Quasi-states, weak states and the partition of Africa

Review of International Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 311-320

  Hopkins, A G ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034379639     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500003119     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Carolyn M. Warner, 'The Political Economy of "Quasi-Statehood" and the Demise of 19th Century African Politics', Review of International Studies, 25 (1999), pp. 233-55.
2. See for example, A.O. Adeoye, 'Understanding the Crisis in Modern Nigerian Historiography', History in Africa, 19 (1992), pp. 1-11; Finn Fuglestadt, 'The Trevor Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History', History in Africa, 19 (1992), pp. 309-26.
3. See for example, A.O. Adeoye, 'Understanding the Crisis in Modern Nigerian Historiography', History in Africa, 19 (1992), pp. 1-11; Finn Fuglestadt, 'The Trevor Roper Trap or the Imperialism of History', History in Africa, 19 (1992), pp. 309-26.
4. Warner, 'Political Economy', p. 234, and fns. 3-5.
5. Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher with Alice Denny, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London: Macmillan, 1961).
6. See Warner's remarks in her opening paragraph about African polities being engaged in 'much the same process' as European states: 'Political Economy', p. 233.
7. Warner, 'Political Economy', p. 235.
8. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: International Relations, Sovereignty and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
9. Warner, 'Political Economy', p. 235, and the exposition of Jackson on p. 236.
10. Ibid., p. 236, n. 9.
11. Jackson, Quasi-States, pp. 22-3, 29.
12. Ibid., pp. 27, 29, 48.
13. Ibid., p. 70.
14. Ibid., p. 70, and the citation of Mill's classic text on p. 185.
15. Ibid., pp. 67-71. See, too, H.R. Trevor Roper, 'The Past and the Present: History and Sociology', Past & Present, 42 (1969), pp. 3-17, and the appraisal by Fuglestadt, 'The Trevor Roper Trap'.
16. Ibid., pp. 67-71. See, too, H.R. Trevor Roper, 'The Past and the Present: History and Sociology', Past & Present, 42 (1969), pp. 3-17, and the appraisal by Fuglestadt, 'The Trevor Roper Trap'.
17. Ibid., pp. 67-71. See, too, H.R. Trevor Roper, 'The Past and the Present: History and Sociology', Past & Present, 42 (1969), pp. 3-17, and the appraisal by Fuglestadt, 'The Trevor Roper Trap'.
18. Warner, 'Political Economy', pp. 236-7, 247-8, 254.
19. Ibid., p. 240.
20. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). However, she does not use the second edition (1989) or the new material contained in Wilks's Forests of Gold (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1993).
21. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). However, she does not use the second edition (1989) or the new material contained in Wilks's Forests of Gold (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1993).
22. For a longer, but still inadequate summary of Wilks's research achievement see A.G. Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians: Transition and Partition on the Gold Coast', in Roy Bridges (ed.), Imperialism, Decolonisation and African History: Essays in Honour of John Hargreaves (London: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 25-64.
23. Warner, 'Political Economy', pp. 247-8.
24. T.C. McCaskie, 'Empire State: Asante and the Historians', Journal of African History, 33 (1992), pp. 473, 475.
25. Warner, 'Political Economy', ibid., n. 72, p. 248.
26. It would take an excessive amount of space to list all of this work here. Representative studies include: T.C. McCaskie, State and Society in Precolonial Asante (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Larry W. Yarak, Asante and the Dutch, 1744-1873 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), Kwame Arhin, 'Trade, Accumulation and the State in Asante in the Nineteenth Century', Africa, LX (1990), pp. 524-37. Additional references are given in Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 56-64.
27. It would take an excessive amount of space to list all of this work here. Representative studies include: T.C. McCaskie, State and Society in Precolonial Asante (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Larry W. Yarak, Asante and the Dutch, 1744-1873 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), Kwame Arhin, 'Trade, Accumulation and the State in Asante in the Nineteenth Century', Africa, LX (1990), pp. 524-37. Additional references are given in Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 56-64.
28. It would take an excessive amount of space to list all of this work here. Representative studies include: T.C. McCaskie, State and Society in Precolonial Asante (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Larry W. Yarak, Asante and the Dutch, 1744-1873 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), Kwame Arhin, 'Trade, Accumulation and the State in Asante in the Nineteenth Century', Africa, LX (1990), pp. 524-37. Additional references are given in Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 56-64.
29. It would take an excessive amount of space to list all of this work here. Representative studies include: T.C. McCaskie, State and Society in Precolonial Asante (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Larry W. Yarak, Asante and the Dutch, 1744-1873 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), Kwame Arhin, 'Trade, Accumulation and the State in Asante in the Nineteenth Century', Africa, LX (1990), pp. 524-37. Additional references are given in Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 56-64.
30. See especially, Joseph La Torre, 'Wealth Surpasses Everything: An Economic History of Asante, 1750-1874', Ph.D. thesis, UCLA (1978), and Gareth Austin, '"No Elders Were Present": Commoners and Private Ownership in Asante, 1807-96', Journal of African History, 37 (1996), pp. 1-30.
31. See especially, Joseph La Torre, 'Wealth Surpasses Everything: An Economic History of Asante, 1750-1874', Ph.D. thesis, UCLA (1978), and Gareth Austin, '"No Elders Were Present": Commoners and Private Ownership in Asante, 1807-96', Journal of African History, 37 (1996), pp. 1-30.
32. See, in addition to the references in fn. 22 above, Kwame Arhin, 'Asante Military Institutions', Journal of African Studies, 7 (1980), pp. 22-30, and Emmanuel Terray, 'Contribution à une étude de l'armée Asante', Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 16 (1976), pp. 297-356.
33. See, in addition to the references in fn. 22 above, Kwame Arhin, 'Asante Military Institutions', Journal of African Studies, 7 (1980), pp. 22-30, and Emmanuel Terray, 'Contribution à une étude de l'armée Asante', Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 16 (1976), pp. 297-356.
34. Lack of space has prevented me from discussing the comments made by Warner ('Political Economy , p. 252) on the period 1874-94. For an alternative interpretation see Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 45-51.
35. Lack of space has prevented me from discussing the comments made by Warner ('Political Economy , p. 252) on the period 1874-94. For an alternative interpretation see Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 45-51.
36. Warner, 'Political Economy', p. 253.
37. Ibid.
38. On the 'crisis of adaptation' see A.G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (London: Longman, 1973), ch. 4, and the volume of essays on this subject edited by Robin Law, From the Slave Trade to Legitimate Commerce: The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Warner cites these sources but does not, in my view, give sufficient prominence in her text to the debate over the nineteenth-century transition.
39. On the 'crisis of adaptation' see A.G. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (London: Longman, 1973), ch. 4, and the volume of essays on this subject edited by Robin Law, From the Slave Trade to Legitimate Commerce: The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Warner cites these sources but does not, in my view, give sufficient prominence in her text to the debate over the nineteenth-century transition.
40. Warner, 'Political Economy', p. 251.
41. See Hopkins, Economic History, ch.4, and for the larger picture, P.J. Cain and A.G.Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London: Longman, 1993), ch.11.
42. See Hopkins, Economic History, ch.4, and for the larger picture, P.J. Cain and A.G.Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London: Longman, 1993), ch.11.
43. See the quotations in Warner, 'Political Economy', pp. 248, 249, 250, 251.
44. A.G. Hopkins, 'The New International Order in the Nineteenth Century: Britain's First Development Plan for Africa', in Law, From the Slave Trade to Legitimate Commerce, pp. 240-64.
45. For an evaluation see Hopkins, 'Asante and the Victorians', pp. 35-7, 40, 45.
46. 'Political Economy', pp. 254-5.
47. Ibid., p. 254.
48. Ibid., p. 254.
49. Ibid., p. 254.
50. Political scientists (including Jackson himself) have already considered the applicability of the concept in the period following the end of the Cold War. See Leonardo A. Villalon and Phillip A. Huxtable (eds.), The African State at a Critical Juncture Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), especially chs. 3, 6, 8 and (for an optimistic view of the Ghanaian case) 11; Robert H. Jackson, 'Juridical Statehood in Sub-Saharan Africa', Journal of International Affairs, 46 (1992), pp. 1-16.
51. Political scientists (including Jackson himself) have already considered the applicability of the concept in the period following the end of the Cold War. See Leonardo A. Villalon and Phillip A. Huxtable (eds.), The African State at a Critical Juncture Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), especially chs. 3, 6, 8 and (for an optimistic view of the Ghanaian case) 11; Robert H. Jackson, 'Juridical Statehood in Sub-Saharan Africa', Journal of International Affairs, 46 (1992), pp. 1-16.
52. This position has been given renewed credibility by Jean-Francois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993).