Conscription in Scandinavia during the last quarter century: Developments and arguments

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 313-334

  Sørensen, Henning ^a,b  

^a ISF   (Denmark)

^b Institut for Sociologisk Forskning   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034384019     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0002600207     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. See Rudi Thomsen, Den almindelige vœrnepligts Gennembrud i Danmark (København: Gyldendal, 1949), 17 ff.
2. See Hans Christian Bjerg, "Til fœdrelandets forsvar. Vœrnepligten i Danmark gennem tiderne (Kœbenhavn, Varnepligtsstyrelsen, 1991), 107.
3. See Ebbe Blomgren, Totalförsvaresplikt i Sverige (Stockholm: Militärhögskolan Ledarskapsinstitutionen 1996), 7.
4. For Denmark, see Vœnepligtsloven of February 1848, the Constitution of June 5, 1849, the present Constitution of 5 June, 1953, § 81: "Every fitt man is bound to defend his native country" and the present Vœrnepligtsloven of 30th May, 1980; For Norway, see the Constitution of 1814, §109: "Every citizen of the State is in general equally bound to defend his native country...without any regard to birth or fortune", and Ministry of Justice, Om militœr verneptikt og sivil tjenesteplikt, (Oslo: Stortingsmelding no. 27, 1989); For Sweden, see Värnpliktslagen of 1901 and of 1941:967, § 6, 5: "Every conscript shall be selected for the education for which he is best fitted" and Värnpliktsutbildldningskommittéen af 1983, Värnplikten i Framtiden, (Stockholm: SOU, 1984), 71.
5. For Denmark, see Vœnepligtsloven of February 1848, the Constitution of June 5, 1849, the present Constitution of 5 June, 1953, § 81: "Every fitt man is bound to defend his native country" and the present Vœrnepligtsloven of 30th May, 1980; For Norway, see the Constitution of 1814, §109: "Every citizen of the State is in general equally bound to defend his native country...without any regard to birth or fortune", and Ministry of Justice, Om militœr verneptikt og sivil tjenesteplikt, (Oslo: Stortingsmelding no. 27, 1989); For Sweden, see Värnpliktslagen of 1901 and of 1941:967, § 6, 5: "Every conscript shall be selected for the education for which he is best fitted" and Värnpliktsutbildldningskommittéen af 1983, Värnplikten i Framtiden, (Stockholm: SOU, 1984), 71.
6. For Denmark, see Vœnepligtsloven of February 1848, the Constitution of June 5, 1849, the present Constitution of 5 June, 1953, § 81: "Every fitt man is bound to defend his native country" and the present Vœrnepligtsloven of 30th May, 1980; For Norway, see the Constitution of 1814, §109: "Every citizen of the State is in general equally bound to defend his native country...without any regard to birth or fortune", and Ministry of Justice, Om militœr verneptikt og sivil tjenesteplikt, (Oslo: Stortingsmelding no. 27, 1989); For Sweden, see Värnpliktslagen of 1901 and of 1941:967, § 6, 5: "Every conscript shall be selected for the education for which he is best fitted" and Värnpliktsutbildldningskommittéen af 1983, Värnplikten i Framtiden, (Stockholm: SOU, 1984), 71.
7. See Karl Haltiner, "The Definitive End of the Mass Army in Western Europe?" Armed Forces & Society 25 (Fall 1998): 7-36.
8. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
9. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
10. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
11. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
12. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
13. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
14. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
15. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
16. For conscript figures for 1970/71, 1979, 1989, see the International Institute of Strategic Studies, The Military Balance (London, 1971/72):17, 21, 24; (1979/80):23, 29, 33 ff.; (1989/90):58, 71, 88, and 1995/96, p. 39, 53 ff. and 97) for 1998, Denmark: Danish newspaper Jyllandsposten 3.10.1998, Sweden (http://www.mil.se/vp/ varn2.html):2, and Norway (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):l, together with data from KK S.M. Karlsen, Presse-og informasjons-afdelingen, Oslo Mil, Huseby faxed to me on 30 November, 1998. The Norwegian data have had to be recalculated as each service counts its own personnel strength and because personnel are counted by the number of encounters with conscripts serving 9-12 months, while in Denmark and Sweden they are counted as men/year. Population data for Denmark Danmarks Statistik, Statistisk 10 års-oversigt 1996, (København, 1997); for Sweden and Norway: Statistisk Årbok '95: 38, Table 33, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1970: 49, Table 20, and Yearbook of Nordic Statistics 1979:36, Table 18. All armed forces figures here and in the following tables are peace-time data, excluding the Home Guards, but including soldiers abroad in NATO staffs in UN and OSCE missions, Coast Guard, and Rescue Services.
17. Blomgren, Totalförsvaresplikt, 7.
18. See Morris Janowitz, Civic Consciousness and Military Performance. Paper presented at the 20th Meeting of the Inter-University Seminar, Chicago, 1980) points at this problem: The increased gap between more civil rights (welfare) and fewer citizen obligations.
19. For conscript figures, see note 6; financial data for Denmark and Norway 1970-1989 see NATO, Financial and Economic Data Related to NATO Defense, Brussels:Press Release M-DPC-2 (93) 76, 1993):5, Table 3, and for Denmark 1998, Jyllandsposten 10th of March 1998, and for Norway 1998 (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):1-2. For Sweden, in 1970, see James C. Murdoch and Todd Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in The Economics of Defense Spending. An International Survey, ed. Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler (London: Routledge, 1990, 151, Table 7.2.; 1989, Statistisk Årbok '95: 500 table 533 and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/vpl/ varn2.html):1 and (http://www.mil.se/uppg/anslag.html).
20. For conscript figures, see note 6; financial data for Denmark and Norway 1970-1989 see NATO, Financial and Economic Data Related to NATO Defense, Brussels:Press Release M-DPC-2 (93) 76, 1993):5, Table 3, and for Denmark 1998, Jyllandsposten 10th of March 1998, and for Norway 1998 (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):1-2. For Sweden, in 1970, see James C. Murdoch and Todd Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in The Economics of Defense Spending. An International Survey, ed. Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler (London: Routledge, 1990, 151, Table 7.2.; 1989, Statistisk Årbok '95: 500 table 533 and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/vpl/ varn2.html):1 and (http://www.mil.se/uppg/anslag.html).
21. For conscript figures, see note 6; financial data for Denmark and Norway 1970-1989 see NATO, Financial and Economic Data Related to NATO Defense, Brussels:Press Release M-DPC-2 (93) 76, 1993):5, Table 3, and for Denmark 1998, Jyllandsposten 10th of March 1998, and for Norway 1998 (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):1-2. For Sweden, in 1970, see James C. Murdoch and Todd Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in The Economics of Defense Spending. An International Survey, ed. Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler (London: Routledge, 1990, 151, Table 7.2.; 1989, Statistisk Årbok '95: 500 table 533 and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/vpl/ varn2.html):1 and (http://www.mil.se/uppg/anslag.html).
22. For conscript figures, see note 6; financial data for Denmark and Norway 1970-1989 see NATO, Financial and Economic Data Related to NATO Defense, Brussels:Press Release M-DPC-2 (93) 76, 1993):5, Table 3, and for Denmark 1998, Jyllandsposten 10th of March 1998, and for Norway 1998 (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):1-2. For Sweden, in 1970, see James C. Murdoch and Todd Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in The Economics of Defense Spending. An International Survey, ed. Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler (London: Routledge, 1990, 151, Table 7.2.; 1989, Statistisk Årbok '95: 500 table 533 and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/vpl/ varn2.html):1 and (http://www.mil.se/uppg/anslag.html).
23. For conscript figures, see note 6; financial data for Denmark and Norway 1970-1989 see NATO, Financial and Economic Data Related to NATO Defense, Brussels:Press Release M-DPC-2 (93) 76, 1993):5, Table 3, and for Denmark 1998, Jyllandsposten 10th of March 1998, and for Norway 1998 (http://www.mil.no/fakta/html):1-2. For Sweden, in 1970, see James C. Murdoch and Todd Sandler, "Swedish Military Expenditures and Armed Neutrality," in The Economics of Defense Spending. An International Survey, ed. Keith Hartley and Todd Sandler (London: Routledge, 1990, 151, Table 7.2.; 1989, Statistisk Årbok '95: 500 table 533 and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/vpl/ varn2.html):1 and (http://www.mil.se/uppg/anslag.html).
24. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
25. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
26. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
27. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
28. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
29. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
30. For personnel figures see note 6. Personnel expenses for Denmark and Norway are found in 1970-1974 SIPRI, Yearbook 1995, (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1995), Table 12.1 and 1998 Beretning fra Forsvarskommissionen af 1997, Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, (København: "Notât vedrørende sammenligninger med andre lande efter ophøret af den kolde krig", bilag 18, 1998), 18 and for Sweden 1970-74 calculated as an average for the period 1970-1973, Militära Fakta (1970/71), 12, (1971/72), 15, (1972/73), 15 "Personalkostnader/ Värnpliksförmån" and 1998 (http://www.mil.se/uppg/fordel.html). Personnel expenses include Civil Defense, Rescue Services, and the Coast Guard. In 1998, the defense budget in Denmark was 15,1 mia DKK, in Sweden 40 mia SK, and in Norway 23,9 mia NK. Defense expenditures per capita in 1997 in fixed 1990 prices for Denmark were US $ 482, for Norway US $ 746 $, and for Sweden US $525, cfr. Fremtidens forsvar, bilagsbind 2, bilag 18:17 and 13.
31. The rejection data have been rather difficult to get, complex to calculate, and sensitive to interpret. Therefore, the official data have been compiled by and presented to the armed forces in the three countries for correction/comments. For Denmark Værnepligtsstyrelsen, Oversigter over udfaldet af session, (Copenhagen: unpublished material, respective years) faxed to me by Axel Elsborg and Forsvarskommandoen Rapport vedrørende årsager til efterkassationer (København: Arbejdsgruppe vedr. efterkassationer mm., March 1996), 28; Sweden: Tabeller over Värnepliktsförandringer, (Stockholm, respective years) faxed to me on 15 of June, 1993 from chief psychologist Johan Lotheglus, VPV/HK. - Norway: Figures given by phone by Lt. Colonel Ole Georg Johannesen, Personelstabens Organisasjonskontor, Forsvarets Overkommando, March, 1993) and confirmed in letter of 10 of March, 1993 by Lt. Colonel Frank Andersen.
32. Fremtidens forsvar, hovedbind, 1998,164. In 1997, 8894 conscripts served in the Danish armed forces, of which 5682 conscripts (or 64 %) were "volunteers."
33. Fremtidens forsvar, hovedbind, 1998, 164. The number of after-rejection conscripts was 712 in 1992, increased to 908 in 1993, and dropped to 423 in 1996.
34. See Henning Sørensen, "Denmark: The Vanguard of Conscientious Objection" in The New Conscientious Objection: From Sacred to Secular Resistance, ed. Charles C. Moskos and John Whiteclay Chambers II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 106-113.
35. See Danish newspaper Politiken July 6, 1995, front page article, and Danish newspaper Berlingske Tidende January 19, 1996 1st section, 2, and Jyllandsposten March 31, 1996, front page.
36. See Danish newspaper Politiken July 6, 1995, front page article, and Danish newspaper Berlingske Tidende January 19, 1996 1st section, 2, and Jyllandsposten March 31, 1996, front page.
37. See Danish newspaper Politiken July 6, 1995, front page article, and Danish newspaper Berlingske Tidende January 19, 1996 1st section, 2, and Jyllandsposten March 31, 1996, front page.
38. See note 6.
39. Keld Jensen, Strukturudviklingen i forsvaret (Roskilde: Roskilde Universitetscenter, 1994), 181, Fig. 13. Please note the difference in the number of Danish conscripts in 1989, where Jensen, based on NATO sources, reports 10,700 and Military Balance reports 9,215 conscripts. Here, as throughout in this article, Military Balance figures are used.
40. See note 6.
41. Figures are from Tables 5 and 6.
42. Nikolaj Petersen, "Denmark's Foreign Relations in the 1990s" in The Annals: "The Nordic Region: Changing Perspectives in International Relations" (London: Sage, 1990), 91.
43. See note 10.
44. Berlingske Tidende 23 February 1996.
45. Henning Sørensen. "NATO and Its New Military Security Position," European Security 7 (Spring 1998): 74-79.
46. Fremtidens forsvar, hovedbind, 1998, 167.