: Opportunities and challenges
52. How much caution in the fields?
53. The risks of releasing genetically engineered organisms into the environment with particular reference to plants and soil communities
54. Imidacloprid, a novel systemic nitromethylene analogue insecticide for crop protection
55. The structure and function of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins and prospects for bioinsecticide improvement
56. Vip3A, a novel Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein with a wide spectrum of activities against lepidopteran insects
57. Transgenic plants: An emerging approach to pest control
58. Quantitative analysis of CryIA(b) expression in Bt maize plants, tissues, and silage and stability of expression over successive generations
59. Bacillus thuringiensis: Insects and beyond
60. The development of a comprehensive resistance management plan for potatos expressing the Cry3A endotoxin
61. New corn plant draws fire from GM opponents
62. Distribution of cryI, cryII and cryV genes within Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Spain
63. Characterisation of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar bolivia (serotype H63), a novel serovar isolated from the Bolivian high valleys
64. Insect-resistant crop plants
65. The effects of transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes for the control of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and other arthropods
66. Seasonal infestation by pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), of transgenic and non-transgenic cultivars of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in central Arizona
67. Insect resistant rice generated by introduction of a modified δ-endotoxin gene for Bacillus thuringiensis
68. Resistance to microbial insecticides: The scale of the problem and how to manage it
69. Enhanced resistance to two stem borers in an aromatic rice containing a synthetic cryIA(b) gene
70. Deploying pesticidal engineered crops in developing countries
71. Sustainability of transgenic insecticidal cultivars: Integrating pest genetics and ecology
72. Bt-cotton resistance management
73. Selection and genetic analysis of a Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptora: Noctuidae) strain with high levels of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins
74. Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens
75. Recommendations for developing and implementing resistance management plans for Bt-toxinproducing crops
76. Interaction of an insect tolerant maize with organisms in the ecosystem
77. Tracking the technologies: A company by company look at some upcoming and available agricultural biotech products
78. Boll damage by southern green stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) caged on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton
79. Quantification of Bacillus thuringiensis insect control protein Cry1Ac over time in Bollgard cotton fruit and terminals
80. Bacillus thuringiensis CyIA(a) insecticidal toxin: Crystal structure and channel formation
81. Genetically modified plants - The debate continues
82. Survival and growth of bollworm and tobacco budworm on non-transgenic and transgenic cotton expressing a CryIA insecticidal protein (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
83. Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from leaves and insects
84. Influence of Bacillus thuringiensis-transgenic and nectariless cotton on insect populations with emphasis on the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)
85. Resistance monitoring in Bt cotton: The first year observations
86. Risk assessment of the release of genetically modified plants: A review
87. Genetics of Heliothis and Helicoverpa resistance to chemical insecticides and to Bacillus thuringiensis
88. Phylogenetic relationships of Bacillus thuringiensis: Implications for risks associated to its use as a microbiological pest control agent
89. Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H34-konkukian (serotype H34) superinfection: Case report and experimental evidence of pathogenicity in immunosuppressed mice
90. Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn-fed prey on mortality and development of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptora: Chrysopidae)
91. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin to the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
92. Prey-mediated effects of Cry1Ab toxin and protoxin and Cry2A protoxin on the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptora: Chrysopidae)
93. Monarch Bt-corn paper questioned
94. The safe and rational deployment of Bacillus thuringiensis genes in crop plants: Conclusions and recommendations of OECD workshop on ecological implications of transgenic crops containing Bt toxin genes
95. Colorado potato beetle resistance management strategies for transgenic potatoes
96. Multitactic resistance management: An approach that is long overdue?
97. Myths, models and mitigation of resistance to pesticides
98. Baseline susceptibility and changes in susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki under selection pressure in European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
99. Susceptibility of different instars of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis
100. Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Dipel ES) in the European Corn Borer
101. Heritability and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
102. Managing insect resistance to Bt crops: Are the rules for resistance management any different?
103. Environmental distribution and diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis in Spain
104. Evolution of insect resistance Bacillus thuringiensis-transformed plants
105. Evaluation of environmental impact - Insect-tolerant maize. Possibilities and limitations of safety evaluations in biological systems
106. Ecological insights into risk analysis: The side effects of pesticides as a case study
107. Test systems to determine the ecological risks posed by toxin release from Bacillus thuringiensis genes in crop plants
108. Performance of NuCOTN with Bollgard™
109. Pests overwhelm Bt cotton
110. Performance of NuCOTN varieties with the Bollgard™ gene
111. Mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal δ-endotoxins
112. Microbial utilisation of free and clay-bound insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and their retention of insecticidal activity after incubation with microbes
113. Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects
114. Insect-resistant transgenic brinjal plants
115. The insecticidal crystals proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis
116. A Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein with a high activity against members of the family Noctuidae
117. Transgenic BT cotton - Problems from consultants' perspective
118. Evaluating resistance to CryIA(b) in European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with an artificial diet
119. A micro-method for serotyping Bacillus thuringiensis
120. Low susceptibility of overwintering Monarch butterflies to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
121. Genetically modified coffee trees for resistance to coffee leaf miner. Analysis of gene expression, insect resistance and agronomic value
122. Microbial biopesticides
123. Experimental evidence that refuges delay insect adaptation to Bacillus thuringiensis
124. Inheritance of resistance in Bacillus thuringiensis toxin CryIC in the diamondback moth
125. Larval age affects resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
126. Field-evolved resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin CryIC in diamonback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutelidae)
127. Synergism between Bacillus thuringiensis spores and toxins in resistant and susceptible diamondback moths
128. Development time and resistance to Bt crops
129. Transgenic pollen harms monarch butterfly
130. Biodiversity and structure of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Bt corn and its effects on non target insects
131. Variation in susceptibility of noctuid (Lepidoptera) larvae attacking cotton and soybean to purified endotoxin proteins and commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis
132. Management of corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) injury on a sweet corn hybrid expressing a cryIA(b) gene
133. Bt resistance management
134. Bollworms chew hole in gene-engineered cotton
135. Resistance monitoring to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides for soybean loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected from soybean and transgenic Bt-cotton
136. Combined effect of sublethal exposure to cotton expressing the endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis and natural enemies on survival of bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae
137. Integration of host plant resistance and Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides in the management of Lepidopterous pests of celery
138. Safety to non-target invertebrates of lepidopteran strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and their β-exotoxins
139. The commercialisation of transgenic crops - The Bt experience
140. Ubiquity of Bacillus thuringiensis on phylloplanes of arboreous and herbaceous plants in Japan
141. Unique activity associated with non-insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal inclusions: In vitro cell-killing action on human cancer cells
142. Isolation, characterisation, and culture of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil and dust from grain storage bins and their toxicity for Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
143. Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reistance to CryIC and cross-resistance to other Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxins
144. Reduced Fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistance
145. Genetically-modified corn crops and stalk borer
146. Transgenic elite Indica rice plants expressing CryIAc δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant against yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incerulas)
147. Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis
148. Bacillus thuringiensis populations naturally occurring on mulberry leaves: A possible source of the populations associated with silkworm-rearing insectaries
149. Effects of transgenic petunia expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin on selected lepidopteran pests
150. Do dynamics of crop maturation and herbivorous insect life cycle influence the risk of adaptation to toxins in transgenic host plants?
151. Modeling the dynamics of adaptation to transgenic maize by European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
152. Economic analysis of transgenic maize and nontransgenic refuges for managing European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
153. Oviposition of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and impact of natural enemy populations in transgenic versus isogenic corn
154. A unique new Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegypti
155. Bt corn performance against first- and second-generation infestations of European corn borer, 1997
156. Evaluation of transgenic corn against European corn borer, 1997A
157. Persistence in soil of transgenic plant produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki δ-endotoxin
158. Isolation of a non-insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis strain belonging to serotype H8a8b
159. Oviposition of tabacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in mixed plantings of non-transgenic and transgenic cottons expressing δ-endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)
160. Interplant movement of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in pure and mixed plantings of cotton with and without expression of the Cry1Ac δ-endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner
161. Ecological risk assessment of transgenic plant releases: An Austrian perspective
162. Laboratory assessment of the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on native Lepidoptera
163. Spread of resistance in spatially extended regions of transgenic cotton: Implications for management of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
164. Progress and prospects for field use of Bt genes in crops
165. Field and laboratory evaluations of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn on secondary lepidopteran pests (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
166. Preimaginal development, survival, and field abundance of insect predators on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn
167. Movement and survival of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in mixtures of non-transgenic and transgenic canola containing a cryIA(c) gene of Bacillus thuringiensis
168. Survival, development, and oviposition of resistant diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on transgenic canola producing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin
169. Scientific principles for ecologically based risk assessment of transgenic organisms
170. Will Bt-based pest resistance management plans work?
171. Potential benefits and limitations of transgenic Bt corn for management of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
172. Impact of Cry3A-intoxicated Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and pollen on consumption, development, and fecundity of Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
173. Effect of a seedmix deployment of Cry3A-transgenic and nontransgenic potato on the abundance of Lebia grandis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
174. The development and implementation of strategies to prevent resistance to Bt-expressing crops: An industry perspective
175. The Ecological Risks of Engineered Crops
176. Characterisation of novel non-toxic Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Korea
177. Can we slow adaptation by pests to insect transgenic crops?
178. Bt-transgenic crops: Just another pretty insecticide or a chance for a new start in resistance management?
179. Managing resistance to transgenic crops
180. Two-toxin strategies for management of insecticidal transgenic crops: Can pyramiding succeed where pesticide mixtures have not?
181. Assessing the odds: The emergence of resistance to Bt transgenic plants
182. Pyramiding CryIA(b) insecticidal protein and terpenoids in cotton to resist tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
183. Expression and segregation of genes encoding cryIA insecticidal proteins in cotton
184. Bt-corn pollen, drift and monarch larvae toxicity: An absence of comparative risk assessment?
185. Insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn
186. Confidence interval for Bayesian estimates of resistance allele frequencies
187. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins
188. Insect-resistant transgenic plants
189. Potential side-effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on arthropod natural enemies
190. Parasitoid behaviour and Bt plants
191. Development of insect resistance in tomato plants expressing the δ-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis
192. Field tests on managing resistance to Bt-engineered plants
193. Low intrinsic rate of natural increase in Bt-resistant populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
194. Susceptibility of field populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)
195. Falling into the gene trap
196. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki protein expressed in transgenic cotton: Effects of beneficial and other non-target insects
197. Field evaluation of transgenic corn containing a Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner insecticidal protein gene against Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
198. Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA(c) gene in transgenic peanut plants and its efficientcy against lesser cornstalk borer
199. Development and behaviour of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in choice tests with food substrates containing toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis
200. A synthetic cryIC gene, encoding a Bacillus thuringiensis, δ-endotoxin, confers Spodoptera resistance in alfalfa and tobacco
201. Delaying insect adaptation to transgenic plants: Seed mixtures and refugia reconsidered
202. Seeking the root of insect resistance to transgenic plants
203. Cross-resistance of the diamodback moth indicates altered interactions with domain II of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins
204. One gene in diamondback moth confers resistance to four Bacillus thuringiensis toxins
205. Global variation in the genetic and biochemical basis of diamondback moth resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis
206. Resistance to Bt toxins
207. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis spore and crystal protein to resistant diamonback moth (Plutella xylostella)
208. Inheritance, stability, and lack-of-fitness costs of field-selected resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from Florida
209. Survival, weight gain, and oviposition of resistant and susceptible Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on broccoli expressing Cry1Ac toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis
210. Fitness costs of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
211. Secondary pests in transgenic Bt cotton in South Carolina
212. Transgenic host plant resistance to insects - Some reservations
213. Cry9Cal toxin, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein with high activity against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana)
214. Pest resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Ecological crop assessment for Bt gene incorporation and strategies of management
215. Bacillus thuringiensis: Use and resistance management
216. Resistance management for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis plants
217. Why Africa needs agricultural biotech
218. Stage-specific mortality of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding on transgenic potatoes
219. Cross-resistance among CryIV toxins of Bacillus thuringienxis subsp. israelensis in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
220. CytA enables CryIV endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis to overcome high levels of CryIV resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinqutfasciatus
221. Absence of toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis pollen to black swallowtails under field conditions
222. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in transgenic cotton and potato on Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) and Oppia nitens (Acari: Oribatidae)