Responding to the challenge of a changing workforce: Recruiting nontraditional demographic groups

Public Personnel Management

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 445-457

  Doverspike, Dennis ^a   Taylor, Mary Anne ^b   Shultz, Kenneth S ^c   McKay, Patrick F ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AKRON   (United States)

^b CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA WILMINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034354770     PISSN: 00910260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009102600002900403     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. The production of this article was a team effort. However, the first author accepts responsibility for final decisions regarding content and editing. As such, any disagreements regarding content or other comments should be directed to the first author, Dennis Doverspike. We would also like to thank Leilani de Saram, Palm Beach County, for her comments relevant to this manuscript.
2. The term "Minority Group" is used here to refer to members of recognizable ethnic and racial groups in the United States. However, it should be noted that most of the research literature deals with African-Americans and Hispanics.
3. R. W. Judy & C. D'Amico, Workforce 2020: Work and Workers in the 21st Century. (Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute, 1997); R. G. Penner, The Economic Impact of Trends in Retirement and Expected Life. Statement submitted to the Senate Finance Committee, June 18, 1988.
4. R. W. Judy & C. D'Amico, Workforce 2020: Work and Workers in the 21st Century. (Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute, 1997); R. G. Penner, The Economic Impact of Trends in Retirement and Expected Life. Statement submitted to the Senate Finance Committee, June 18, 1988.
5. B. A. Hirshorn & D. T. Hover, "Private Sector Hiring and Use of Retirees: The Firm's Perspective," The Gerontologist, 34 (1994): pp. 50-58; A. Kindelan, "Older Workers Can Alleviate Labor Shortages," HRMagazine, Sept., 43, 10 (1998): p. 200.
6. B. A. Hirshorn & D. T. Hover, "Private Sector Hiring and Use of Retirees: The Firm's Perspective," The Gerontologist, 34 (1994): pp. 50-58; A. Kindelan, "Older Workers Can Alleviate Labor Shortages," HRMagazine, Sept., 43, 10 (1998): p. 200.
7. D. Herz, "Work After Early Retirement: An Increasing Trend Among Men," Monthly Labor Review, 118, 4 (1995): pp. 13-21.
8. Hirshorn & Hoyer, 1994.
9. M. T. Brown, C. Fukunaga, D. Umemoto, & L. Wicker, "Annual Review: 1990-1996: Social Class, Work and Retirement Behavior," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 159-189; K. S. Shultz, K. R. Morton & J. R. Weckerle, "The Influence of Push and Pull Factors on Voluntary and Involuntary Early Retirees' Retirement Decision and Adjustment," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53 (1988): pp. 45-57.
10. M. T. Brown, C. Fukunaga, D. Umemoto, & L. Wicker, "Annual Review: 1990-1996: Social Class, Work and Retirement Behavior," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 159-189; K. S. Shultz, K. R. Morton & J. R. Weckerle, "The Influence of Push and Pull Factors on Voluntary and Involuntary Early Retirees' Retirement Decision and Adjustment," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 53 (1988): pp. 45-57.
11. D. H. Kausler & B. C. Kausler, The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind and Behavior. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1996).
12. M. A. Taylor & L. M. Shore, "Predictors of Planned Retirement Age: An Application of Beehr's Model," Psychology and Aging, 10 (1995): pp. 76-83.
13. American Association of Retired Persons, How to Recruit Older Workers. (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1993); American Association of Retired Persons, Baby Boomers Envision Their Retirement: An AARP Segmentation Analysis. (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1999); J. R. Weckerle & K. S. Shultz, "Influences on the Bridge Employment Decisions Among Older U.S. Workers," Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72 (1999): pp. 319-330.
14. American Association of Retired Persons, How to Recruit Older Workers. (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1993); American Association of Retired Persons, Baby Boomers Envision Their Retirement: An AARP Segmentation Analysis. (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1999); J. R. Weckerle & K. S. Shultz, "Influences on the Bridge Employment Decisions Among Older U.S. Workers," Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72 (1999): pp. 319-330.
15. American Association of Retired Persons, How to Recruit Older Workers. (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1993); American Association of Retired Persons, Baby Boomers Envision Their Retirement: An AARP Segmentation Analysis. (Washington, D.C.: AARP, 1999); J. R. Weckerle & K. S. Shultz, "Influences on the Bridge Employment Decisions Among Older U.S. Workers," Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72 (1999): pp. 319-330.
16. C. D. Fyock, "Finding the Gold in the Graying of America," HRMagazine, Feb, 9, 2 (1994): pp. 74-77.
17. Ibid.
18. S. E. Sullivan & E. A. Duplaga, "Recruiting and Retaining Older Workers for the New Millennium," Business Horizons, Nov-Dec (1997): pp. 65-69.
19. AARP, 1993.
20. Fyock, 1994; L. L. Lefkovich, "Older Workers: Why and How to Capitalize on Their Powers," Employment Relations Today, 19, 1 (1992): pp. 63-80.
21. Fyock, 1994; L. L. Lefkovich, "Older Workers: Why and How to Capitalize on Their Powers," Employment Relations Today, 19, 1 (1992): pp. 63-80.
22. Sullivan & Duplanga, 1997.
23. AARP, 1993; Fyock, 1994; Lefkovich, 1992.
24. AARP, 1993; Fyock, 1994; Lefkovich, 1992.
25. AARP, 1993; Fyock, 1994; Lefkovich, 1992.
26. B. Girard, Workforce Investment Act of 1998: New Law Revolutionizes Employment and Training Services. (Washington, DC: National Council on the Aging, 2000).
27. Fyock, 1994.
28. Lefkovich, 1992.
29. AARP, 1999; Herz, 1995; Weckerle & Shultz, 1999.
30. AARP, 1999; Herz, 1995; Weckerle & Shultz, 1999.
31. AARP, 1999; Herz, 1995; Weckerle & Shultz, 1999.
32. B. Rosen & T. H. Jerdee, "Managing Older Workers Careers," Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 6 (1988): pp. 37-74.
33. M. C. Barth & W. McNaught, "The Impact of Future Demographic Shifts on the Employment of Older Workers," Human Resource Management, 30 (1991): pp. 31-44; H. L. Sterns & S. M. Miklos, "The Aging Worker In A Changing Environment: Organizational And Individual Issues," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47 (1995): pp. 248-268.
34. M. C. Barth & W. McNaught, "The Impact of Future Demographic Shifts on the Employment of Older Workers," Human Resource Management, 30 (1991): pp. 31-44; H. L. Sterns & S. M. Miklos, "The Aging Worker In A Changing Environment: Organizational And Individual Issues," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47 (1995): pp. 248-268.
35. A. J. Blumental, R. T. Cober, & D. Doverspike, "Appreciating Differences in Work Ethic: Comparing TechnoSavvy Generation Xers to Baby Boomers," Journal of e. Commerce and Psychology, in press; C. Manolis, A. Levin & R. Dahlstrom, "A Generation X Scale: Creation and Validation," Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57 (1997): pp. 666-684.
36. A. J. Blumental, R. T. Cober, & D. Doverspike, "Appreciating Differences in Work Ethic: Comparing TechnoSavvy Generation Xers to Baby Boomers," Journal of e. Commerce and Psychology, in press; C. Manolis, A. Levin & R. Dahlstrom, "A Generation X Scale: Creation and Validation," Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57 (1997): pp. 666-684.
37. D. Monaghan & D. Doverspike. Generation X: Attitudes toward compensation and benefits. Unpublished manuscript, University of Akron, 1998.
38. R. Eisenberger, Blue Monday: The Loss of the Work Ethic in America. (New York, NY: Paragon House Publishers, 1989); A. Williams, J. Coupland, A. Folwell, & L. Sparks, "Talking About Generation X: Defining Them as They Define Themselves," Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16 (1997): pp. 251-277. However, research exists which questions this slacker label, see Blumental, Cober & Doverspike, in press; and, C. L. Jurkiewicz, "Generation X and the Public Employee," Public Personnel Management, 29 (2000): pp. 55-73.
39. R. Eisenberger, Blue Monday: The Loss of the Work Ethic in America. (New York, NY: Paragon House Publishers, 1989); A. Williams, J. Coupland, A. Folwell, & L. Sparks, "Talking About Generation X: Defining Them as They Define Themselves," Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16 (1997): pp. 251-277. However, research exists which questions this slacker label, see Blumental, Cober & Doverspike, in press; and, C. L. Jurkiewicz, "Generation X and the Public Employee," Public Personnel Management, 29 (2000): pp. 55-73.
40. R. Eisenberger, Blue Monday: The Loss of the Work Ethic in America. (New York, NY: Paragon House Publishers, 1989); A. Williams, J. Coupland, A. Folwell, & L. Sparks, "Talking About Generation X: Defining Them as They Define Themselves," Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16 (1997): pp. 251-277. However, research exists which questions this slacker label, see Blumental, Cober & Doverspike, in press; and, C. L. Jurkiewicz, "Generation X and the Public Employee," Public Personnel Management, 29 (2000): pp. 55-73.
41. Monaghan & Doverspike, 1998.
42. J. Rapp, "Managing Generation X: As Employees, as Customers," Office Systems, 16 (1999): pp. 14-18.
43. Monaghan & Doverspike, 1998
44. Although our own work has led us to question this conclusion. It appears that although it may be correct that Generation Xers place a greater emphasis on performing work with a social value, they are not necessarily more ethical, at least in a traditional sense; Monaghan & Doverspike, 1998.
45. R. Zemke, C. Raines, & B. Filipczak, Generations at Work. (New York, NY: AMACOM, 2000).
46. Ibid.
47. R. T. Cober, D. J. Brown, A. Blumental, D. Doverspike & P. Levy, "The Quest for the Qualified Job Surfer: It's Time the Public Sector Catches the Wave," Public Personnel Management, in press.
48. D. Doverspike & R. Tuel, The Difficult Hire. (Manassas Park, VA: Impact Publishing, 2000).
49. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey. (Washington, DC, United States Department of Labor, 2000).
50. R. L. Calabrese & J. Poe, "Alienation: An Explanation of Dropout Rates Among African-American and Latino Students," Educational Research Quarterly, 14 (1990): pp. 22-26.; S. Fordham & J. U. Ogbu, "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of Acting White,' The Urban Review, 18 (1990): pp. 176-206; L. Steinberg, S. M. Dornbusch, & B. B. Brown, "Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Achievement: An Ecological Perspective," American Psychologist, 47 (1992): pp. 723-729.
51. R. L. Calabrese & J. Poe, "Alienation: An Explanation of Dropout Rates Among African-American and Latino Students," Educational Research Quarterly, 14 (1990): pp. 22-26.; S. Fordham & J. U. Ogbu, "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of Acting White,' The Urban Review, 18 (1990): pp. 176-206; L. Steinberg, S. M. Dornbusch, & B. B. Brown, "Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Achievement: An Ecological Perspective," American Psychologist, 47 (1992): pp. 723-729.
52. R. L. Calabrese & J. Poe, "Alienation: An Explanation of Dropout Rates Among African-American and Latino Students," Educational Research Quarterly, 14 (1990): pp. 22-26.; S. Fordham & J. U. Ogbu, "Black Students' School Success: Coping with the Burden of Acting White,' The Urban Review, 18 (1990): pp. 176-206; L. Steinberg, S. M. Dornbusch, & B. B. Brown, "Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Achievement: An Ecological Perspective," American Psychologist, 47 (1992): pp. 723-729.
53. See also, L. Inniss & J. R. Feagin, "The Black 'Underclass' Ideology in Race Relations Analysis," Social Justice, 16, (1989): 13-34; R. A. Mickelson, "The Attitude-Achievement Paradox Among Black Adolescents," Sociology of Education, 63 (1990): 44-61; J. U. Ogbu, "Minority Coping Responses and School Experience," The Journal of Psychohistory, 18 (1991): 433-456.
54. See also, L. Inniss & J. R. Feagin, "The Black 'Underclass' Ideology in Race Relations Analysis," Social Justice, 16, (1989): 13-34; R. A. Mickelson, "The Attitude-Achievement Paradox Among Black Adolescents," Sociology of Education, 63 (1990): 44-61; J. U. Ogbu, "Minority Coping Responses and School Experience," The Journal of Psychohistory, 18 (1991): 433-456.
55. See also, L. Inniss & J. R. Feagin, "The Black 'Underclass' Ideology in Race Relations Analysis," Social Justice, 16, (1989): 13-34; R. A. Mickelson, "The Attitude-Achievement Paradox Among Black Adolescents," Sociology of Education, 63 (1990): 44-61; J. U. Ogbu, "Minority Coping Responses and School Experience," The Journal of Psychohistory, 18 (1991): 433-456.
56. Calabrese & Poe, 1990; E. H. McWhirter, "Perceived Barriers to Education and Career: Ethnic and Gender Differences, "Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50 (1997): pp. 124-140.
57. Calabrese & Poe, 1990; E. H. McWhirter, "Perceived Barriers to Education and Career: Ethnic and Gender Differences, "Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50 (1997): pp. 124-140.
58. J. H. Braddock & J. M. McPartland, "How Minorities Continue to be Excluded from Equal Employment Opportunities: Research on Labor Market and Institutional barriers," Journal of Social Issues, 43 (1987): pp. 5-39.
59. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
60. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
61. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
62. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
63. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
64. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
65. John P. Campbell, "Group Differences and Personnel Selection Decisions: Validity, Fairness, and Affirmative Action," Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49 (1996): pp. 122-158; J. E. Hunter & R. F. Hunter, "Validity and Utility of Alternative Predictors of Job Performance," Psychological Bulletin, 96 (1984): pp. 72-98; M. J. Ree, J. A. Earles, & M. S. Teachout, "Predicting Job Performance: Not Much More Than," Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (1994): pp. 518-524; N. Schmitt, W. Rogers, D. Chan, L. Sheppard, & D. Jennings, "Adverse Impact and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 719-730. For, the use of top-down selection, see Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; P. R. Sackett & S. L. Wilk, "Within-group Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing," American Psychologist, 49 (1994): pp. 929-954.
66. Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; Schmitt et al., 1997.
67. Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; Schmitt et al., 1997.
68. Campbell, 1996; Hunter & Hunter, 1984; Schmitt et al., 1997.
69. P. F. McKay & D. Doverspike, "African-Americans' Test-Taking Attitudes and Their Effect on Cognitive Ability Test Performance: Implications for Public Personnel Management Selection Practice," Public Personnel Management, (in press); A. M. Ryan, J. M. Sacco, L. A. McFarland, & S. D. Kriska, "Applicant Self-Selection: Correlates of Withdrawal from a Multiple Hurdle Process," Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2000): pp. 163-179. Also see D. Chan & N. Schmitt, "Video-Based Versus Paper-and-Pencil Method of Assessment in Situational Judgment Tests: Subgroup Differences in Test Performance and Face Validity Perceptions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 143-159; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, R. P. DeShon, C. S. Clause, & K. Delbridge, "Reactions to Cognitive Ability Tests: The Relationships Between Race, Test Performance, Face Validity, and Test-Taking Motivation," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 300-310; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, J. M. Sacco, & R. P. DeShon, "Understanding Pretest and Post-test Reactions to Cognitive Ability and Personality Tests," Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (1998): pp. 471-485.
70. P. F. McKay & D. Doverspike, "African-Americans' Test-Taking Attitudes and Their Effect on Cognitive Ability Test Performance: Implications for Public Personnel Management Selection Practice," Public Personnel Management, (in press); A. M. Ryan, J. M. Sacco, L. A. McFarland, & S. D. Kriska, "Applicant Self-Selection: Correlates of Withdrawal from a Multiple Hurdle Process," Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2000): pp. 163-179. Also see D. Chan & N. Schmitt, "Video-Based Versus Paper-and-Pencil Method of Assessment in Situational Judgment Tests: Subgroup Differences in Test Performance and Face Validity Perceptions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 143-159; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, R. P. DeShon, C. S. Clause, & K. Delbridge, "Reactions to Cognitive Ability Tests: The Relationships Between Race, Test Performance, Face Validity, and Test-Taking Motivation," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 300-310; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, J. M. Sacco, & R. P. DeShon, "Understanding Pretest and Post-test Reactions to Cognitive Ability and Personality Tests," Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (1998): pp. 471-485.
71. P. F. McKay & D. Doverspike, "African-Americans' Test-Taking Attitudes and Their Effect on Cognitive Ability Test Performance: Implications for Public Personnel Management Selection Practice," Public Personnel Management, (in press); A. M. Ryan, J. M. Sacco, L. A. McFarland, & S. D. Kriska, "Applicant Self-Selection: Correlates of Withdrawal from a Multiple Hurdle Process," Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2000): pp. 163-179. Also see D. Chan & N. Schmitt, "Video-Based Versus Paper-and-Pencil Method of Assessment in Situational Judgment Tests: Subgroup Differences in Test Performance and Face Validity Perceptions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 143-159; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, R. P. DeShon, C. S. Clause, & K. Delbridge, "Reactions to Cognitive Ability Tests: The Relationships Between Race, Test Performance, Face Validity, and Test-Taking Motivation," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 300-310; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, J. M. Sacco, & R. P. DeShon, "Understanding Pretest and Post-test Reactions to Cognitive Ability and Personality Tests," Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (1998): pp. 471-485.
72. P. F. McKay & D. Doverspike, "African-Americans' Test-Taking Attitudes and Their Effect on Cognitive Ability Test Performance: Implications for Public Personnel Management Selection Practice," Public Personnel Management, (in press); A. M. Ryan, J. M. Sacco, L. A. McFarland, & S. D. Kriska, "Applicant Self-Selection: Correlates of Withdrawal from a Multiple Hurdle Process," Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2000): pp. 163-179. Also see D. Chan & N. Schmitt, "Video-Based Versus Paper-and-Pencil Method of Assessment in Situational Judgment Tests: Subgroup Differences in Test Performance and Face Validity Perceptions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 143-159; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, R. P. DeShon, C. S. Clause, & K. Delbridge, "Reactions to Cognitive Ability Tests: The Relationships Between Race, Test Performance, Face Validity, and Test-Taking Motivation," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 300-310; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, J. M. Sacco, & R. P. DeShon, "Understanding Pretest and Post-test Reactions to Cognitive Ability and Personality Tests," Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (1998): pp. 471-485.
73. P. F. McKay & D. Doverspike, "African-Americans' Test-Taking Attitudes and Their Effect on Cognitive Ability Test Performance: Implications for Public Personnel Management Selection Practice," Public Personnel Management, (in press); A. M. Ryan, J. M. Sacco, L. A. McFarland, & S. D. Kriska, "Applicant Self-Selection: Correlates of Withdrawal from a Multiple Hurdle Process," Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (2000): pp. 163-179. Also see D. Chan & N. Schmitt, "Video-Based Versus Paper-and-Pencil Method of Assessment in Situational Judgment Tests: Subgroup Differences in Test Performance and Face Validity Perceptions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 143-159; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, R. P. DeShon, C. S. Clause, & K. Delbridge, "Reactions to Cognitive Ability Tests: The Relationships Between Race, Test Performance, Face Validity, and Test-Taking Motivation," Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (1997): pp. 300-310; D. Chan, N. Schmitt, J. M. Sacco, & R. P. DeShon, "Understanding Pretest and Post-test Reactions to Cognitive Ability and Personality Tests," Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (1998): pp. 471-485.
74. R. D. Arvey, W Strickland, G. Drauden, & C. Martin, "Motivational Components of Test Taking," Personnel Psychology, 43 (1990): pp. 695-716.
75. We would like to thank Leilani de Saram, Palm Beach County Board of Commissioners, for her suggestions. See L. R. Offerman & M. K. Gowing, "Personnel Selection in the Future: The Impact of Changing Demographics and the Nature of Work," In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations, pp. 385-417 (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1993); I. L. Goldstein & P. Gilliam, "Training System Issues in the Year 2000," American Psychologist (Special Issue: Organizational Psychology), 45 (1990): pp. 134-143.
76. We would like to thank Leilani de Saram, Palm Beach County Board of Commissioners, for her suggestions. See L. R. Offerman & M. K. Gowing, "Personnel Selection in the Future: The Impact of Changing Demographics and the Nature of Work," In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations, pp. 385-417 (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1993); I. L. Goldstein & P. Gilliam, "Training System Issues in the Year 2000," American Psychologist (Special Issue: Organizational Psychology), 45 (1990): pp. 134-143.
77. Offerman & Gowing, 1993.
78. D. Doverspike, M. A. Taylor, & W. Arthur, Jr., Affirmative Action: A Psychological Perspective. (Commack, NY: Nova Scientific Publishing, 2000).
79. Ibid.
80. Doverspike & Tuel, 2000.