The illicit arms trade: Cold war and post-cold war

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 33, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 1-52

  Phythian, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0034412635     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1008321001956     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. nd Report, Session 1998-99, HC116-I), p. xxxviii, note 327.
2. See, for example, Philip Noel-Baker, The Private Manufacture of Armaments (New York: Dover Publications, 1972 - original edition, London: 1936), and Fenner Brockway, The Bloody Traffic (London: Victor Gollancz, 1933).
3. See, for example, Philip Noel-Baker, The Private Manufacture of Armaments (New York: Dover Publications, 1972 - original edition, London: 1936), and Fenner Brockway, The Bloody Traffic (London: Victor Gollancz, 1933).
4. See Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia (New York: New Press, 1995).
5. George Thayer, The War Business: The International Trade in Armaments (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), Ch. III.
6. On the UK response see Mark Phythian, The Politics of British Arms Sales Since 1964 (Manchester: MUP, 2000).
7. This stated that: "all states shall cease forthwith any provision to South Africa of arms and related matériel of all types, including the sale or transfer of weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary police equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, and shall cease as well the provision of all types of equipment and supplies and grants of licensing arrangements for the manufacture and maintenance of the aforementioned." http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1977/77r418e.pdf
8. See Jane Hunter, Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa and Central America (Boston: South End Press, 1987); Michael Brzoska, "Arming South Africa in the Shadow of the Embargo", Defense Analysis 1991, 7, 1: 21-38.
9. See Jane Hunter, Israeli Foreign Policy: South Africa and Central America (Boston: South End Press, 1987); Michael Brzoska, "Arming South Africa in the Shadow of the Embargo", Defense Analysis 1991, 7, 1: 21-38.
10. Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option, (London: Faber and Faber, 1991), p. 265.
11. On Bull's career, see Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1997); William Lowther, Arms and the Man: Dr Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), James Adams, Bull's Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull (New York: Times Books, 1992); and Dale Grant, Wilderness of Mirrors: The Life of Gerald Bull (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991).
12. On Bull's career, see Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1997); William Lowther, Arms and the Man: Dr Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), James Adams, Bull's Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull (New York: Times Books, 1992); and Dale Grant, Wilderness of Mirrors: The Life of Gerald Bull (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991).
13. On Bull's career, see Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1997); William Lowther, Arms and the Man: Dr Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), James Adams, Bull's Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull (New York: Times Books, 1992); and Dale Grant, Wilderness of Mirrors: The Life of Gerald Bull (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991).
14. On Bull's career, see Mark Phythian, Arming Iraq (Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University Press, 1997); William Lowther, Arms and the Man: Dr Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1991), James Adams, Bull's Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull (New York: Times Books, 1992); and Dale Grant, Wilderness of Mirrors: The Life of Gerald Bull (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991).
15. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania: United States v. James H. Guerin. Superceding Indictment.
16. Alan Friedman and Tom Flannery, "Bush Adviser Seeks Clemency for Former Ferranti Executive", Financial Times, 8.6.92.
17. William D. Hartung, And Weapons for All (New York: HarperPerennial, 1995), p. 193.
18. On ISC, South Africa and Cardoen, see also Alan Friedman, Spider's Web: Bush. Saddam, Thatcher and the Decade of Deceit (London: Faber & Faber, 1993).
19. John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story (London: Futura, 1979), pp. 57-58. See the appendices for lists of US arms delivered to UNITA in this period.
20. Office of the White House, "Statement by the President on Conventional Arms Transfer Policy", 9.7.81.
21. Charles G. Cogan, "Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan Since 1979", World Policy Journal 1993, 10, 2: 73-82, 76.
22. Cited in James M. Scott, Deciding to Intervene: The Reagan Doctrine and American Foreign Policy (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996), p. 48.
23. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner's, 1993), p. 692.
24. On the impact of the Stingers, see Alan J. Kuperman, "The Stinger Missile and US Intervention in Afghanistan", Political Science Quarterly Summer 1999, 114, 2: 219-263.
25. Kuperman, "The Stinger Missile", p. 253.
26. Hartung, And Weapons For All, p. 3.
27. Kuperman, "The Stinger Missile", pp. 253-254.
28. Ibid, pp. 245-245; Daniel McGrory, "CIA Stung by its Stingers", Sunday Telegraph, 3.11.96.
29. Ibid, pp. 245-245; Daniel McGrory, "CIA Stung by its Stingers", Sunday Telegraph, 3.11.96.
30. Elaine Sciolino, "Qatar Rejects US Demand For Return of Illicit Stingers", New York Times, 28.6.88.
31. Chris Smith, "Letter from Dara", New Statesman & Society, 11.11.94., p. 11.
32. Chris Smith, "Light Weapons and Ethnic Conflict in South Asia", in Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael T. Klare and Laura W. Reed (eds.), Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (Cambridge, Mass: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995), pp. 61-80, p. 64.
33. Ibid, p. 65.
34. Tara Kartha, "Controlling the Black and Gray Markets in Small Arms in South Asia", in Jeffrey Boutwell and Michael T. Klare (eds.), Light Weapons and Civil Conflict: Controlling the Tools of Violence (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), pp. 49-61, p. 53.
35. Chris Cowley, Guns, Lies and Spies (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992), pp. 109-110.
36. The following draws on Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society (SPAS), International Connections of the Bofors Affair (Stockholm: SPAS, December 1987).
37. Formed in 1975 as a forum for the discussion of safety, transport and related issues.
38. Cited in Kenneth R. Timmerman, "Europe's Arms Pipeline to Iran", The Nation, 18-25.7.87., p. 48.
39. Concurrently, Nobel was involved in controversy over Bofors' payment of bribes/commissions to Indian officials to secure a 8,400m kronor deal for howitzers. See, Henrik Westander, Classified: The Political Cover-Up of the Bofors Scandal (Bombay: Sterling Newspapers, 1992).
40. Timmerman: Europe's Arms Pipeline to Iran, p. 50.
41. Ibid, p. 48.
42. SPAS: International Connections of the Bofors Affair, p. 35.
43. Wall Street Journal, 10.9.87.
44. At the time one dollar = 6.349 kronor.
45. See Gaylord Shaw and William C. Rempel, "Billion-Dollar Iran Arms Search Spans US, Globe", Los Angeles Times, 4.8.85.
46. James Adams, Trading in Death (London: Hutchinson, 1990), p. 129.
47. The Washington Post, 10.2.91.
48. See, Lawrence E. Walsh, Independent Counsel, Iran-Contra: The Final Report - Vol. 1: Investigations and Prosecutions (New York: Times Books, 1994), Ch.8.
49. Hartung, And Weapons For All, p. 183.
50. Reproduced in Tom Blanton (ed.), The White Home e-mail (New York: New Press, 1995), p. 124.
51. Blanton (ed.), The White House e-mail, p. 125.
52. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: GPO, 1989), Introduction.
53. Ibid, IV, "Drug Trafficking and the Covert War".
54. Described in the Report as "the head of the Costa Rican 'air force' and personal pilot to two Costa Rican presidents". Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Cited in Scott, Deciding to Intervene, p. 118.
57. Ibid, p. 134.
58. Ibid, p. 138. See also, Victoria Brittain, Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War (London: Pluto Press, 1998), Ch. 3.
59. Ibid, p. 138. See also, Victoria Brittain, Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War (London: Pluto Press, 1998), Ch. 3.
60. Schultz, Turmoil and Triumph, p. 1124.
61. See Angola Peace Monitor at www.anc.org.za/angola/ for a regular summary of allegations of arms smuggling to UNITA and UN and international efforts to enforce the embargo.
62. Alex Vines, Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999), Ch. IX, "Arms Trade and Embargo Violations", at www.hrw.org/hrw/reports/1999/angola/
63. Ibid.
64. For its part, UNITA emphasizes Angolan government use of mercenaries. For example, in its "Latest News" bulletin of 28.10.99. it draws attention to "the supply of mercenaries from Israel, Russia, Ukraine, Portugal and Brazil and the exchange of military information with specialized agencies of some NATO countries" and reports that the, "military planes of Eduardo dos Santos' regime, piloted by Russians and Brazilians have been overflying the central highlands at very high altitudes to avoid our defences. They have been dropping lethal napalm, phosphorous, cluster chemicals and air-fuel-explosives bombs indiscriminately" See the UNITA website at www.kwacha.com
65. James Rupert, "Zaire Reportedly Selling Arms to Angolan Ex-Rebels", Washington Post, 21.3.97.
66. Vines, Angola Unravels, Ch. IX. Vines lists those air freight companies operating out of Kinshasa and flying to UNITA-held areas in 1995 as being: Trans-Service Airlift (TSA); Trans-Air Cargo (TAC); Guila Air; Express City Cargo; Skydeck; Fil Air; and Walt Air.
67. See, for example, Peta Thorneycroft, "SA Arms Going to UNITA", Electronic Mail & Guardian, 20.6.97., at www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97june2/20june-unita.html
68. Vines, Angola Unravels, Ch. IX.
69. John Mullin, "Honeymoon's Over for Mandelson", Guardian, 29.1.00.
70. For one account, see Adams, Trading in Death, Chs. 2-3.
71. Henry McDonald, "Smuggled US Guns for IRA Truce Rebels", Observer, 16.11.97.
72. Toby Harnden, "IRA Dissidents Seek Gaddafi Arms", Daily Telegraph, 4.5.98.
73. Maeve Sheehan, "Britain Sought to Aid Libya Despite Gadaffi's IRA Arms", Sunday Times, 26.9.99.
74. David Usborne, "Suspect Says He Was Buying Arms For IRA", Independent, 30.7.99.
75. See, Anthony Davis, "Tamil Tiger International", Jane's Intelligence Review, October 1996, pp. 469-73. See also, Rohan Gunaratna, "LTTE Fundraisers Still on the Offensive", Jane's Intelligence Review Dec. 1997: 567-570; Raymond Bonner, "Rebels in Sri Lanka Fight With Aid of Global Market in Light Arms", New York Times, 7.3.98.
76. See, Anthony Davis, "Tamil Tiger International", Jane's Intelligence Review, October 1996, pp. 469-73. See also, Rohan Gunaratna, "LTTE Fundraisers Still on the Offensive", Jane's Intelligence Review Dec. 1997: 567-570; Raymond Bonner, "Rebels in Sri Lanka Fight With Aid of Global Market in Light Arms", New York Times, 7.3.98.
77. See, Anthony Davis, "Tamil Tiger International", Jane's Intelligence Review, October 1996, pp. 469-73. See also, Rohan Gunaratna, "LTTE Fundraisers Still on the Offensive", Jane's Intelligence Review Dec. 1997: 567-570; Raymond Bonner, "Rebels in Sri Lanka Fight With Aid of Global Market in Light Arms", New York Times, 7.3.98.
78. www.cdi.org/issues/World_at_War/wwar00.html
79. Margareta Sollenberg, Peter Wallensteen and Andrés Jato, "Major Armed Conflicts", in SIPRI Yearbook 1999: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford: OUP/SIPRI, 1999), pp. 15-25.
80. For example, Charles Hables Gray, Post-Modern War: The New Politics of Conflicts (London: Routledge, 1997); Mark Duffield, "Post-Modern Conflict: Warlords, Post-Adjustment States and Private Protection", Civil Wars, April 1998, 1, 1: 65-102.
81. For example, Charles Hables Gray, Post-Modern War: The New Politics of Conflicts (London: Routledge, 1997); Mark Duffield, "Post-Modern Conflict: Warlords, Post-Adjustment States and Private Protection", Civil Wars, April 1998, 1, 1: 65-102.
82. Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), p. 2.
83. Ibid.
84. SIPRI Yearbook 1999, p. 25.
85. See David Shearer, "Africa's Great War", Survival Summer 1999, 41, 2: 89-106.
86. US State Dept. Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Bureau of Public Affairs, "Arms and Conflict in Africa", July 1999.
87. Hansard, 26.7.99., cols. 149-50w.
88. Anthony Lake, "Confronting Backlash States", Foreign Affairs March/April 1994, 73, 2: 45-55. These were North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Cuba. Cuba is primarily included for domestic political reasons and barely features in Lake's discussion. For a similar exercise, see Raymond Tanter, Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). To Lake's original list, Tanter adds Syria.
89. Anthony Lake, "Confronting Backlash States", Foreign Affairs March/April 1994, 73, 2: 45-55. These were North Korea, Iran, Iraq, Libya, and Cuba. Cuba is primarily included for domestic political reasons and barely features in Lake's discussion. For a similar exercise, see Raymond Tanter, Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998). To Lake's original list, Tanter adds Syria.
90. State Dept, "Arms and Conflict in Africa".
91. The network was first exposed in November 1996. See Sam Kiley, "British Company Supplied Arms to Hutu Militia", Times, 18.11.96.
92. Richard Duce, Daniel McGrory, Ian Murray and Jon Ashworth, "How the Mil-Tec Trail Led From Sussex to Sark", Times, 19.11.96.
93. Ibid. See also, Christopher Elliott and Richard Norton-Taylor, "Mystery of Arms Sales to Rwanda", Guardian, 19.11.96; Michael Gillard, David Connett and Jonathan Calvert, "How the West Fuelled Genocide", The Observer, 24.11.96.
94. Ibid. See also, Christopher Elliott and Richard Norton-Taylor, "Mystery of Arms Sales to Rwanda", Guardian, 19.11.96; Michael Gillard, David Connett and Jonathan Calvert, "How the West Fuelled Genocide", The Observer, 24.11.96.
95. Ibid. See also, Christopher Elliott and Richard Norton-Taylor, "Mystery of Arms Sales to Rwanda", Guardian, 19.11.96; Michael Gillard, David Connett and Jonathan Calvert, "How the West Fuelled Genocide", The Observer, 24.11.96.
96. Foreign and Commonwealth Office, "Report by Inter-Departmental Committee on Trafficking in Arms", 21.1.97.
97. Mark Honigsbaum and Anthony Barnett, "UK Firms Armed Hutu Killers", Observer, 7.3.99. See also, David Connett and Michael Gillard, "UK Dealers Escape Action on Arms Sales to Rwanda", Observer, 26.1.97.
98. Mark Honigsbaum and Anthony Barnett, "UK Firms Armed Hutu Killers", Observer, 7.3.99. See also, David Connett and Michael Gillard, "UK Dealers Escape Action on Arms Sales to Rwanda", Observer, 26.1.97.
99. Tim Butcher, "Firm's Chairman Quits Over "Arms to Africa' Claim, Daily Telegraph, 19.11.96.
100. FAC, Sierra Leone, para. 26.
101. Hansard, 11.7.97. col.625.
102. UNSC Resolution 1132, 8.10.97., at http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/1997/9726713E.htm
103. See the evidence of Sir John Kerr to the FAC, Sierra Leone, Minutes of Evidence 17.11.98. Q. 1771-82 (HC116-II).
104. FAC, Sierra Leone, para. 13.
105. FAC, Sierra Leone, evidence of Sir John Kerr, Q. 1770.
106. For example, Hansard, 12.3.98. col.841.
107. FAC, Sierra Leone, para.21.
108. Sir Thomas Legg KCB, QC and Sir Robin Ibbs KBE, Report of the Sierra Leone Arms Investigation, ("Legg Report") (London: The Stationery Office, 27.7.98), para. 3.28.
109. www.sandline.com
110. Ibid.
111. There are numerous reports of this contact. See, for example, Fran Abrams and Andrew Buncombe, "The Anatomy of a Very Secret Coup", Independent on Sunday, 7.5.98; Nicholas Rufford, "Diamond Dogs of War", Sunday Times, 10.5.98. See also, Abdel-Fatau Musah, "A Country Under Siege: State Decay and Corporate Military Intervention in Sierra Leone", in Abdel-Fatau Musah and J. "Kayode Fayemi (eds.), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, (London: Pluto Press, 2000), pp. 76-116.
112. There are numerous reports of this contact. See, for example, Fran Abrams and Andrew Buncombe, "The Anatomy of a Very Secret Coup", Independent on Sunday, 7.5.98; Nicholas Rufford, "Diamond Dogs of War", Sunday Times, 10.5.98. See also, Abdel-Fatau Musah, "A Country Under Siege: State Decay and Corporate Military Intervention in Sierra Leone", in Abdel-Fatau Musah and J. "Kayode Fayemi (eds.), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, (London: Pluto Press, 2000), pp. 76-116.
113. There are numerous reports of this contact. See, for example, Fran Abrams and Andrew Buncombe, "The Anatomy of a Very Secret Coup", Independent on Sunday, 7.5.98; Nicholas Rufford, "Diamond Dogs of War", Sunday Times, 10.5.98. See also, Abdel-Fatau Musah, "A Country Under Siege: State Decay and Corporate Military Intervention in Sierra Leone", in Abdel-Fatau Musah and J. "Kayode Fayemi (eds.), Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma, (London: Pluto Press, 2000), pp. 76-116.
114. Philip Sherwell, "The Peace Dividends", Sunday Telegraph, 17.5.98.
115. FAC, Sierra Leone, evidence of Sir John Kerr, Q. 1778 & 1833.
116. FAC, Sierra Leone, para.27.
117. Legg Report, para. 5.18.
118. FAC, Sierra Leone, para 31.
119. Hansard, 21.1.97. col.537.
120. Mark Honigsbaum and Antony Barnett, "British Firms in African Arms Riddle", Observer, 31.1.99. It is unclear whether the company's directors were aware of the use to which the aircraft was being put. One of their aircraft had been chartered by a Congolese airline. "What they use the planes for is anybody's guess", one of Air Atlantic Cargo's directors told the newspaper.
121. Paul Lashmar, "British 'Arms' Cargo Seized by Customs", Independent, 11.2.99.
122. Mark Honigsbaum, Antony Barnett and Brian Johnson-Thomas, "British Pilot Flies Arms to Sudan", Observer, 14.3.99.
123. Ibid.
124. See Human Rights Watch, Sudan: Global Trade, Local Impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan, August 1998, at http://www.hrw.org/reports98/sudan/. Ch.V, "Arms Transfers to the Government of Sudan".
125. Ibid, Ch.II, "The Civil War".
126. Ibid, Ch.II, "The Civil War".
127. Al J. Venter, "Africa Greets Gun-Runners With Open Arms", Jane's International Defense Review 1998, 8: 63-66.
128. "Top Officers Involved in Arms Trafficking", New African, May 1998, at http://www.africalynx.com/icpubs/na/may98/naaa0504.htm
129. Commission of Inquiry into Alleged Arms Transactions Between Armscor and One Eli Wazan and Other Related Matters, First Report. Johannesburg, 15 June 1995, p. 23.
130. See John Pomfret, "E. Europe's 'Merchants of Death' Elude US Sting", Washington Post, 24.4.93.
131. Julian Borger, Ian Traynor and John Carvel, "Booty Parade for Sharp Shooters", Guardian, 27.11.93.
132. "Polish Police Catch East European Arms Smugglers", Reuters, 24.10.99.
133. "Arms Transfers Continue From NATO Member to Hostile States", STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update, 14.5.99., at www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/nato/GIU051499.html; "Scandal with MiG-21 Sale to North Korea May Affect Kazakhstani Arms Market", Arms Control Letters, PIR, 8.10.99., at www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/nuclear/PIR1099.html.
134. "Arms Transfers Continue From NATO Member to Hostile States", STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update, 14.5.99., at www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/nato/GIU051499.html; "Scandal with MiG-21 Sale to North Korea May Affect Kazakhstani Arms Market", Arms Control Letters, PIR, 8.10.99., at www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/nuclear/PIR1099.html.
135. George Bernard Shaw, Major Barbara (London: Penguin, 1988 ed. - originally 1905), p. 138.
136. Human Rights Watch, Bulgaria: Money Talks - Arms Dealing with Human Rights Abusers, April 1999, at www.hrw.org/reports/1999/bulgaria/
137. For a summary of the shortcomings of Bulgaria's arms export guidelines, see HRW, Bulgaria: Money Talks, Ch.III. For a summary of the regulations, see the SIPRI arms export controls project entry at http://projects.sipri.se/expcon/natexpcon/Bulgaria/bulgaria.htm
138. HRW, Bulgaria: Money Talks, Ch.IV.
139. John Pomfret, "E. Europe's 'Merchants of Death' Elude US Sting", Washington Post, 24.4.93.
140. HRW, Bulgaria: Money Talks, Ch.IV.
141. Ibid, Ch.VI.
142. Peter Fuhrman, "Trading in Death", Forbes, 10.5.93., pp. 96-100.
143. 1996 UN Register of Conventional Arms, via www.un.org-Depts-dda-CAB-register.htm Neither did Bulgaria declare the export in its 1995 or 1997 returns.
144. The shipment was detained in Cape Verde. Human Rights Watch, Bulgaria: Money Talks, Ch.III.
145. Raymond Bonner, "Despite Cutoff by US, Ethiopia and Eritrea Easily Buy Weapons", New York Times, 23.7.98.
146. Raymond Bonner, "New Weapon Sales to Africa Trouble Arms-Control Experts", New York Times, 6.12.98.
147. "Russian Roulette", Frontline, at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/russia/
148. See the Indictment at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fro. . .s/russia/scenario/ indictment.html
149. UNSC Resolution 976, February 1995, via www.un.org/Docs/scres/1995/
150. Rupert, "Zaire Reportedly Selling Arms to Angolan Ex-Rebels", Washington Post, 21.3.97.
151. Human Rights Watch, Bulgaria: Money Talks, Ch.VI.
152. Borger, Traynor and Carvel, The Guardian, 27.11.93.
153. Thomas De Waal, "Corrupt Russian Arms Deals Help Chechens Fight On", Independent, 17.2.95.
154. Carey Scott, "General 'Sold Rockets' to Chechens he was Fighting", Sunday Times, 8.12.96.
155. Patrick Cockburn, "Chechen Missiles Bring Down Two Russian Jets", Independent, 6.10.99. See also, Giles Whittell, "Chechens Buy Off Russians to End Bombings", Times, 17.1.00.
156. Patrick Cockburn, "Chechen Missiles Bring Down Two Russian Jets", Independent, 6.10.99. See also, Giles Whittell, "Chechens Buy Off Russians to End Bombings", Times, 17.1.00.
157. Con Coughlin, "Russian Weapons Experts Confirm Baghdad Connection", Sunday Telegraph, 21.2.99. See also, Con Coughlin, "Revealed: Russia's Secret Deal to Re-arm Saddam", Sunday Telegraph, 14.2.99. See also the detailed exposé of the origins and implications of Iraq's post-Gulf War attempts to covertly procure Russian missile technology: Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Nov/Dec 1998: 34-49.
158. Con Coughlin, "Russian Weapons Experts Confirm Baghdad Connection", Sunday Telegraph, 21.2.99. See also, Con Coughlin, "Revealed: Russia's Secret Deal to Re-arm Saddam", Sunday Telegraph, 14.2.99. See also the detailed exposé of the origins and implications of Iraq's post-Gulf War attempts to covertly procure Russian missile technology: Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Nov/Dec 1998: 34-49.
159. Con Coughlin, "Russian Weapons Experts Confirm Baghdad Connection", Sunday Telegraph, 21.2.99. See also, Con Coughlin, "Revealed: Russia's Secret Deal to Re-arm Saddam", Sunday Telegraph, 14.2.99. See also the detailed exposé of the origins and implications of Iraq's post-Gulf War attempts to covertly procure Russian missile technology: Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Nov/Dec 1998: 34-49.
160. Coalition for a Liveable World Education Fund, "The Nuclear Crisis Deepens", September 1999, at http://www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/nuclear/CLW0999.html
161. John Berryman, "Russia and the Illicit Arms Trade", in this volume.
162. Matthew Bunn, "Loose Nukes Fears: Anecdotes of the Current Crisis",Global Beat Issue Brief No. 45, 5.12.98. at http://www.nyu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/ib45.html
163. Ibid.
164. "Workmen Took Nuclear Arms", Guardian, 21.4.97.
165. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
166. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
167. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
168. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
169. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
170. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
171. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
172. Steve Boggan, "Greenpeace Tried to Buy Atom Bomb", Independent, 25.7.98. For other cases see, for example, Oleg Bukharin and William Potter, "'Potatoes Were Guarded Better", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1995, 51, 3: 46-50; "Heading Off a Nuclear Nightmare: Illicit Trade in Nuclear Materials, Technology, and Know-How", Carnegie Quarterly Spring-Summer 1996, XLI, 2-3: 1-6; Paul N. Woessner, "Chronology of Nuclear Smuggling Incidents: July 1991 - May 1995", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1995, 1, 2: 288-329; Emily S. Ewell, "NIS Nuclear Smuggling Since 1995: A Lull in Significant Cases?", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1998, 5, 3: 119-125; Christopher Ulrich, "Transnational Organized Crime and Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Baltic States", Transnational Organized Crime Summer 1997, 3, 2: 111-130; Andrew and Leslie Cockburn, One Point Safe (London: Little, Brown, 1997); Phil Williams and Paul N. Woessner, "The Real Threat of Nuclear Smuggling", Scientific American, January 1996, at http://www.sciam.com/0196issue/0196williams.html
173. "Factsheet on Reported Nuclear Trafficking Incidents Involving Turkey, 1993-1999", at: http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/flow/turkey/factsht.htm
174. These characteristics also seem to apply to seizures in west and central Europe. See, for example, Rensselaer Lee, "Smuggling Update", The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists May/June 1997, 53, 3: 11-14.
175. Quoted in Michael T. Klare, "The Guns of Bosnia", The Nation, 22.1.96., p. 23.
176. Tim Judah, "German Spies Accused of Arming Bosnian Muslims", Sunday Telegraph, 20.4.97.
177. Chris McGreal and Philip Willan, "Vatican Secretly Armed Croatia", Guardian, 19.11.99.
178. Klare, "The Guns of Bosnia", p. 24.
179. John Pomfret and David B. Ottaway, "Balkan Arms Smuggling: Wider Than US Acknowledged", International Herald Tribune, 13.5.96.
180. Tom Rhodes, "Clinton Approved Iran's Secret Arms Deals with Bosnia", Times, 6.4.96.
181. Ed Vulliamy, "Clinton's Irangate Spooks CIA", Observer, 2.6.96.
182. nd Session.
183. nd Session.
184. For example, Peter Fuhrman claimed that in the six months from November 1992, 9,083 ships were challenged, of which 125 were searched, and from which eight illegal cargoes were discovered. Fuhrman, "Trading in Death", Forbes, 10.5.93., p. 100.
185. Quoted by Robert Block, "US Turns Blind Eye to Iran Arms for Bosnia", Independent, 3.6.94.
186. John Pomfret, "An Arms Pipeline Uncovered", Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 30.9-6.10.96., pp. 6-7.
187. Ibid. In addition, "the organization was also forced to move large amounts of money to Croatia to bribe Croatian officials to allow the weapons to cross their country. The price of such passage skyrocketed in 1993 when Croat nationalists launched their own war for a separate state inside Bosnia. Money was also smuggled into Sarajevo on flights of the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees; Bosnian government officials used the money to buy weapons from both Serb and Croat middlemen who operated inside Bosnia. . ." p. 7.
188. Mike O'Connor, "Albanians, Struggling to Survive, Sell Stolen Rifles", New York Times, 24.4.97.
189. Kim Sengupta, Steve Brogan and Mary Braid, "In the Bars of Kosovo, the KLA is Holding the Great Weapons Bazaar", Independent, 16.8.99.
190. "Secret Arms Sales Scandal Escalates", Latin American Weekly Report, 16.5.96, p. 206. See also, "Plot Thickens in Ecuador Arms Row", Latin American Weekly Report, 23.5.96, p. 218.
191. "Secret Arms Sales Scandal Escalates", Latin American Weekly Report, 16.5.96, p. 206. See also, "Plot Thickens in Ecuador Arms Row", Latin American Weekly Report, 23.5.96, p. 218.
192. "Camilión Quits Over Arms Scandal", Latin American Weekly Report, 1.8.96, p. 338.
193. "Arms and the Men", The Economist, 12.9.98., p. 62.
194. Phil Davison, "Illegal Arms Sales Test for Menem", The Independent, 27.10.98.
195. At the time of writing, Libya is still subject to an EU arms embargo.
196. For a detailed overview, see "Libya's Chemical weapons program" at http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/flow/libya/. See also Joshua Sinai, "Libya's Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1997, 4,3.
197. For a detailed overview, see "Libya's Chemical weapons program" at http://cns.miis.edu/research/wmdme/flow/libya/. See also Joshua Sinai, "Libya's Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction", The Nonproliferation Review Spring-Summer 1997, 4,3.
198. Charles Richards, "Libya Parades its Obsolete Weapons of War", Independent, 2.9.94.
199. On suspected smuggling of Serbian arms via Malta, see Chris Hedges, "Serbia is Suspected of Arming Libya", International Herald Tribune, 8.11.96. There have also been cases of the direct shipment of dual-use goods allegedly destined for a military application. For example, see "British Companies 'Broke sanctions' to Equip Libya", Sunday Times, 3.11.96.
200. On suspected smuggling of Serbian arms via Malta, see Chris Hedges, "Serbia is Suspected of Arming Libya", International Herald Tribune, 8.11.96. There have also been cases of the direct shipment of dual-use goods allegedly destined for a military application. For example, see "British Companies 'Broke sanctions' to Equip Libya", Sunday Times, 3.11.96.
201. John Glover and John Mullin, "Italians Link Arms Ring to UK Murder of Libyan", Guardian, 2.12.95; "UK Plane Parts Break Libya Sanctions", Sunday Times, 21.4.96.
202. John Glover and John Mullin, "Italians Link Arms Ring to UK Murder of Libyan", Guardian, 2.12.95; "UK Plane Parts Break Libya Sanctions", Sunday Times, 21.4.96.
203. "UK Plane Parts Break Libya Sanctions", Sunday Times, 21.4.96.
204. Nicholas Rufford, "Libyans Smuggled Scuds Through UK", Sunday Times, 9.1.00.
205. "Taiwan Firm Denies Involvement In Illegal Arms Shipment For Libya", Agence France Presse, 10.1.00.
206. Richard Norton-Taylor, Ewen MacAskill and Ian Black, "Cook Dismissed Libyan Arms Find", Guardian, 11.1.00.
207. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
208. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
209. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
210. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
211. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey,
212. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
213. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
214. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
215. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
216. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
217. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
218. The following account draws on: "Flight of Fancy", The Economist, 6.1.96., p. 53; Tim McGirk, "Would-be Hero Poisoned By His Own Sting", The Independent, 11.9.96; John Gilbert and Jan McGirk, "An Amateur's Guide to the Arms Trade", Independent on Sunday, 1.12.96; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Gun-running Briton Faces Indian Death Sentence", Guardian, 21.8.97; Richard Norton-Taylor, "Army Told of Indian Arms Deal", Guardian, 12.9.97; David Graves, "Tory MP Denies Plot to Free Briton From Prison Cell in India", Daily Telegraph, 22.9.97; Stephen Grey, "Arms-Deal Briton May Hang", Sunday Times, 28.9.97; Peter Popham, "I Was Betrayed by MoD, Says Briton Facing Execution", The Independent, 9.7.98; Raymond Bonner, "Murky Life of an International Gun Dealer", New York Times, 14.7.98; "UK Alleged Gun Runner's Conspiracy Claims", BBC News Online, 23.7.98; Julian West, "I Know I'll Get Justice, Says Briton Who Could be Hanged", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00; Oxfam UK, Out of Control: The Loopholes in UK Controls on the Arms Trade, (London: Oxfam, 1999), pp. 6-7.
219. Oxfam UK, Out of Control, p. 7.
220. The consignment included: 300 Kalashnikov AK-47/56s; 10 RPG-6 rocket launchers; night vision equipment; 100 anti-tank grenades; 100 hand grenades; 25,000 rounds of 7.62 ammunition; 25 9 mm pistols; and 6,000 rounds of 9 mm ammunition.
221. Jon Stock, "Alterations' Claim Delays Arms Trial of Briton", Daily Telegraph, 18.1.00.
222. Jon Stock, "Briton Faces Long Jail Term for 'War Plot Against India'", Daily Telegraph, 1.2.00.
223. Aaron Karp, "The Rise of Black and Grey Markets", The Annals of the American Academy Sept. 1994, 535: 175.
224. Ewen MacAskill, "Britain's Ethical Foreign policy: Keeping the Hawk Jets in Action", Guardian, 20.1.00.
225. Christina Lamb and Peter Almond, "Britain Trains Magabe's Army for Congo War", Sunday Telegraph, 23.1.00.