Deconfusing Morgenthau: Moral inquiry and classical realism reconsidered

Review of International Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 445-464

  Bain, William ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034393538     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500004459     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. John Lewis Gaddis, 'International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War', International Security, 17 (1992/93), p. 53.
2. The term 'realism' does not refer to neorealism or any other variant of structural realism.
3. The point is made by Steve Smith in 'Positivism and Beyond', in Steve Smith, Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski, International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 33-4.
4. For a contrasting argument see Tarak Barkawi, 'Strategy as a Vocation: Weber, Morgenthau and Modern Strategic Studies', Review of International Studies, 24 (1998), pp. 159-84.
5. Hans J. Morgenthau, The Twilight of International Morality', Ethics, 58 (1948), p. 80.
6. Jim George and David Campbell, 'Patterns of Dissent and Celebration of Difference: Critical Social Theory and International Relations', International Studies Quarterly, 34 (1990), p. 270. These voices do not constitute an intellectual tradition. They share no common normative problem and are unified, perhaps, only by a common opposition to modernity and a desire to emancipate 'disciplined' knowledge'.
7. See John A. Vasquez, 'The Level of Analysis Problem Reconsidered', in Ken Booth and Steve Smith (eds.), International Relations Theory Today (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995), p. 223.
8. See Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), chs. 3-5.
9. See Jim George, 'Of Incarceration and Enclosure: Neorealism and the New/Old World Orders', Millennium, 22:2 (1993), pp. 197-234.
10. Jim George, 'Understanding International Relations After the Cold War: Probing Beyond the Realist Legacy', in Michael J. Shapiro and Hayward Alker (eds.), Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 68.
11. George and Campbell, 'Patterns of Dissent', p. 281.
12. George, 'Understanding International Relations', p. 40.
13. George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 12.
14. Ibid., p. 12-18.
15. Ibid., p. 4.
16. Ibid., p. 223; and Jim George, 'Realist "Ethics", International Relations, and Postmodernism: Thinking Beyond the Egoism-Anarchy Thematic', Millennium, 24 (1995), p. 195.
17. Ibid., p. 223; and Jim George, 'Realist "Ethics", International Relations, and Postmodernism: Thinking Beyond the Egoism-Anarchy Thematic', Millennium, 24 (1995), p. 195.
18. George, Discourses of Global Politics, pp. 2-8.
19. Ibid., p. 24.
20. Ibid., p. 24.
21. Ibid., p. 92.
22. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 6th edn., revised by Kenneth W. Thompson (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1985), p. 5.
23. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, p. 4.
24. Ibid., p. 5.
25. George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 93.
26. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, p. 4.
27. Ibid., p. 4.
28. Quoted in George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 93. George's notes attribute this quote to the 5th edn. of Politics Among Nations, pp. 4-5, however, the passage actually appears on p. 3.
29. Quoted in George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 93. George's notes attribute this quote to the 5th edn. of Politics Among Nations, pp. 4-5, however, the passage actually appears on p. 3.
30. George, Discourses of Global Politics, pp. 93-4.
31. Ibid., p. 94.
32. Ibid., p. 93.
33. Ibid., p. 94; also see George, 'Understanding International Relations', p. 44.
34. Ibid., p. 94; also see George, 'Understanding International Relations', p. 44.
35. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Science of Peace: A Rationalist Utopia', Social Research, 42 (1975), pp. 24-34.
36. This discussion is developed from Michael Oakeshott, The Politics of Faith and the Politics of Scepticism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 12-18.
37. See Hans J. Morgenthau, Science: Servant or Master? (New York: W.W. Norton, 1972). Many of the ideas contained in this volume are also found in Scientific Man Versus Power Politics. I have chosen to rely upon the former volume because it was published well after Morgenthau's notion of political realism had been articulated and refined. Scientific Man was published in 1946, two years prior to the first edition of Politics Among Nations.
38. Morgenthau, Science: Servant or Master?, p. 1.
39. Ibid., p. 2.
40. Ibid., pp. 6-8.
41. Ibid., p. 9.
42. Ibid., p. 10.
43. Ibid., pp. 10-11.
44. Ibid., p. 13.
45. Ibid., p. 13.
46. Ibid., p. 13.
47. Ibid., p. 14.
48. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Common Sense and Theories', Truth and Power Essays of a Decade, 1960-70 (New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 245.
49. Morgenthau, 'Common Sense', pp. 245-6.
50. Ibid., p. 247.
51. Morgenthau, Science, p. 16.
52. Hedley Bull, 'International Theory: The Case for the Classical Approach', World Politics, 18 (1966), p. 361-6.
53. See also, Robert H. Jackson, 'Is There a Classical Theory?', in Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 203-4.
54. Jackson, 'Is There a Classical Theory?', p. 208.
55. Ibid., p. 208.
56. George recognizes this much insofar as he views Morgenthau and the so-called British realists -E.H. Carr, Martin Wight, and Hedley Bull - as members of the same traditionalist intellectual tradition. As well, George's use of the word 'pseudoscientific' is odd in this context because a central purpose of his work is to demonstrate that the approach of Morgenthau and, indeed, of all realists is not just partially or quasi-scientific, but definitely scientific. See George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 35, fn 22, p. 80.
57. George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 81; Martin Wight, 'Why Is There No International Theory?', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966); and Hedley Bull, 'Society and Anarchy in International Relations', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966).
58. George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 81; Martin Wight, 'Why Is There No International Theory?', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966); and Hedley Bull, 'Society and Anarchy in International Relations', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966).
59. George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 81; Martin Wight, 'Why Is There No International Theory?', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966); and Hedley Bull, 'Society and Anarchy in International Relations', in Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds.), Diplomatic Investigations (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1966).
60. Martin Hollis, The Last Post?', in Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski (eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 302-3.
61. Martin Hollis and Steve Smith, Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 1-4.
62. Morgenthau, Science, pp. 61-2.
63. Ibid., pp. 34-7.
64. Ibid., pp. 46-7.
65. Ibid., p. 50.
66. Ibid., p. 45.
67. For further discussion see Michael Oakeshott, 'Rationalism in Politics', Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1991), pp. 12-16.
68. Morgenthau, Science, p. 45.
69. George, 'Realist "Ethics"', p. 207.
70. Ibid., p. 205.
71. George, Discourses of Global Politics, p. 224.
72. Hans J. Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States (New York: Praeger, 1969), p. 15, 81.
73. Ibid., pp. 14-5, 81-4.
74. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'War With China', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 55.
75. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Realities of Containment', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 47.
76. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Another Korea?', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 33; Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Shadow and Substance of Power', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), pp. 11-12; and Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States, pp. 7-9.
77. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Another Korea?', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 33; Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Shadow and Substance of Power', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), pp. 11-12; and Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States, pp. 7-9.
78. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Another Korea?', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 33; Hans J. Morgenthau, 'Shadow and Substance of Power', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), pp. 11-12; and Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States, pp. 7-9.
79. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'We Are Deluding Ourselves', Vietnam and the United States (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1965), p. 69.
80. Morgenthau, 'Realities,' p. 49.
81. George, 'Realist "Ethics"', p. 205.
82. Morgenthau, 'We Are Deluding Ourselves', p. 67.
83. Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States, p. 138.
84. Ibid., p. 138; and Morgenthau, 'Shadow and Substance of Power', p. 19.
85. Ibid., p. 138; and Morgenthau, 'Shadow and Substance of Power', p. 19.
86. Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States, p. 107.
87. Morgenthau, 'Common Sense and Theories', p. 245.
88. Morgenthau, A New Foreign Policy for the United States, p. 144.
89. Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Intellectual and Political Functions of a Theory of International Relations', in Horace V. Harrison (ed.), The Role of Theory in International Relations (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), pp. 109, 111.
90. Michael Oakeshott, 'Political Discourse', Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1991), p. 79.
91. Morgenthau, 'The Intellectual and Political Functions of a Theory of International Relations', pp. 104-5.
92. Ibid., pp. 104-6.
93. Hollis, 'The Last Post?', p. 308.
94. Oakeshott, 'Political Discourse', p. 80.
95. See R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Theory as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); and Richard K. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
96. See R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Theory as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); and Richard K. Ashley, 'The Poverty of Neorealism', in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
97. Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1991), p. 267.