The definite end of the mass army in Western Europe?

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 7-36

  Haltiner, Karl W ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032148293     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9802500102     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. 1. See Barry R. Posen, "Nationalism, the Mass Army and Military Power," International Security 18, (Fall) 1993: 80-124, and William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982).
2. 1. See Barry R. Posen, "Nationalism, the Mass Army and Military Power," International Security 18, (Fall) 1993: 80-124, and William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982).
3. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
4. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
5. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
6. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
7. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
8. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
9. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
10. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
11. See, for instance, Morris Janowitz, "The Decline of the Mass Army," Military Review (February 1972): 10-16; Jacques van Doorn, "The Decline of the Mass Army in the West," Armed Forces & Society 1 (1975): 147-157; Gwyn Harries-Jenkins, "From Conscription to Volunteer Annies' Force in Modern Societies: The Military Profession," Adelphi Paper (No. 103, 1973), London; Michel Martin, "Conscription and the Decline of the Mass Army in France 1960-1975," Armed Forces & Society 3 (1977); Catherine Kelleher, "Mass Armies in the 1970s," Armed Forces & Society 5 (1978): 3-30; David R. Segal, Organizational Designs for the Future Army, United States Army Research Institute for Behavioral and Social Sciences, Special Report No. 20, 1993; Jan van der Meulen, The Deconstruction of the Draft-A Sociological Explanation, unpublished paper presented at the IV ERGOMAS Biennial Conference, Turin 1994; James Burk, "The Decline of Mass Armed Forces and Compulsory Military Service," Defense Analysis 8 (No. 1, 1992): pp. 45-49; Bernard Boëne and Michel Martin, Conscription et armée de métier (Paris: FEDN, 1991).
12. 3. Van der Meulen, Deconstruction of the Draft, 3.
13. 4. Burk, "Decline of Mass Armed Forces," 47.
14. 5. Burk, ibid., 45.
15. 6. Van Doorn, "Decline of the Mass Army," 53; Kelleher, "Mass Armies," 4.
16. 6. Van Doorn, "Decline of the Mass Army," 53; Kelleher, "Mass Armies," 4.
17. 7. Van der Meulen, "Deconstruction," 3.
18. 8. Kelleher, op. cit.
19. 9. Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden.
20. 10. Kelleher, op. cit.
21. 11. Kelleher, ibid., 4; Segal, Organizational Designs, 6.
22. 11. Kelleher, ibid., 4; Segal, Organizational Designs, 6.
23. 12. Martin, "Conscription," 6.
24. 13. Van Doorn, op. cit., 53-56.
25. 14. About the quality of the data, the authors themselves state: "The Military Balance provides the actual numbers of nuclear and conventional forces and weapons based on the most accurate data available, or, failing that, on the best estimate that can be made with a reasonable degree of confidence.... Information may differ from previous date for a variety of reasons, generally as a result of substantive changes in national forces, but in some cases as a result of IISS reassessment of the evidence supporting past entries." In some cases time series may therefore contain errors. The Military Balance 1994-1995 of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (London: Brassey's, 1994), 10-11.
26. 15. See Stanislave Andrenski, Military Organization and Society (London: Routledge & Kegan, 1968), 33.
27. 16. The term "actives" comprises all servicemen and women on full-time duty (including conscripts and long-term assignments from the reserves). The term "reserves" includes all reservists committed to rejoining the armed forces in an emergency, except when national reserve service obligations following conscription last almost a life-time, as in the case of Switzerland, for instance.
28. 17. There are just a few deviations not shown in the figures from the average tendency that astonishingly match the expectations. Austria's force is army-dominated to a high extent, although this country, measured by the change of its CR after 1989, now passes for a soft-core conscript state. There is a large variety within the zero-draft-states: Ireland's and Japan's forces are army-dominated by an extent - more than 75 percent - that is usually the case with conscript armies. It is obvious and does not have to be stressed particularly that not only the factor of technology, but also other conditions such as domestic prerequisites, historical facts, and the situation of being close to the sea and the geopolitical position of a country, determine the structure of its armed forces.
29. 18. Burk, op. cit., 56.
30. 19. On the other hand, in spite of intentions to do so, it was not possible on a political level to replace conscription after its abolition by a compulsory civil service (Belgium, France).