Decision-makers or decision-takers? Military missions and civilian control in democratic South America

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 413-436

  Pion Berlin, David ^a   Arceneaux, Craig ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034420035     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0002600304     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. In the recent literature on Latin America, military missions and roles are central topics of analysis. See J. Samuel Fitch, The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Richard L. Millett and Michael Gold-Biss, eds Beyond Praetorianism: the Latin American Military in Transition (Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami: 1996); Gabriel Marcella, ed., Warriors in Peacetime: The Military and Democracy in Latin America, New Directions for US Policy (Portland: Frank Cass, 1994); Louis W. Goodman, Johanna S.R. Mendelson, and Juan Rial, eds., The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990).
2. In the recent literature on Latin America, military missions and roles are central topics of analysis. See J. Samuel Fitch, The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Richard L. Millett and Michael Gold-Biss, eds Beyond Praetorianism: the Latin American Military in Transition (Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami: 1996); Gabriel Marcella, ed., Warriors in Peacetime: The Military and Democracy in Latin America, New Directions for US Policy (Portland: Frank Cass, 1994); Louis W. Goodman, Johanna S.R. Mendelson, and Juan Rial, eds., The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990).
3. In the recent literature on Latin America, military missions and roles are central topics of analysis. See J. Samuel Fitch, The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Richard L. Millett and Michael Gold-Biss, eds Beyond Praetorianism: the Latin American Military in Transition (Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami: 1996); Gabriel Marcella, ed., Warriors in Peacetime: The Military and Democracy in Latin America, New Directions for US Policy (Portland: Frank Cass, 1994); Louis W. Goodman, Johanna S.R. Mendelson, and Juan Rial, eds., The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990).
4. In the recent literature on Latin America, military missions and roles are central topics of analysis. See J. Samuel Fitch, The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Richard L. Millett and Michael Gold-Biss, eds Beyond Praetorianism: the Latin American Military in Transition (Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami: 1996); Gabriel Marcella, ed., Warriors in Peacetime: The Military and Democracy in Latin America, New Directions for US Policy (Portland: Frank Cass, 1994); Louis W. Goodman, Johanna S.R. Mendelson, and Juan Rial, eds., The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990).
5. In the recent literature on Latin America, military missions and roles are central topics of analysis. See J. Samuel Fitch, The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Richard L. Millett and Michael Gold-Biss, eds Beyond Praetorianism: the Latin American Military in Transition (Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami: 1996); Gabriel Marcella, ed., Warriors in Peacetime: The Military and Democracy in Latin America, New Directions for US Policy (Portland: Frank Cass, 1994); Louis W. Goodman, Johanna S.R. Mendelson, and Juan Rial, eds., The Military and Democracy: The Future of Civil-Military Relations in Latin America (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1990).
6. Alfred Stepan "The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion," in Abraham F. Lowenthal and J. Samuel Fitch, eds., Armies and Politics in Latin America (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 134-150.
7. J. Samuel Fitch shares our view here. See his book, The Armed Forces and Democracy in Latin America, 187-94.
8. Alexander L. George and Timothy J. McKeown. "Case Studies and Theories of Organizational Decision Making." In Advances in Information Processing in Organizations, ed. Lee S. Sproull and Patrick D. Larkey (Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1985).
9. Felipe Agüero, Soldiers, Civilians and Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 19.
10. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 84.
11. Claude E. Welch, Jr., ed., Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976); see also Stepan, "The New Professionalism."
12. Claude E. Welch, Jr., ed., Civilian Control of the Military: Theory and Cases from Developing Countries (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1976); see also Stepan, "The New Professionalism."
13. Eric Nordlinger, Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1977).
14. On this point, see Craig Arceneaux, "The Military in Latin America: Defining the Road Ahead," in Developments in Latin American Political Economy: States, Markets, and Actors, ed. Nichola Phillips and Julia Buxton (Manchester: Manchester University Press, forthcoming); also see Dirk Kruijt, "Politicians in Uniform: Dilemmas about the Latin American Military," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 61 (December 1996): 15-16.
15. On this point, see Craig Arceneaux, "The Military in Latin America: Defining the Road Ahead," in Developments in Latin American Political Economy: States, Markets, and Actors, ed. Nichola Phillips and Julia Buxton (Manchester: Manchester University Press, forthcoming); also see Dirk Kruijt, "Politicians in Uniform: Dilemmas about the Latin American Military," European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 61 (December 1996): 15-16.
16. Alain Rouquié, The Military and the State in Latin America. Translated by Paul E. Sigmund (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
17. Stepan, "The New Professionalism," 137.
18. Michael Desch, "U.S. Civil-Military Relations in a Changing International Order," in, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition?, ed. Don M. Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew (Washington, D.C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), 166-84.13 Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971).
19. Michael Desch, "U.S. Civil-Military Relations in a Changing International Order," in, U.S. Civil-Military Relations: In Crisis or Transition?, ed. Don M. Snider and Miranda A. Carlton-Carew (Washington, D.C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1995), 166-84.13 Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971).
20. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971).
21. Claude E. Welch, Jr., No Farewell to Arms?: Military Disengagement from Politics in Africa and Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987.
22. David Pion-Berlin, "Military Autonomy and Emerging Democracies in South America," Comparative Politics 25 (October 1992): 83-102.
23. Kenneth W. Kemp and Charles Hudlin, "Civilian Control over the Military: Its Nature and Limits," Armed Forces & Society 19 (Fall 1992): 7-26.
24. For instance, when the Ecuadorian President felt that his generals had gone too far in their brief war with Peru in 1995, he regained the initiative by calling for a diplomatic solution. See Latin American Weekly Review 26 (February, 1995): 29.
25. In Colombia, presidents have traditionally granted the military wide latitude in counterinsurgency operations, but have also periodically reeled the military in just when human rights abuses and/or the lack of civilian oversight seem to have reached crisis proportions. See Daniel L. Preno, "The Politics of Civilian Rule in Colombia," in From Military to Civilian Rule, ed. Constanine Danopoulos (New York: Routledge, 1992): 98-126.
26. In the realm of the political, classification is an art, not a science. There are times when judgment calls have to be made in deciding where to place an operation. For example, what happens when some of a nation's military units are engaged in clean combat against armed guerrillas, while other units are crossing the line by violating the rights of noncombatants in their search for subversives? Is that one role-expansive operation a hybrid operation with restrictive and expansive components, or is it two separate operations entirely?
27. Albert P. Blaustein and Gisbert H. Flanz, Constitutions of the Countries of the World (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, September 1994).
28. Ibid.
29. On national security doctrine, see David Pion-Berlin, "Latin American National Security Doctrines: Hard and Softline Themes," Armed Forces & Society 15 (Spring 1989): 411-429.
30. On Argentina, see, "Preocupación por el Control Sobre la Triple Frontera," Clarin Digital (http://www.clarin.com) 2 August, 1997, 2. On Bolivia, see Wendy Hunter, "Continuity or Change? Civil-Military Relations in Democratic Argentina, Chile, and Peru," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Fall 1997): 453-475.
31. On Argentina, see, "Preocupación por el Control Sobre la Triple Frontera," Clarin Digital (http://www.clarin.com) 2 August, 1997, 2. On Bolivia, see Wendy Hunter, "Continuity or Change? Civil-Military Relations in Democratic Argentina, Chile, and Peru," Political Science Quarterly 112 (Fall 1997): 453-475.
32. Latin American Weekly Review (4/8/93), 158; also see Wendy Hunter, "The Brazilian Military after the Cold War: In Search of a Mission," Studies in Comparative International Development 28 (Winter 1994): 40.
33. Latin American Weekly Review (4/8/93), 158; also see Wendy Hunter, "The Brazilian Military after the Cold War: In Search of a Mission," Studies in Comparative International Development 28 (Winter 1994): 40.
34. Búsqueda (Montevideo) 19-25 November 1992, p. 2.
35. A. Douglas Kincaid and Eduardo A. Gamarra, "Disorderly Democracy: Redefining Public Security in Latin America," in Latin America in the World Economy, Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz and William C. Smith, eds., (Westport: Praeger, 1996): 211-28.
36. Foreign Broadcast Information Service- Latin America, 6 November 1989, p. 50.
37. Revista Semana (Bogota) (http://semana.com.co) 788, 9-16 June 1997.
38. Wendy Hunter, State and Soldier in Latin America: Redefining the Military's Role in Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1996), 32-33.
39. Foreign Broadcast Information Service- Latin America, 30 April 1992, p. 2.
40. Latin American Weekly Review, 26 February, 1995, p. 29.
41. Foreign Broadcast Information Service- Latin America, 10 February 1993, p. 19.
42. El Nacional (Caracas), 9 May 1994, p. D2.
43. New York Times, 11 February 1992, p. A3.
44. On Bolivia, see Jaime Malamud Goti, "Los militares y la guerra contra las drogas," Nueva Sociedad 130 (March-April 1994): 168-83; Raúl Barrios Morón and René Antonio Mayorga, La cuestión militar en cuestión: Democracia y fuerzas armadas (La Paz: CEBEM, 1994), 99-106.
45. On Bolivia, see Jaime Malamud Goti, "Los militares y la guerra contra las drogas," Nueva Sociedad 130 (March-April 1994): 168-83; Raúl Barrios Morón and René Antonio Mayorga, La cuestión militar en cuestión: Democracia y fuerzas armadas (La Paz: CEBEM, 1994), 99-106.
46. Augusto Varas and Claudio Fuentes, Defensa nacional, Chile 1990-1994: Modernización y desarrollo (Santiago, Chile: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, 1994), 42-53.
47. Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Latin America, 10 February 1993, 28 June 1993.
48. Bruce W. Farcau, The Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Military (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
49. Wendy Hunter, "Continuity or Change?"
50. A similar set of conditions is suggested by Louis W. Goodman in his article, "Military Roles Past and Present," in Civil-Military Relations and Democracy, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
51. Alfred Stepan Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 84-85; Barrios Morón and Antonio Mayorga, La cuestión militar, 47-62; Santiago Escobar S. "La política de defensa como política de Estado," Nueva Sociedad 138 (July-August 1995): 70-79.
52. Alfred Stepan Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 84-85; Barrios Morón and Antonio Mayorga, La cuestión militar, 47-62; Santiago Escobar S. "La política de defensa como política de Estado," Nueva Sociedad 138 (July-August 1995): 70-79.
53. Alfred Stepan Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 84-85; Barrios Morón and Antonio Mayorga, La cuestión militar, 47-62; Santiago Escobar S. "La política de defensa como política de Estado," Nueva Sociedad 138 (July-August 1995): 70-79.