The flexible developmental state: Globalization, information technology, and the "celtic tiger"

Politics and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 157-193

  Riain, Seán Ó ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034386896     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329200028002002     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
2. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
3. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
4. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
5. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
6. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
7. See Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982); Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989); Robert Wade, Governing the Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Stephen Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990); Richard Applebaum and Jeffrey Henderson, eds., States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim (London: Sage, 1992); Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999).
8. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
9. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
10. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
11. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
12. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
13. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
14. See Jason Dedrick and Ken Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge: Threat or Opportunity for the United States and the World? (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998) regarding competitive difficulties. For more on the debt crisis, see Nicole Biggart, "Deep Finance - The Organizational Bases of South Korea's Financial Collapse," Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998): 311-320; and a series of articles by Robert Wade, including "The Coming Fight over Capital Flows," Foreign Policy 113 (1998): 41-54; "The Asian Debt-and-Development Crisis of 1997-?: Causes and Consequences," World Development 26 (1998): 1535-53; "From 'Miracle' to 'Cronyism': Explaining the Great Asian Slump," Cambridge Journal of Economics 22 (1998); "The Asian Crisis and the Global Economy: Causes, Consequences, and Cure," Current History 97 (1998): 361-73; Robert Wade and Frank Veneroso, "The Asian Crisis: The High Debt Model versus the Wall Street-Treasury-IMF Complex," New Left Review 228 (1998): 3-24.
15. Ireland refers here to the twenty-six counties of the Republic of Ireland.
16. Paul Sweeney, The Celtic Tiger (Dublin: Oak Tree Press, 1998).
17. This article draws heavily on the analysis in Seán Ó Riain, "An Offshore Silicon Valley?" Competition and Change 2 (1997): 175-212; Seán Ó Riain, "Remaking the Developmental State: The Irish Software Industry in the Global Economy" (Ph.D. diss., Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 1999).
18. This article draws heavily on the analysis in Seán Ó Riain, "An Offshore Silicon Valley?" Competition and Change 2 (1997): 175-212; Seán Ó Riain, "Remaking the Developmental State: The Irish Software Industry in the Global Economy" (Ph.D. diss., Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 1999).
19. McIver Consulting, Manpower, Education and Training Study of the Software Sector (Dublin: Forás Áiseanna Saothair, 1998).
20. Charles Sabel, Ireland: Local Partnerships and Social Innovation (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1996).
21. Denis O'Hearn, Inside the Celtic Tiger: The Irish Economy and the Asian Model (London: Pluto, 1998), 153.
22. Paul Krugman, "Good News from Ireland: A Geographical Perspective," in Alan Gray, ed., International Perspectives on the Irish Economy (Dublin: Indecon, 1998), 51. See also chapters by Jeffrey Sachs and Kenneth Arrow in the same volume.
23. See Ó Riain, "An Offshore Silicon Valley?" for an account of how local and global processes shaped each other overtime to create each of these two globalizations of the software industry.
24. Forfás, Survey of Employment (Dublin: Forfás, 1998).
25. O'Hearn, Inside the Celtic Tiger; Denis O'Hearn, "Globalization, 'New Tigers' and the End of the Developmental State? The Case of the Celtic Tiger," Politics & Society 28 (2000).
26. O'Hearn, Inside the Celtic Tiger; Denis O'Hearn, "Globalization, 'New Tigers' and the End of the Developmental State? The Case of the Celtic Tiger," Politics & Society 28 (2000).
27. Patrick Honohan, Bertrand Maitre, and Charles Conroy, "Invisible Entrepôt Activity in Irish Manufacturing," Irish Banking Review, summer 1998.
28. Forfás, Research and Development in the Business Sector: Findings from the 1993 Census of R&D Performing Enterprises in Ireland (Dublin: Forfás, 1995); Forfás, Survey of Product and Process Innovation in Irish Industry 1993-1995 (Dublin: Forfás, 1997).
29. Forfás, Research and Development in the Business Sector: Findings from the 1993 Census of R&D Performing Enterprises in Ireland (Dublin: Forfás, 1995); Forfás, Survey of Product and Process Innovation in Irish Industry 1993-1995 (Dublin: Forfás, 1997).
30. Jim Stewart, "Transfer Pricing: Some Empirical Evidence from Ireland," Journal of Economic Studies 16 (1989): 40-56.
31. Central Statistics Office, Census of Industrial Production 1990 (Dublin: Central Statistics Office, 1991); Central Statistics Office, Census of Industrial Production 1996 (Cork, Ireland: Central Statistics Office, 1997).
32. Central Statistics Office, Census of Industrial Production 1990 (Dublin: Central Statistics Office, 1991); Central Statistics Office, Census of Industrial Production 1996 (Cork, Ireland: Central Statistics Office, 1997).
33. Ibid.
34. Forfás, Survey of Product and Process Innovation, 30-32.
35. National Economic and Social Council, Sustaining Competitive Advantage: Proceedings of NESC Seminar, Research Series no. 4 (Dublin: National Economic and Social Council, March 1998).
36. John Geary, "The New Workplace: Change at Work in Ireland," International Journal of Human Resource Management 10 (1999): 879; William K. Roche and John Geary, " 'Collaborative Production' and the Irish Boom: Work Organization, Partnership and Direct Involvement in Irish Workplaces," Economic and Social Review (2000), forthcoming.
37. John Geary, "The New Workplace: Change at Work in Ireland," International Journal of Human Resource Management 10 (1999): 879; William K. Roche and John Geary, " 'Collaborative Production' and the Irish Boom: Work Organization, Partnership and Direct Involvement in Irish Workplaces," Economic and Social Review (2000), forthcoming.
38. National Economic and Social Council, Private Sector Investment in Ireland, Report no. 103 (Dublin: National Economic and Social Council, February 1998), chap. 2.
39. On investment, see National Economic and Social Council, Private Sector Investment; on research and development (R&D) and indigenous industry more generally, see Mary O'Sullivan, "The Sustainability of Industrial Development in Ireland" (paper presented to Dublin Economics Workshop, Dublin, April 1999); on sectoral and other factors affecting collaborative production, see Geary, "The New Workplace," 879-86; on clustering, see National Economic and Social Council, Sustaining Competitive Advantage.
40. On investment, see National Economic and Social Council, Private Sector Investment; on research and development (R&D) and indigenous industry more generally, see Mary O'Sullivan, "The Sustainability of Industrial Development in Ireland" (paper presented to Dublin Economics Workshop, Dublin, April 1999); on sectoral and other factors affecting collaborative production, see Geary, "The New Workplace," 879-86; on clustering, see National Economic and Social Council, Sustaining Competitive Advantage.
41. On investment, see National Economic and Social Council, Private Sector Investment; on research and development (R&D) and indigenous industry more generally, see Mary O'Sullivan, "The Sustainability of Industrial Development in Ireland" (paper presented to Dublin Economics Workshop, Dublin, April 1999); on sectoral and other factors affecting collaborative production, see Geary, "The New Workplace," 879-86; on clustering, see National Economic and Social Council, Sustaining Competitive Advantage.
42. On investment, see National Economic and Social Council, Private Sector Investment; on research and development (R&D) and indigenous industry more generally, see Mary O'Sullivan, "The Sustainability of Industrial Development in Ireland" (paper presented to Dublin Economics Workshop, Dublin, April 1999); on sectoral and other factors affecting collaborative production, see Geary, "The New Workplace," 879-86; on clustering, see National Economic and Social Council, Sustaining Competitive Advantage.
43. Figures on occupational change from Paul Tansey, Ireland at Work: Economic Growth and the Labour Market 1987-1997 (Dublin: Oak Tree Press, 1998), 41.
44. O'Hearn, Inside the Celtic Tiger, 125.
45. Alan Barrett, Tim Callan, and Brian Nolan, "Rising Wage Inequality, Returns to Education and Labour Market institutions: Evidence from Ireland," British Journal of Industrial Relations 37 (1999): 77-100.
46. O'Hearn, Inside the Celtic Tiger, 126.
47. Tim Callan et al., Poverty in the 1990s: Evidence from the Living in Ireland Survey (Dublin: Oak Tree Press, 1996).
48. Evans, Embedded Autonomy.
49. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant.
50. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant; Fred Deyo, Beneath the Miracle: Labor Subordination in the New Asian Industrialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
51. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant; Fred Deyo, Beneath the Miracle: Labor Subordination in the New Asian Industrialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
52. Evans, Embedded Autonomy; see Peter Evans and James Rauch, "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' States Structures on Economic Growth," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 748-765 for cross-national quantitative evidence regarding the beneficial growth effects of bureaucracy.
53. Evans, Embedded Autonomy; see Peter Evans and James Rauch, "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' States Structures on Economic Growth," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 748-765 for cross-national quantitative evidence regarding the beneficial growth effects of bureaucracy.
54. Evans, Embedded Autonomy ; Sylvia Maxfield and Ben Schneider, eds., Business and the State in Developing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).
55. Evans, Embedded Autonomy ; Sylvia Maxfield and Ben Schneider, eds., Business and the State in Developing Countries (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).
56. For differences among the Asian Tiger economies, see Marco Orrù, Nicole Biggart, and Gary Hamilton, The Economic Organization of East Asian Capitalism (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997). The Korean model has the most authoritarian state and corporate structures, Japan combines "corporatism without labor" with "enterprise unionism," while Taiwan has a much less hierarchical political and corporate structure.
57. Erik Olin Wright, "Review of P. Evans 'Embedded Autonomy,'" Contemporary Sociology 25 (1996): 176-77.
58. For critiques of Peter Evans's inattention to the state's role in constituting economic actors as well as guiding their actions, see David Stark and Laszlo Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998) and Nicole Biggart and Mauro Guillen, "Developing Difference: Social Organization and the Rise of the Auto Industries of South Korea, Taiwan, Spain, and Argentina," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 722-47.
59. For critiques of Peter Evans's inattention to the state's role in constituting economic actors as well as guiding their actions, see David Stark and Laszlo Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998) and Nicole Biggart and Mauro Guillen, "Developing Difference: Social Organization and the Rise of the Auto Industries of South Korea, Taiwan, Spain, and Argentina," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 722-47.
60. The position of prime minister.
61. Chris Ansell, "The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe" (Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1999, mimeographed).
62. Neil Brenner, "Global Cities, Glocal States: Global City Formation and State Territorial Restructuring in Contemporary Europe," Review of International Political Economy 5 (1998): 1-37; "Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality and Geographical Scale in Globalization Studies," Theory and Society 28 (1999).
63. Neil Brenner, "Global Cities, Glocal States: Global City Formation and State Territorial Restructuring in Contemporary Europe," Review of International Political Economy 5 (1998): 1-37; "Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality and Geographical Scale in Globalization Studies," Theory and Society 28 (1999).
64. On loose coupling, see J. Douglas Orton and Karl E. Weick, "Loosely Coupled Systems: A Reconceptualization," Academy of Management Review 15 (1990): 203-23; Charles Perrow, Complex Organizations (New York: Random House, 1986), chap. 4.
65. On loose coupling, see J. Douglas Orton and Karl E. Weick, "Loosely Coupled Systems: A Reconceptualization," Academy of Management Review 15 (1990): 203-23; Charles Perrow, Complex Organizations (New York: Random House, 1986), chap. 4.
66. On modes of control in decentralized organizational forms, see Wolf V. Heydebrand, "New Organizational Forms," Work and Occupations 16 (1989): 323-57.
67. On autocentric development, see Samir Amin, Unequal Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976); Dieter Senghaas, The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory (Dover, NH: Berg, 1985).
68. On autocentric development, see Samir Amin, Unequal Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976); Dieter Senghaas, The European Experience: A Historical Critique of Development Theory (Dover, NH: Berg, 1985).
69. Seán Ó Riain, "An Offshore Silicon Valley?"; Neil Coe, "US Transnational and the Irish Software Industry," European Urban and Regional Studies 4 (1997): 211-30.
70. Seán Ó Riain, "An Offshore Silicon Valley?"; Neil Coe, "US Transnational and the Irish Software Industry," European Urban and Regional Studies 4 (1997): 211-30.
71. Localization of software refers to the process of customizing existing software packages for specific national and linguistic markets. The main activity is the translation of the text, but it may also involve changing date formats, letter formats, and other culture-specific aspects of the software. In U.S. software companies, the work of designing the software program so that it can be customized in this way is called internationalization and is generally carried out in the United States. The work of actually customizing the program for specific markets is called localization. This work is relatively uncomplicated. See Honohan, Maitre, and Conroy, "Invisible Entrepôt Activity," for an analysis of industrial statistics relating to these activities.
72. Ó Riain, Remaking the Developmental State, 81.
73. The Israeli software industry was estimated to earn approximately $700 million in exports in 1997 (including indigenous and transnational corporation [TNC] firms), while the value of Indian software industry exports rose to $1,750 in 1997-98. Exports of Irish indigenous firms came to $713 million and those of TNCs to (an inflated figure of) $5,615 million. Care should be taken in using these figures to compare the three industries as there are a number of differences in how the figures were calculated. However, it is clear that the Irish industry is of a similar order of magnitude as the industries in India and Israel. The Irish industry's export orientation is similar to that of the Indian industry, although the Indian industry's exports consist largely of offshore development and international labor contracting. See Balaji Parthasarathy, "Industrializing Countries and the Changing International Division of Labor in the Computer Software Industry: Lessons from the Indian Case 1977-1997" (paper presented to the Sloan Foundation Globalization Workshop, Duke University, Durham, NC, 26-28 April 1998). The Irish industry is closer to the Israeli and indeed the U.S. industry in its greater focus on software products and avoidance of large-scale labor contracting. Furthermore, these are the leading international software industries outside the G-7 (the leading capitalist economies, which meet as a group on a regular basis). The other leading contenders such as Taiwan, Singapore, and Australia are well behind the "three I's" of global software. See Dedrick and Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge. Other emerging industries such as Hungary and China that are likely to prove significant in the long term are still relatively underdeveloped.
74. The Israeli software industry was estimated to earn approximately $700 million in exports in 1997 (including indigenous and transnational corporation [TNC] firms), while the value of Indian software industry exports rose to $1,750 in 1997-98. Exports of Irish indigenous firms came to $713 million and those of TNCs to (an inflated figure of) $5,615 million. Care should be taken in using these figures to compare the three industries as there are a number of differences in how the figures were calculated. However, it is clear that the Irish industry is of a similar order of magnitude as the industries in India and Israel. The Irish industry's export orientation is similar to that of the Indian industry, although the Indian industry's exports consist largely of offshore development and international labor contracting. See Balaji Parthasarathy, "Industrializing Countries and the Changing International Division of Labor in the Computer Software Industry: Lessons from the Indian Case 1977-1997" (paper presented to the Sloan Foundation Globalization Workshop, Duke University, Durham, NC, 26-28 April 1998). The Irish industry is closer to the Israeli and indeed the U.S. industry in its greater focus on software products and avoidance of large-scale labor contracting. Furthermore, these are the leading international software industries outside the G-7 (the leading capitalist economies, which meet as a group on a regular basis). The other leading contenders such as Taiwan, Singapore, and Australia are well behind the "three I's" of global software. See Dedrick and Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge. Other emerging industries such as Hungary and China that are likely to prove significant in the long term are still relatively underdeveloped.
75. The data in this article come from 120 interviews carried out in Silicon Valley and in Ireland between October 1995 and September 1997, industry journals and other documentary sources, and a survey of software firms in Ireland carried out in June and July 1997. The response rate to the survey was an above-average 54.5 percent, the sample was reweighted to reflect the size and ownership of the survey population, and six companies were removed from the sample because they received more than 60 percent of their revenues from hardware.
76. National Software Directorate, 1995 Software Industry Survey Results (Dublin: Forbairt, 1995).
77. Gary Gereffi, "The International Economy," in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, eds., The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press/Russell Sage Foundation, 1994); Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
78. Gary Gereffi, "The International Economy," in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, eds., The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press/Russell Sage Foundation, 1994); Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
79. David Jacobson and David O'Sullivan, "Analysing an Industry in Change: The Irish Software Manual Printing Industry," New Technology, Work and Employment 9 (1994): 103-14; "The Irish Software Manual Industry: Globalization through Local Supply?" (paper presented at "Ireland, Europe & the Global Information Society: A Conference for Social Scientists," Dublin, 24-25 April 1997); Industrial Development Authority, "The Irish Software Industry," information pamphlet, n.d.
80. David Jacobson and David O'Sullivan, "Analysing an Industry in Change: The Irish Software Manual Printing Industry," New Technology, Work and Employment 9 (1994): 103-14; "The Irish Software Manual Industry: Globalization through Local Supply?" (paper presented at "Ireland, Europe & the Global Information Society: A Conference for Social Scientists," Dublin, 24-25 April 1997); Industrial Development Authority, "The Irish Software Industry," information pamphlet, n.d.
81. David Jacobson and David O'Sullivan, "Analysing an Industry in Change: The Irish Software Manual Printing Industry," New Technology, Work and Employment 9 (1994): 103-14; "The Irish Software Manual Industry: Globalization through Local Supply?" (paper presented at "Ireland, Europe & the Global Information Society: A Conference for Social Scientists," Dublin, 24-25 April 1997); Industrial Development Authority, "The Irish Software Industry," information pamphlet, n.d.
82. Union density fell from 48.3 percent in 1992 to 43.5 percent in 1997. The only sector that increased union density is Public Administration and Defense, with a union density of 74.1 percent in 1997. By contrast, Commerce, Insurance, Finance and Business Services (including software) fell from 31.6 percent to 29.0 percent in 1997. Data generously provided by William K. Roche, Graduate School of Business, University College, Dublin.
83. Patrick Clancy, "The Evolution of Policy in Third-Level Education," in D. Mulcahy and D. O'Sullivan, eds., Irish Educational Policy: Process and Substance (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1989); Robert Osborne, Higher Education in Ireland: North and South (London: Jessica Kingsley, 1996).
84. Patrick Clancy, "The Evolution of Policy in Third-Level Education," in D. Mulcahy and D. O'Sullivan, eds., Irish Educational Policy: Process and Substance (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1989); Robert Osborne, Higher Education in Ireland: North and South (London: Jessica Kingsley, 1996).
85. Evans, Embedded Autonomy; see O'Hearn, "Globalization, New Tigers and the End of the Developmental State" for application of the concept of the state as "midwife" to attraction of foreign investment.
86. Evans, Embedded Autonomy; see O'Hearn, "Globalization, New Tigers and the End of the Developmental State" for application of the concept of the state as "midwife" to attraction of foreign investment.
87. Jacobson and O'Sullivan, "Analysing an Industry in Change."
88. Colm O'Gorman, Eoin O'Malley, and John Mooney, Clusters in Ireland: The Irish Indigenous Software Industry: An Application of Porter's Cluster Analysis (Dublin: National Economic and Social Council, 1997), 35.
89. National Software Directorate, The Software Industry in Ireland: A Strategic Review (Dublin: IDA Ireland, 1992).
90. Eoin O'Malley, "Developments in Irish Industrial Policy since the Mid-1980s" (paper presented at the special conference of the Political Studies Association of Ireland "The State of the Irish Political System," Cork, Ireland, 28-30 May 1992); Eoin O'Malley, Kieran A. Kennedy, and Rory O'Donnell, Report to the Industrial Policy Review Group on the Impact of the Industrial Development Agencies (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1992).
91. Eoin O'Malley, "Developments in Irish Industrial Policy since the Mid-1980s" (paper presented at the special conference of the Political Studies Association of Ireland "The State of the Irish Political System," Cork, Ireland, 28-30 May 1992); Eoin O'Malley, Kieran A. Kennedy, and Rory O'Donnell, Report to the Industrial Policy Review Group on the Impact of the Industrial Development Agencies (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1992).
92. Ann Clarke, Software Support Programme: Final Report (Dublin: EU Structural Funds Operational Programme for Industrial Development Evaluation Unit, 1995). These are the latest years for which figures are available, although total state expenditure on business development has continued to increase.
93. On software, see Clarke, Software Support Programme. On all firms, see O'Malley, "Developments in Irish Industrial Policy," and O'Malley, Kennedy, and O'Donnell, Report to the Industrial Policy Review Group.
94. On software, see Clarke, Software Support Programme. On all firms, see O'Malley, "Developments in Irish Industrial Policy," and O'Malley, Kennedy, and O'Donnell, Report to the Industrial Policy Review Group.
95. On software, see Clarke, Software Support Programme. On all firms, see O'Malley, "Developments in Irish Industrial Policy," and O'Malley, Kennedy, and O'Donnell, Report to the Industrial Policy Review Group.
96. Clarke, Software Support Programme; O'Gorman, O'Malley, and Mooney, Clusters in Ireland.
97. Clarke, Software Support Programme; O'Gorman, O'Malley, and Mooney, Clusters in Ireland.
98. Patricia Carr, "'Riding the Juggernaut': Selectivity and Entrepreneurship in Ireland," Irish Journal of Sociology 5 (1995): 67-88; "The Cultural Production of Enterprise: Understanding Selectivity as Cultural Policy," Economic and Social Review 29 (1998): 133-55.
99. Patricia Carr, "'Riding the Juggernaut': Selectivity and Entrepreneurship in Ireland," Irish Journal of Sociology 5 (1995): 67-88; "The Cultural Production of Enterprise: Understanding Selectivity as Cultural Policy," Economic and Social Review 29 (1998): 133-55.
100. Clarke, Software Support Programme, chap. 7.
101. Ibid., chaps. 8-9.
102. For a more complete analysis of these and other associations, agencies, and forums, see Ó Riain, Remaking the Developmental State, chap. 4.
103. Ansell, "The Networked Polity."
104. The head of the National Software Directorate, charged with developing policy for, and promoting, the software industry in Ireland, particularly indigenous firms.
105. See, for example, Clarke, Software Support Programme; give Forfás references.
106. Anthony Atkinson, Lee Rainwater, and Timothy Smeeding, Income Distribution in OECD Countries: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995); Barrett, Callan, and Nolan, "Rising Wage Inequality."
107. Anthony Atkinson, Lee Rainwater, and Timothy Smeeding, Income Distribution in OECD Countries: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995); Barrett, Callan, and Nolan, "Rising Wage Inequality."
108. John Geary, "Initial Results from the National Survey of Employee Relations and Human Resource Practice in Ireland," working paper, Smurfit Business School, University College Dublin, 1998.
109. Summary quote from Barrett, Callan, and Nolan, "Rising Wage Inequality," 95. Neither have recent changes in tax and social welfare done anything to mitigate these inequalities. Although redistribution was significant between 1987 and 1994, tax and welfare changes from 1995 to 1998 resulted in the poorest 30 percent of the population making 2 percent less than if their income had increased at the same rate as the average increase in income for the population. During the same period, the top 10 percent of earners benefited from tax changes to the extent that they made 4 percent more than would have been the case if they had simply followed the average income increase. For the 1987-94 period, see Tim Callan and Brian Nolan, "Income Inequality in Ireland in the 1980s and 1990s," in Frank Barry, ed., Understanding Ireland's Economic Growth (London: Macmillan, 1999), 167-92. For the 1995-98 period, see Tim Callan, Brian Nolan, and John Walsh, "Income Tax and Social Welfare Policy," in T. Callan, D. Duffy, T. Fahey, B. Feeney, B. Nolan, P. O'Connell, S. Scott, and J. Walsh, eds., Budget Perspectives (Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute/Oak Tree Press, 1998).
110. Summary quote from Barrett, Callan, and Nolan, "Rising Wage Inequality," 95. Neither have recent changes in tax and social welfare done anything to mitigate these inequalities. Although redistribution was significant between 1987 and 1994, tax and welfare changes from 1995 to 1998 resulted in the poorest 30 percent of the population making 2 percent less than if their income had increased at the same rate as the average increase in income for the population. During the same period, the top 10 percent of earners benefited from tax changes to the extent that they made 4 percent more than would have been the case if they had simply followed the average income increase. For the 1987-94 period, see Tim Callan and Brian Nolan, "Income Inequality in Ireland in the 1980s and 1990s," in Frank Barry, ed., Understanding Ireland's Economic Growth (London: Macmillan, 1999), 167-92. For the 1995-98 period, see Tim Callan, Brian Nolan, and John Walsh, "Income Tax and Social Welfare Policy," in T. Callan, D. Duffy, T. Fahey, B. Feeney, B. Nolan, P. O'Connell, S. Scott, and J. Walsh, eds., Budget Perspectives (Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute/Oak Tree Press, 1998).
111. Summary quote from Barrett, Callan, and Nolan, "Rising Wage Inequality," 95. Neither have recent changes in tax and social welfare done anything to mitigate these inequalities. Although redistribution was significant between 1987 and 1994, tax and welfare changes from 1995 to 1998 resulted in the poorest 30 percent of the population making 2 percent less than if their income had increased at the same rate as the average increase in income for the population. During the same period, the top 10 percent of earners benefited from tax changes to the extent that they made 4 percent more than would have been the case if they had simply followed the average income increase. For the 1987-94 period, see Tim Callan and Brian Nolan, "Income Inequality in Ireland in the 1980s and 1990s," in Frank Barry, ed., Understanding Ireland's Economic Growth (London: Macmillan, 1999), 167-92. For the 1995-98 period, see Tim Callan, Brian Nolan, and John Walsh, "Income Tax and Social Welfare Policy," in T. Callan, D. Duffy, T. Fahey, B. Feeney, B. Nolan, P. O'Connell, S. Scott, and J. Walsh, eds., Budget Perspectives (Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute/Oak Tree Press, 1998).
112. Seán Ó Riain, "Time-Space Intensification: Irish Software Developers in the Global Workplace," in M. Burawoy, J. Blum, S. George, Z. Gille, T. Gowan, L. Haney, M. Klawiter, S. Lopez, S. Ó Riain, and M. Thayer, Global Ethnography (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming).
113. Pat O'Connor, Emerging Voices: Women in Contemporary Irish Society (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1998).
114. Proportions calculated on basis of data in Central Statistics Office, Household Budget Survey 1987 (Dublin: Central Statistics Office, 1988), 44-45, and Central Statistics Office, Household Budget Survey 1994 (Cork, Ireland: Central Statistics Office, 1997), 46-47.
115. Proportions calculated on basis of data in Central Statistics Office, Household Budget Survey 1987 (Dublin: Central Statistics Office, 1988), 44-45, and Central Statistics Office, Household Budget Survey 1994 (Cork, Ireland: Central Statistics Office, 1997), 46-47.
116. This can only be aggravated by the growing inequality between the share of national income going to capital and to labor and the ability of owners of capital to shelter that income from tax through international financial instruments, as partially revealed in a series of recent financial and tax scandals.
117. For a detailed discussion of these issues, see Ó Riain, Remaking the Developmental State, chap. 8. On trends toward fragmentation in industrial relations, see William K. Roche, "Between Regime Fragmentation and Realignment: Irish Industrial Relations in the 1990s," Industrial Relations Journal 29 (1998): 112-25.
118. For a detailed discussion of these issues, see Ó Riain, Remaking the Developmental State, chap. 8. On trends toward fragmentation in industrial relations, see William K. Roche, "Between Regime Fragmentation and Realignment: Irish Industrial Relations in the 1990s," Industrial Relations Journal 29 (1998): 112-25.
119. World Bank, The East Asian Miracle (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993 ); O'Hearn, "Globalization, New Tigers and the End of the Developmental State?"
120. World Bank, The East Asian Miracle (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993 ); O'Hearn, "Globalization, New Tigers and the End of the Developmental State?"
121. O' Hearn, "Globalization, New Tigers and the End of the Developmental State?"
122. Ansell, "The Networked Polity."
123. On Dutch regional policy, see Brenner, "Global Cities, Glocal States." On neocorporatism in the Netherlands, see Jelle Visser and Anton Hemerijck, A Dutch Miracle? (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1997).
124. On Dutch regional policy, see Brenner, "Global Cities, Glocal States." On neocorporatism in the Netherlands, see Jelle Visser and Anton Hemerijck, A Dutch Miracle? (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1997).
125. Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century (London: Verso, 1994).
126. On local state corporatism, see Jean Oi, Rural China Takes Off (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). On the central and local states in China, see Michael Burawoy, "The State and Economic Involution: Russia through a China Lens," in Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development (Berkeley: International and Area Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1997), 150-77.
127. On local state corporatism, see Jean Oi, Rural China Takes Off (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). On the central and local states in China, see Michael Burawoy, "The State and Economic Involution: Russia through a China Lens," in Peter Evans, ed., State-Society Synergy: Government and Social Capital in Development (Berkeley: International and Area Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1997), 150-77.
128. On interfirm networks, see Dedrick and Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge. On transnational communities, see AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs (San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California, 1999) . On corporate finance, see Biggart, "Deep Finance."
129. On interfirm networks, see Dedrick and Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge. On transnational communities, see AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs (San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California, 1999) . On corporate finance, see Biggart, "Deep Finance."
130. On interfirm networks, see Dedrick and Kraemer, Asia's Computer Challenge. On transnational communities, see AnnaLee Saxenian, Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs (San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California, 1999) . On corporate finance, see Biggart, "Deep Finance."
131. Philip McMichael, Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 1996).
132. Philip Cerny, "Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action," International Organization 49 (1995): 595-625.
133. Fritz Scharpf, Governing in Europe (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999).