Self-pollution, moral reform, and the venereal trade: Notes on the sources and historical context of Onania (1716)

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 9, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 37-61

  Stolberg, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034382778     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. The full title is Onania, or the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, and All Its Frightful Consequences, in Both Sexes, Considered. With Spiritual and Physical Advice for Those Who Have Already Injur'd Themselves by This Abominable Practice (London [1716]).
2. Samuel Auguste Tissot, L'onanisme, dissertation sur les maladies produites par la masturbation (Lausanne, 1760); orig.: Tentamen de morbis ex manustupratione (Lausanne, 1758). In this work, Tissot distanced himself rather vehemently from Onania (ix, 25). The numerous scientific works he quoted did not refer specifically to masturbation, however, and apart from a few cases communicated by colleagues or observed by himself, his symptomatology was almost exclusively derived from Onania (226-9), which is quoted throughout the book.
3. Samuel Auguste Tissot, L'onanisme, dissertation sur les maladies produites par la masturbation (Lausanne, 1760); orig.: Tentamen de morbis ex manustupratione (Lausanne, 1758). In this work, Tissot distanced himself rather vehemently from Onania (ix, 25). The numerous scientific works he quoted did not refer specifically to masturbation, however, and apart from a few cases communicated by colleagues or observed by himself, his symptomatology was almost exclusively derived from Onania (226-9), which is quoted throughout the book.
4. Samuel Auguste Tissot, L'onanisme, dissertation sur les maladies produites par la masturbation (Lausanne, 1760); orig.: Tentamen de morbis ex manustupratione (Lausanne, 1758). In this work, Tissot distanced himself rather vehemently from Onania (ix, 25). The numerous scientific works he quoted did not refer specifically to masturbation, however, and apart from a few cases communicated by colleagues or observed by himself, his symptomatology was almost exclusively derived from Onania (226-9), which is quoted throughout the book.
5. Samuel Auguste Tissot, L'onanisme, dissertation sur les maladies produites par la masturbation (Lausanne, 1760); orig.: Tentamen de morbis ex manustupratione (Lausanne, 1758). In this work, Tissot distanced himself rather vehemently from Onania (ix, 25). The numerous scientific works he quoted did not refer specifically to masturbation, however, and apart from a few cases communicated by colleagues or observed by himself, his symptomatology was almost exclusively derived from Onania (226-9), which is quoted throughout the book.
6. Cf. the editors' introduction in Paula Bennett and Vernon A. Rosario II, eds., Solitary Pleasures: The Historical, Literary, and Artistic Discourse of Autoeroticism (New York, 1995).
7. The earliest extant edition appears to be the third (London [1717]), of which only a few copies have survived; I used the copy in the Staat- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen.
8. Robert H. McDonald, "The Frightful Consequences of Onanism: Notes on the History of a Delusion," Journal of the History of Ideas 28 (1967), 430; Tim Hitchcock, "Redefining Sex in Eighteenth-Century England," History Workshop Journal 41 (1996), 81;
9. Robert H. McDonald, "The Frightful Consequences of Onanism: Notes on the History of a Delusion," Journal of the History of Ideas 28 (1967), 430; Tim Hitchcock, "Redefining Sex in Eighteenth-Century England," History Workshop Journal 41 (1996), 81;
10. cf. Jean Frédéric Ostervald, The Nature of Uncleanness Consider'd (London, 1708).
11. Onania, 8th ed. (London, 1723), 4. I prefer to quote from this edition, which has become widely accessible thanks to a recent reprint (New York, 1986); while the eighth edition included many additions, the original passages - at least as they appear in the third edition - remained basically unaltered.
12. Jean Stengers and Anna van Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur: la masturbation (Brussels, 1984), 49; E. H. Hare, "Masturbatory Insanity: The History of an Idea," Journal of Mental Science 108 (1962), 19.
13. Jean Stengers and Anna van Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur: la masturbation (Brussels, 1984), 49; E. H. Hare, "Masturbatory Insanity: The History of an Idea," Journal of Mental Science 108 (1962), 19.
14. The Monthly Catalogue 3 (1716), 25. According to the author, the manuscript had been essentially completed by 1714. In 1717, he wrote that he had concluded his work about three years before, but had not published it immediately because, he claimed, he had waited until a trustworthy person had tried out the specific rememdies, which he then recommended in Onania (Onania, 3d ed., 72).
15. The Monthly Catalogue 3 (1716), 25. According to the author, the manuscript had been essentially completed by 1714. In 1717, he wrote that he had concluded his work about three years before, but had not published it immediately because, he claimed, he had waited until a trustworthy person had tried out the specific rememdies, which he then recommended in Onania (Onania, 3d ed., 72).
16. This issue was cited as "February 16, 1716" by Stengers and Neck; this date led them to the conclusion that the original was published in 1715. While the issue in question is indeed dated "1716," Stengers and Neck overlooked the fact that the Weekly Journal used the old-style calendar, which made the new year begin on Lady's Day (March 25) instead of January 1.
17. Onania, 3d ed., 40; 8th ed., 32.
18. Onania, 3d ed., 40; 8th ed., 32.
19. Weekly Journal, November 22, 1718; cf. Stengers and Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur, 207n. The work was also already advertised in I. F. Nicholson, The Modern Siphylis [sic]; or, The True Method of Curing Every Stage and Symptom of the Venereal Disease (London, 1718).
20. Weekly Journal, November 22, 1718; cf. Stengers and Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur, 207n. The work was also already advertised in I. F. Nicholson, The Modern Siphylis [sic]; or, The True Method of Curing Every Stage and Symptom of the Venereal Disease (London, 1718).
21. Weekly Journal, November 22, 1718; cf. Stengers and Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur, 207n. The work was also already advertised in I. F. Nicholson, The Modern Siphylis [sic]; or, The True Method of Curing Every Stage and Symptom of the Venereal Disease (London, 1718).
22. Weekly Journal, December 26, 1719. I have found no copy of the fifth or seventh editions.
23. The twenty-second edition contains letters dated 1739 and 1742, but this was presumably just an attempt to create the impression of an updated version; the letters had already appeared with earlier dates in previous editions. There was a sixteenth edition in 1737, a seventeenth in 1752, an eighteenth in 1756, a nineteenth in 1758, a twentieth in 1759 (with a second printing in Glasgow), a twenty-first in 1776, an undated twenty-second (printed in Glasgow), and an abridged edition in 1789. An American edition was published in Boston in 1724 and a further edition in 1742. A Dutch translation, De groote zonden van vuile zelfs-bevleckinge, door jonge en oude, mans-en vrouws persoonen (trans. I. V[an] Hode of the twelfth English ed.), appeared in 1730; German translations in 1736, 1757, and 1765.
24. Onania, 8th ed., 23, 30.
25. In the third edition about five pages (21-6) were devoted to this issue (pages 16-20 in the eighth edition), not including the instructions for the preparation and use of remedies at the end of the work; a letter to the author of Onania (40) and three letters to an unidentified "physical author" (49-56) also contained some medical information.
26. Phimosis: irretractable foreskin due to severe inflammation; paraphimosis: painfully retracted foreskin with impairment of circulation; stranguries: pains during urination; priapism: persistent erection.
27. From the Greek, gone (semen) and rrheo (flow). This "simple" gonorrhea was commonly distinguished from venereal gonorrhea; Robert James, in his Medicinal Dictionary (London, 1745), distinguished a third, post-venereal form.
28. Onania, 8th ed., 19.
29. Onania, 8th ed., vi.
30. See Paolo Zacchia, Quaestiones medico-legales, 3d ed. (Amsterdam, 1651).
31. Onania, 8th ed., 18.
32. Onania, 8th ed., 19.
33. Onania, 8th ed., 20.
34. Onania, 8th ed., 60-6.
35. Onania, 8th ed., 49-56.
36. Onania, 3d ed. (1717), 76-82.
37. Added to this total were several pages of advertisements for other medicines that the bookseller also sold.
38. A Supplement to "The Onania, or The Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution" (London, ca. 1725-1726), 5-54; Philo-Castitatis, "Onania" Examined and, Detected: or, The Ignorance, Error, Impertinence, and Contradiction of a Book call'd "Onania" Discovered, and Exposed, 2d ed. (London, 1724).
39. A Supplement to "The Onania, or The Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution" (London, ca. 1725-1726), 5-54; Philo-Castitatis, "Onania" Examined and, Detected: or, The Ignorance, Error, Impertinence, and Contradiction of a Book call'd "Onania" Discovered, and Exposed, 2d ed. (London, 1724).
40. Supplement, 66-75, 154-70.
41. Onania, 8th ed., 197.
42. See Bennett and Rosario, eds., Solitary Pleasures, 3; Hare, "Masturbatory Insanity," 2.
43. See Bennett and Rosario, eds., Solitary Pleasures, 3; Hare, "Masturbatory Insanity," 2.
44. See Karl Braun, Die Krankheit Onania. Körperangst und die Anfänge moderner Sexualität im 18. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, 1995); in Göttingen, Onania was fittingly shelved among the works on "theologia moralis."
45. See Karl Braun, Die Krankheit Onania. Körperangst und die Anfänge moderner Sexualität im 18. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, 1995); in Göttingen, Onania was fittingly shelved among the works on "theologia moralis."
46. See Karl-Felix Jacobs, "Die Entstehung der Onanie-Literatur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert" (M.D. thesis, Munich, 1963); Karl Heinz Bloch, Masturbation und Sexualerziehung in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Ein kritischer Literaturbericht (Frankfurt, 1989), 73-110; Pierre Hurteau, "Catholic Moral Discourse on Male Sodomy and Masturbation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993-94), 1-26.
47. See Karl-Felix Jacobs, "Die Entstehung der Onanie-Literatur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert" (M.D. thesis, Munich, 1963); Karl Heinz Bloch, Masturbation und Sexualerziehung in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Ein kritischer Literaturbericht (Frankfurt, 1989), 73-110; Pierre Hurteau, "Catholic Moral Discourse on Male Sodomy and Masturbation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993-94), 1-26.
48. See Karl-Felix Jacobs, "Die Entstehung der Onanie-Literatur im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert" (M.D. thesis, Munich, 1963); Karl Heinz Bloch, Masturbation und Sexualerziehung in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Ein kritischer Literaturbericht (Frankfurt, 1989), 73-110; Pierre Hurteau, "Catholic Moral Discourse on Male Sodomy and Masturbation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993-94), 1-26.
49. Jean Gerson, "De confessione mollitiei," in Oeuvres complètes (Paris, 1971), 8: 71-5.
50. Zacchia, Quaestiones medico-legales, 381, referring to Sanchez and Codronchi; Zacchia did not share this view.
51. Richard Capel, Tentations: Their Nature, Danger, Cure, 2d ed. (London, 1635), 354-6. The original edition appeared in 1633.
52. Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living (London, 1650), 81, 89; in contrast to Capel, Taylor described as particularly shameful those forms of uncleanness which ruined not only one but two souls at the same time; this formulation could be taken to imply that masturbation was a somewhat less serious offence.
53. Letters of Advice from Two Reverend Divines to a Young Gentleman, about a Weighty Case of Conscience (London, 1676), 26.
54. Hadriaan Beverland, De fornicatione cavenda admonitio, sive adhortatio ad pudicitiam et castitatem, corr. ed. after the London edition (n.p., 1698), 7-38. Beverland was forced to leave Holland after the scandal caused by his work, "De peccato originali kat'exochn sic nuncupato dissertatio" (n.p., 1679), in which he identified "original sin" with the sexual act. This theory probably furthered his interest in issues of infantile and adolescent sexuality as evidence that carnal desire was innate. De fornicatione was originally written in 1689, reworked in 1693-94, and published in London in 1697 by Bateman; see also R. de Smet, Hadrianus Beverlandus (1650-1716). Non unis e multis peccator. Studie over het leven en werk van Hadriaan Beverland (Brussels, 1988), 57.
55. Hadriaan Beverland, De fornicatione cavenda admonitio, sive adhortatio ad pudicitiam et castitatem, corr. ed. after the London edition (n.p., 1698), 7-38. Beverland was forced to leave Holland after the scandal caused by his work, "De peccato originali kat'exochn sic nuncupato dissertatio" (n.p., 1679), in which he identified "original sin" with the sexual act. This theory probably furthered his interest in issues of infantile and adolescent sexuality as evidence that carnal desire was innate. De fornicatione was originally written in 1689, reworked in 1693-94, and published in London in 1697 by Bateman; see also R. de Smet, Hadrianus Beverlandus (1650-1716). Non unis e multis peccator. Studie over het leven en werk van Hadriaan Beverland (Brussels, 1988), 57.
56. Hadriaan Beverland, De fornicatione cavenda admonitio, sive adhortatio ad pudicitiam et castitatem, corr. ed. after the London edition (n.p., 1698), 7-38. Beverland was forced to leave Holland after the scandal caused by his work, "De peccato originali kat'exochn sic nuncupato dissertatio" (n.p., 1679), in which he identified "original sin" with the sexual act. This theory probably furthered his interest in issues of infantile and adolescent sexuality as evidence that carnal desire was innate. De fornicatione was originally written in 1689, reworked in 1693-94, and published in London in 1697 by Bateman; see also R. de Smet, Hadrianus Beverlandus (1650-1716). Non unis e multis peccator. Studie over het leven en werk van Hadriaan Beverland (Brussels, 1988), 57.
57. Hadriaan Beverland, De fornicatione cavenda admonitio, sive adhortatio ad pudicitiam et castitatem, corr. ed. after the London edition (n.p., 1698), 7-38. Beverland was forced to leave Holland after the scandal caused by his work, "De peccato originali kat'exochn sic nuncupato dissertatio" (n.p., 1679), in which he identified "original sin" with the sexual act. This theory probably furthered his interest in issues of infantile and adolescent sexuality as evidence that carnal desire was innate. De fornicatione was originally written in 1689, reworked in 1693-94, and published in London in 1697 by Bateman; see also R. de Smet, Hadrianus Beverlandus (1650-1716). Non unis e multis peccator. Studie over het leven en werk van Hadriaan Beverland (Brussels, 1988), 57.
58. Beverland used the traditional term "mollities," but the context and his literary references leave no doubt that he meant masturbation; among others he referred to Diogenes, who was famous for having shown to a harlot that he did not need a woman to reach his desired aim.
59. Johannes Brandius, "Querela super peccato ononitico [sic] enormissimo," in Beverland, De fornicatione, 87-106. The catalogue of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich gives the variant title, "Detestatio nefandissimi sceleris onontici." Brandius is represented as being a Jesuit of Gratiani Torrisii, but I have been unable so far to find out more about him, or any real proof of his existence.
60. Josiah Woodward, A Rebuke to the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1704), 19.
61. Ostervald, The Nature of Uncleanness, xiv, xxiii.
62. Athenian Gazette, or Casuistical Mercury, March 17 to May 30, 1691, No. 25, Question 1: "What Was the Sin of Onan; Whether 'Tis Possible to be Guilty of It Now, Etc." I found this letter following up a hint from Helen Berry.
63. The Little Review, August 3, 1705, supplement, 71; see also Braun, Die Krankheit Onania, 118.
64. The Little Review, August 3, 1705, supplement, 71; see also Braun, Die Krankheit Onania, 118.
65. Onania, 8th ed., 2, 4, 6 (the quote from the unidentified "casuist" is Capel's), 66-76.
66. Ostervald, The Nature of Uncleanness, translator's preface, iv.
67. A Flaming Whip for Lechery (London, 1700); A Short Disswasive from the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1701); Woodward, A Rebuke; id., The Seaman's Monitor (London, 1705); id., A Disswasive from the Sin of Drunkenness (London 1711). Also see Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997).
68. A Flaming Whip for Lechery (London, 1700); A Short Disswasive from the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1701); Woodward, A Rebuke; id., The Seaman's Monitor (London, 1705); id., A Disswasive from the Sin of Drunkenness (London 1711). Also see Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997).
69. A Flaming Whip for Lechery (London, 1700); A Short Disswasive from the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1701); Woodward, A Rebuke; id., The Seaman's Monitor (London, 1705); id., A Disswasive from the Sin of Drunkenness (London 1711). Also see Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997).
70. A Flaming Whip for Lechery (London, 1700); A Short Disswasive from the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1701); Woodward, A Rebuke; id., The Seaman's Monitor (London, 1705); id., A Disswasive from the Sin of Drunkenness (London 1711). Also see Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997).
71. A Flaming Whip for Lechery (London, 1700); A Short Disswasive from the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1701); Woodward, A Rebuke; id., The Seaman's Monitor (London, 1705); id., A Disswasive from the Sin of Drunkenness (London 1711). Also see Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997).
72. A Flaming Whip for Lechery (London, 1700); A Short Disswasive from the Sin of Uncleanness (London, 1701); Woodward, A Rebuke; id., The Seaman's Monitor (London, 1705); id., A Disswasive from the Sin of Drunkenness (London 1711). Also see Tim Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 1700-1800 (Basingstoke, 1997).
73. See Edward J. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (Dublin, 1977); Leonard W. Cowie, Henry Newman: An American in London, 1708-1743 (London, 1956); M. G. Jones, The Charity School Movement: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938); A. G. Craig, "The Movement for the Reformation of Manners, 1688-1715" (Ph.D. diss., Edinburgh, 1980).
74. See Edward J. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (Dublin, 1977); Leonard W. Cowie, Henry Newman: An American in London, 1708-1743 (London, 1956); M. G. Jones, The Charity School Movement: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938); A. G. Craig, "The Movement for the Reformation of Manners, 1688-1715" (Ph.D. diss., Edinburgh, 1980).
75. See Edward J. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (Dublin, 1977); Leonard W. Cowie, Henry Newman: An American in London, 1708-1743 (London, 1956); M. G. Jones, The Charity School Movement: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938); A. G. Craig, "The Movement for the Reformation of Manners, 1688-1715" (Ph.D. diss., Edinburgh, 1980).
76. See Edward J. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain Since 1700 (Dublin, 1977); Leonard W. Cowie, Henry Newman: An American in London, 1708-1743 (London, 1956); M. G. Jones, The Charity School Movement: A Study of Eighteenth-Century Puritanism in Action (Cambridge, 1938); A. G. Craig, "The Movement for the Reformation of Manners, 1688-1715" (Ph.D. diss., Edinburgh, 1980).
77. Beverland, De fornicatione, 9.
78. Eronania. On the Misusing of the Marriage Bed by Er and Onan [. . .] or, The Hainous Crime of Self-Defilement (London, 1724), 1.
79. Onania, 8th ed., iii; this was, of course, also the justification for writing about this unchaste topic.
80. Onania, 8th ed., 23.
81. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (London, 1979), 318-22. Along similar lines, R. P. Neumann has suggested an earlier onset of puberty as a major factor in his "Masturbation, Madness, and the Modern Concepts of Childhood and Adolescence," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 1-27. However, the statistical evidence for this period is totally insufficient to make this case, and I have found no indication that such a change was assumed by contemporary observers.
82. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (London, 1979), 318-22. Along similar lines, R. P. Neumann has suggested an earlier onset of puberty as a major factor in his "Masturbation, Madness, and the Modern Concepts of Childhood and Adolescence," Journal of Social History 8 (1975), 1-27. However, the statistical evidence for this period is totally insufficient to make this case, and I have found no indication that such a change was assumed by contemporary observers.
83. For example, Benjamin Grosvenor, The Preservative of Virtuous Youth (London, 1714); Josiah Woodward, The Young-Man's Monitor, Shewing the Great Happiness of Early Piety and the Dreadful Consequences of Indulging Youthful Lusts, 2d ed. (London, 1718); and Ostervald's treatise, published in English under SPCK's auspices.
84. For example, Benjamin Grosvenor, The Preservative of Virtuous Youth (London, 1714); Josiah Woodward, The Young-Man's Monitor, Shewing the Great Happiness of Early Piety and the Dreadful Consequences of Indulging Youthful Lusts, 2d ed. (London, 1718); and Ostervald's treatise, published in English under SPCK's auspices.
85. Stengers and van Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur, 44; see also Onania, 8th ed., 18.
86. Stengers and van Neck, Histoire d'une grande peur, 44; see also Onania, 8th ed., 18.
87. Other variants found in contemporary writing were "mastupratio," "manstupratio," "manustupratio," and "mastrupatio."
88. Roderigo da Castro, Universa mulierum medicina, Part 2: Praxis (Hamburg, 1662), 97 [orig. 1603].
89. Michael Ettmüller, Opera omnia theoretica et practica, part 2 (Lyon, 1685), 422.
90. Baldassar Timaeus von Güldenklee, Responsa medica, et diaeteticon opus posthumum (Leipzig, 1668), 191-3.
91. Florentius Schuyl, De Gonorrhoea. Exponit: Hermannus Grube (Leiden, 1666), unpaginated.
92. Richard Wiseman, Eight Chirurgical Treatises, 4th ed. (London, 1705), 509.
93. Edward Baynard, "A Letter to Sir John Floyer, Kt., in Litchfield, Concerning Cold Immersion," in John Floyer, The Ancient Psychrologeia Revived: or, An Essay to Prove Cold Bathing Both Safe and Useful (London, 1702), 278.
94. Capel, Tentations (1655 ed.), 210.
95. Letters of Advice, 16.
96. Beverland, De fornicatione, 8, 12-14; Brandius, "Querela," 95-101.
97. Beverland, De fornicatione, 8, 12-14; Brandius, "Querela," 95-101.
98. John Marten, Treatise of Venereal Diseases, 6th ed. (London, 1708), 352-429; 7th ed. (London, 1711), 106-95. The two editions differ considerably. According to Marten, the work was initially published in 1704. The fourth edition, titled A true and succinct account of the venereal disease (London, 1706), mentioned masturbation only briefly (226); the same is true of Marten's Gonosologium novum: or, A New System of the Secret Infirmities and Diseases (London, 1709), 89, 92.
99. John Marten, Treatise of Venereal Diseases, 6th ed. (London, 1708), 352-429; 7th ed. (London, 1711), 106-95. The two editions differ considerably. According to Marten, the work was initially published in 1704. The fourth edition, titled A true and succinct account of the venereal disease (London, 1706), mentioned masturbation only briefly (226); the same is true of Marten's Gonosologium novum: or, A New System of the Secret Infirmities and Diseases (London, 1709), 89, 92.
100. John Marten, Treatise of Venereal Diseases, 6th ed. (London, 1708), 352-429; 7th ed. (London, 1711), 106-95. The two editions differ considerably. According to Marten, the work was initially published in 1704. The fourth edition, titled A true and succinct account of the venereal disease (London, 1706), mentioned masturbation only briefly (226); the same is true of Marten's Gonosologium novum: or, A New System of the Secret Infirmities and Diseases (London, 1709), 89, 92.
101. John Marten, Treatise of Venereal Diseases, 6th ed. (London, 1708), 352-429; 7th ed. (London, 1711), 106-95. The two editions differ considerably. According to Marten, the work was initially published in 1704. The fourth edition, titled A true and succinct account of the venereal disease (London, 1706), mentioned masturbation only briefly (226); the same is true of Marten's Gonosologium novum: or, A New System of the Secret Infirmities and Diseases (London, 1709), 89, 92.
102. Marten, Treatise, 6th ed., 393.
103. Marten, Treatise, 7th ed., 139. (Skin rashes were commonly thought to result from impurities due to the insufficient concoction of matter. The natural heat lost with the ejaculation of semen was thought to be essential for preventing rashes.)
104. Marten, Treatise, 6th ed., 405. There is one letter in the third edition of Onania that was written (after the second edition had appeared) to the author of Onania himself.
105. Marten, Treatise, 7th ed., 125-32.
106. Onanism Display'd, Being, I: An Enquiry into the True Nature of Onan's Sin, 2d ed. (London, 1719); The Crime of Onan [. . .] or the Hainous Vice of Self-Defilement with All Its Dismal Consequences (London, 1723); Eronania: On the Misusing of the Marriage Bed; Eronania: On the Crimes of Those Two Unhappy Brothers Er and Onan (London, 1724); Philo-Castitatis, "Onania" Examined.
107. Onanism Display'd, Being, I: An Enquiry into the True Nature of Onan's Sin, 2d ed. (London, 1719); The Crime of Onan [. . .] or the Hainous Vice of Self-Defilement with All Its Dismal Consequences (London, 1723); Eronania: On the Misusing of the Marriage Bed; Eronania: On the Crimes of Those Two Unhappy Brothers Er and Onan (London, 1724); Philo-Castitatis, "Onania" Examined.
108. Onanism Display'd, Being, I: An Enquiry into the True Nature of Onan's Sin, 2d ed. (London, 1719); The Crime of Onan [. . .] or the Hainous Vice of Self-Defilement with All Its Dismal Consequences (London, 1723); Eronania: On the Misusing of the Marriage Bed; Eronania: On the Crimes of Those Two Unhappy Brothers Er and Onan (London, 1724); Philo-Castitatis, "Onania" Examined.
109. Onanism Display'd, Being, I: An Enquiry into the True Nature of Onan's Sin, 2d ed. (London, 1719); The Crime of Onan [. . .] or the Hainous Vice of Self-Defilement with All Its Dismal Consequences (London, 1723); Eronania: On the Misusing of the Marriage Bed; Eronania: On the Crimes of Those Two Unhappy Brothers Er and Onan (London, 1724); Philo-Castitatis, "Onania" Examined.
110. See Philip Pinkus, Grub St. Stripped Bare (London, 1968).
111. Peter Wagner, "The Veil of Medicine and Morality: Some Pornographic Aspects of the 'Onania,'" British Journal of Eighteenth-Century Studies 6 (1983), 179-84.
112. See also the extensive list of similarly outspoken works in the anonymous Apology for a Latin Verse in Commendation of Mr. Marten's "Gonosologium novum." By a physician in the country (London, 1709).
113. Tissot, L'onanisme, 25. Cf. Jos. van Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung. Geschichte der Sexualfeindschaft (Hamburg, 1970), 37; Ludger Lütkehaus, "O Wollust, o Hölle": Die Onanie. Stationen einer Inquisition (Frankfurt, 1992), 21; Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 54. Tissot noted that, judging from the work itself, he would not have thought that it had been written by a physician.
114. Tissot, L'onanisme, 25. Cf. Jos. van Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung. Geschichte der Sexualfeindschaft (Hamburg, 1970), 37; Ludger Lütkehaus, "O Wollust, o Hölle": Die Onanie. Stationen einer Inquisition (Frankfurt, 1992), 21; Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 54. Tissot noted that, judging from the work itself, he would not have thought that it had been written by a physician.
115. Tissot, L'onanisme, 25. Cf. Jos. van Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung. Geschichte der Sexualfeindschaft (Hamburg, 1970), 37; Ludger Lütkehaus, "O Wollust, o Hölle": Die Onanie. Stationen einer Inquisition (Frankfurt, 1992), 21; Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 54. Tissot noted that, judging from the work itself, he would not have thought that it had been written by a physician.
116. Tissot, L'onanisme, 25. Cf. Jos. van Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung. Geschichte der Sexualfeindschaft (Hamburg, 1970), 37; Ludger Lütkehaus, "O Wollust, o Hölle": Die Onanie. Stationen einer Inquisition (Frankfurt, 1992), 21; Hitchcock, English Sexualities, 54. Tissot noted that, judging from the work itself, he would not have thought that it had been written by a physician.
117. This could also be due to the lack of adequate documentation, especially if Bekkers had been a foreigner. However, even the comprehensive collection of data on eighteenth-century medics in P. J. and R. V. Wallis, Eighteenth-Century Medics: Subscriptions, Licenses, Apprenticeships (Newcastle, 1988), gives no clue as to Bekkers's identity; the same is true for biographical dictionaries of European and Dutch physicians.
118. De groote zonden, dedication.
119. While I was in the process of comparing Marten's work and the Onania in the Library for the History of Medicine in the Wellcome Institute in London, the curator, H. Symons, kindly pointed out to me that he had come to suspect Marten's authorship some years earlier; although he has not specifically published on this issue, the Catalogue of Printed Books in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library, vol. 4 (London, 1995), edited by H. Symons and H. R. Denham, does in fact claim that Onania was written by John Marten or, at least, that he issued the work to promote his remedies.
120. While I was in the process of comparing Marten's work and the Onania in the Library for the History of Medicine in the Wellcome Institute in London, the curator, H. Symons, kindly pointed out to me that he had come to suspect Marten's authorship some years earlier; although he has not specifically published on this issue, the Catalogue of Printed Books in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library, vol. 4 (London, 1995), edited by H. Symons and H. R. Denham, does in fact claim that Onania was written by John Marten or, at least, that he issued the work to promote his remedies.
121. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
122. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
123. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
124. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
125. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
126. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
127. On Marten, see Roy Porter's analysis of Marten's marketing techniques and self-stylization in "'Laying Aside Any Private Advantage': John Marten and Venereal Disease," in The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-Century Britain and France, ed. Linda E. Merians (Lexington, 1996), 51-67. Porter makes no mention of the link between Marten and Onania; see also his "Forbidden Pleasures: Enlightenment Literature of Sexual Advice," in Bennett and Rosario, Solitary Pleasures, 75-98. The same is true for the brief and rather superficial sketch of Marten's life and work in Michael Davies, "John Marten: The Life and Works of a Medical Entrepreneur" (B.Sc. thesis, London, 1993). Very little is known about Marten's life, although in his own time he must have been well known in London. His works were constantly advertised in the London newspapers, and even if we distrust the authenticity of the many testimonials therein, the sheer number of editions does suggest at least a fair amount of success. He called himself a surgeon and humbly admitted that he could "boast of no great learning," (John Marten, A Treatise of the Gout, 4th ed. [London, 1738], preface), but his writing shows a fair knowledge of the (vernacular) medical literature. He claimed to have been a pupil of Joseph Green and had worked for some time in Ireland. Later he trained apprentices himself. According to a favorable contemporary description, Marten frequented the London coffeehouses and lived opulently: "in splendour, [he] rides in his coach, and has very great practice, especially in venereal diseases." (Apology, 46). Marten himself liked to underline his wealth and prided himself on his coach. In 1718, he ran his practice in Haddon Gardens together with I. F. Nicholson, who claimed to have studied medicine in Oxford and Glasgow (Nicholson, Modern Siphylis, preface).
128. Virtually nothing is known about Marten's later years, except that by 1737 he had moved into the house of "the late Sir Thomas Hewetts in Great St. Andrew's Street" (Marten, Gout, preface). No new works appeared under his name, and in later editions of his previous works I have been unable to find any allusion to Onania.
129. Supplement, 150; cf. Bellum medicinale: or, The Present State of Doctors and Apothecaries in London (London, 1701), 60.
130. Supplement, 150; cf. Bellum medicinale: or, The Present State of Doctors and Apothecaries in London (London, 1701), 60.
131. Marten, Treatise, 7th ed., 111.
132. All of Marten's works contain more or less extensive condemnations of his competitors as ignorant quacks; Marten's most vociferous critic was John Spinke, in Quackery Unmask'd (London, 1709) and A Short Discourse, Preliminary to the Second Edition of Quackery Unmask'd. Containing Some Useful Observations and Remarks on the Seventh Edition of Mr. Martin's "Treatise of the Venereal Disease" (London, 1711).
133. All of Marten's works contain more or less extensive condemnations of his competitors as ignorant quacks; Marten's most vociferous critic was John Spinke, in Quackery Unmask'd (London, 1709) and A Short Discourse, Preliminary to the Second Edition of Quackery Unmask'd. Containing Some Useful Observations and Remarks on the Seventh Edition of Mr. Martin's "Treatise of the Venereal Disease" (London, 1711).
134. Marten, Treatise, 6th ed., 68.
135. London Gazette, July 28-30, 1709; see also Apology. Marten was not convicted, but the scandal was sufficient to threaten his career; see David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England, 1660-1745 (n.p., 1964), 13.
136. London Gazette, July 28-30, 1709; see also Apology. Marten was not convicted, but the scandal was sufficient to threaten his career; see David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England, 1660-1745 (n.p., 1964), 13.
137. London Gazette, July 28-30, 1709; see also Apology. Marten was not convicted, but the scandal was sufficient to threaten his career; see David Foxon, Libertine Literature in England, 1660-1745 (n.p., 1964), 13.
138. I have not been able to discover a 1704 (re)edition of this work; it may never have existed.
139. The London physician and divine John Mapletoft is one such example that springs to mind. He was a leading figure in the campaign for moral reform, but in view of his very careful language he is a rather unlikely candidate. See John Mapletoft, The Principles and Duties of the Christian Religion (London, 1710).
140. De groote zonden, dedication.
141. MacDonald, "Frightful Consequences"; Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung, 143, 146.
142. MacDonald, "Frightful Consequences"; Ussel, Sexualunterdrückung, 143, 146.
143. Christian Franz Paullini, Observationes medico-physicae rarae selectae et curiosae (Leipzig, 1706), 513.
144. Joh. Christoph Neubaur, De gonorrhoaea benigna, Praes. Joannis Philippus Eyselius (Erfurt, 1715), 12.
145. Martin Schurig, Spermatologia historico-medica, h. e. seminis humani consideratio physico-medico-legalis (Frankfurt, 1720), 244.
146. G. L., "Vom weißen Fluß," in Georg Ernst Stahl, Ausführliche Abhandlung von den Zufällen und Kranckheiten des Frauenzimmers (Leipzig, 1724).
147. Daniel Turner, A Discourse Concerning Gleets, Their Cause and Cure (London, 1729), 5; also see his Syphilis: A Practical Dissertation on the Venereal Disease (London, 1717).
148. Daniel Turner, A Discourse Concerning Gleets, Their Cause and Cure (London, 1729), 5; also see his Syphilis: A Practical Dissertation on the Venereal Disease (London, 1717).
149. Joseph Cam, A Practical Treatise: or, Second Thoughts on the Consequences of the Venereal Disease, 3d ed. (London, 1729), 7.
150. Nicholas Robinson, A New Method of Treating Consumptions (London, 1727), 97; apart from "vicious" or "irregular" practices, Robinson also mentioned other strains and bruises as possible causes of genital efflux.
151. Democritus Junior [pseud. Richard Burton], The Anatomy of Melancholy (Oxford, 1651), 79, with numerous references.
152. Daniel Tauvry, Nouvelle anatomie raisonnée, ou les usages de la structure du corps de l'homme (Paris, 1690), 156; L. Salomon Schmieder, "Observatio de seminis regressu ad massam sanguineam," in Actorum eruditorum quae Lipsiae publicantur supplementa (Leipzig, 1713), 408-14. Schmieder simply ignored an earlier alternative explanation, that these beneficial masculinizing effects were caused by spirits or seminal atoms in the testicles which entered the blood stream; see Schuyl, De Gonorrhoea, preface.
153. Daniel Tauvry, Nouvelle anatomie raisonnée, ou les usages de la structure du corps de l'homme (Paris, 1690), 156; L. Salomon Schmieder, "Observatio de seminis regressu ad massam sanguineam," in Actorum eruditorum quae Lipsiae publicantur supplementa (Leipzig, 1713), 408-14. Schmieder simply ignored an earlier alternative explanation, that these beneficial masculinizing effects were caused by spirits or seminal atoms in the testicles which entered the blood stream; see Schuyl, De Gonorrhoea, preface.
154. Daniel Tauvry, Nouvelle anatomie raisonnée, ou les usages de la structure du corps de l'homme (Paris, 1690), 156; L. Salomon Schmieder, "Observatio de seminis regressu ad massam sanguineam," in Actorum eruditorum quae Lipsiae publicantur supplementa (Leipzig, 1713), 408-14. Schmieder simply ignored an earlier alternative explanation, that these beneficial masculinizing effects were caused by spirits or seminal atoms in the testicles which entered the blood stream; see Schuyl, De Gonorrhoea, preface.
155. Onania, 8th ed., 66-75.
156. See Simon Richter, "Wet-Nursing, Onanism, and the Breast in Eighteenth-Century Germany," Journal of the History of Sexuality 7 (1996), 1-22; for the general background, see Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991), and my "Der gesunde und saubere Körper," in Erfindung des Menschen. Schöpfungsträume und Körperbilder, 1500-2000, ed. Richard van Dülmen (Vienna, 1998), 305-17.
157. See Simon Richter, "Wet-Nursing, Onanism, and the Breast in Eighteenth-Century Germany," Journal of the History of Sexuality 7 (1996), 1-22; for the general background, see Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991), and my "Der gesunde und saubere Körper," in Erfindung des Menschen. Schöpfungsträume und Körperbilder, 1500-2000, ed. Richard van Dülmen (Vienna, 1998), 305-17.
158. See Simon Richter, "Wet-Nursing, Onanism, and the Breast in Eighteenth-Century Germany," Journal of the History of Sexuality 7 (1996), 1-22; for the general background, see Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991), and my "Der gesunde und saubere Körper," in Erfindung des Menschen. Schöpfungsträume und Körperbilder, 1500-2000, ed. Richard van Dülmen (Vienna, 1998), 305-17.
159. Tissot, L'onanisme, 84-103.
160. Although Robinson's remarks on masturbation appeared in a work on consumption rather than on venereal disease, he shared Turner's and Cam's interest; see Nicholas Robinson, A New Treatise of the Venereal Disease (London, 1736).
161. John Sintelaer, The Scourge of Venus and Mercury, Represented in a Treatise of the Venereal Disease (London, 1709), 139.
162. Possibly he was a physician by the name of Tanner; see Anodyne Tanner, Life of the Late Celebrated Mrs. Elizabeth Wisebourn (London, n.d.). This satire claims that the author of the "P-c-l Sch-e" was an M.D. Similarly, on the copy of the Pharmacopoeia venera: or, A Compleat Venereal Dispensatory (London, 1724) in the British Library, a contemporary hand noted "by Anodyne Necklace Tanner." Apart from "Anodyne Tanner," Wallis and Wallis, Eighteenth-Century Medics, list a Francis Tanner, M.D., whose years of recorded activity would match those of "Mr. Anodyne Necklace."
163. Possibly he was a physician by the name of Tanner; see Anodyne Tanner, Life of the Late Celebrated Mrs. Elizabeth Wisebourn (London, n.d.). This satire claims that the author of the "P-c-l Sch-e" was an M.D. Similarly, on the copy of the Pharmacopoeia venera: or, A Compleat Venereal Dispensatory (London, 1724) in the British Library, a contemporary hand noted "by Anodyne Necklace Tanner." Apart from "Anodyne Tanner," Wallis and Wallis, Eighteenth-Century Medics, list a Francis Tanner, M.D., whose years of recorded activity would match those of "Mr. Anodyne Necklace."
164. Possibly he was a physician by the name of Tanner; see Anodyne Tanner, Life of the Late Celebrated Mrs. Elizabeth Wisebourn (London, n.d.). This satire claims that the author of the "P-c-l Sch-e" was an M.D. Similarly, on the copy of the Pharmacopoeia venera: or, A Compleat Venereal Dispensatory (London, 1724) in the British Library, a contemporary hand noted "by Anodyne Necklace Tanner." Apart from "Anodyne Tanner," Wallis and Wallis, Eighteenth-Century Medics, list a Francis Tanner, M.D., whose years of recorded activity would match those of "Mr. Anodyne Necklace."
165. Practical Scheme for the Secret Disease and Broken Constitutions, 24th ed. (London, 1719), 26-8.
166. (London, 1723); the title page identifies the work as "volume 1."
167. (London, 1724) for both; like the Practical Scheme, these treatises were published anonymously, but the passages from the Practical Scheme recur almost literally, the bookseller as well as the recommended remedies were the same, and the remedies could be bought in the same place as the "anodyne necklace."
168. See the table of envisioned contents in The Crime of Onan, v-xiii.
169. Practical Scheme, 24th ed., 28.
170. Eronania: On the Misusing of the Marriage Bed, part 2: 8.
171. Practical Scheme, 24th ed., 27.
172. See also his Pharmacopoeia venera, and his The Secret Patient's Diary. Also the Gout and Weakness Diaries (London, 1725).