Russia and the illicit arms trade

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 33, Issue 1-2, 2000, Pages 85-104

  Berryman, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034347416     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/a:1008342202865     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. R.F. Staar, The New Military in Russia: Ten Myths That Shape the Image (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1996), p. 87; A. Shoumikhin, "View from Russia: The Weapons Stockpile", Comparative Strategy 1995, 14: 211-212.
2. R.F. Staar, The New Military in Russia: Ten Myths That Shape the Image (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1996), p. 87; A. Shoumikhin, "View from Russia: The Weapons Stockpile", Comparative Strategy 1995, 14: 211-212.
3. M.I. Gerasev and V.M. Surikov, "The Crisis in the Russian Defense Industry: Implications for Arms Exports", in A.J. Pierre and D.V. Trenin (eds.), Russia in the World Arms Trade (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997), pp. 9-19.
4. D. Holloway and M. McFaul, "Demilitarization and Defense Conversion", in G.W. Lapidus (ed.), The New Russia: Troubled Transformation (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1995), p. 211.
5. For more extended explorations of the distinctions between "black market" and "grey market" arms transfers see A. Karp, "The Rise of Black and Gray Markets", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Special Issue on The Arms Trade: Problems and Prospects in the Post-Cold War World, vol. 535 (September 1994), pp. 175-89; R.T. Naylor, "The Structure and Operation of the Modern Arms Black Market", in J. Boutwell, M.T. Klare and L.W. Reed (eds.), Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (Cambridge, Mass: Committee on International Security Studies, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995), pp. 44-57; I. Anthony, "Illicit arms transfers", in I. Anthony (ed.), Russia and the Arms Trade (Oxford: SIPRI/Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 219-220.
6. For more extended explorations of the distinctions between "black market" and "grey market" arms transfers see A. Karp, "The Rise of Black and Gray Markets", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Special Issue on The Arms Trade: Problems and Prospects in the Post-Cold War World, vol. 535 (September 1994), pp. 175-89; R.T. Naylor, "The Structure and Operation of the Modern Arms Black Market", in J. Boutwell, M.T. Klare and L.W. Reed (eds.), Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (Cambridge, Mass: Committee on International Security Studies, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995), pp. 44-57; I. Anthony, "Illicit arms transfers", in I. Anthony (ed.), Russia and the Arms Trade (Oxford: SIPRI/Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 219-220.
7. For more extended explorations of the distinctions between "black market" and "grey market" arms transfers see A. Karp, "The Rise of Black and Gray Markets", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Special Issue on The Arms Trade: Problems and Prospects in the Post-Cold War World, vol. 535 (September 1994), pp. 175-89; R.T. Naylor, "The Structure and Operation of the Modern Arms Black Market", in J. Boutwell, M.T. Klare and L.W. Reed (eds.), Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (Cambridge, Mass: Committee on International Security Studies, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995), pp. 44-57; I. Anthony, "Illicit arms transfers", in I. Anthony (ed.), Russia and the Arms Trade (Oxford: SIPRI/Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 219-220.
8. M.T. Klare, "The arms trade in the 1990s: changing patterns, rising dangers", Third World Quarterly 1996, 17(5): 859; A. Karp, "The Arms Trade Revolution: The Major Impact of Small Arms", Washington Quarterly 1994, 17(4): 72-73; A. Karp, "Small Arms: The New Major Weapons", in Boutwell, pp. 17-30.
9. M.T. Klare, "The arms trade in the 1990s: changing patterns, rising dangers", Third World Quarterly 1996, 17(5): 859; A. Karp, "The Arms Trade Revolution: The Major Impact of Small Arms", Washington Quarterly 1994, 17(4): 72-73; A. Karp, "Small Arms: The New Major Weapons", in Boutwell, pp. 17-30.
10. M.T. Klare, "The arms trade in the 1990s: changing patterns, rising dangers", Third World Quarterly 1996, 17(5): 859; A. Karp, "The Arms Trade Revolution: The Major Impact of Small Arms", Washington Quarterly 1994, 17(4): 72-73; A. Karp, "Small Arms: The New Major Weapons", in Boutwell, pp. 17-30.
11. Staar, p. 96; K. Gonchar and P. Lock, "Small Arms and Light Weapons: Russia and the Former Soviet Union", in Boutwell, p. 122; A. Hull and D. Markov, "Trends in the arms market. Part Two", Jane's Intelligence Review May 1997, 9(5): 236.
12. Staar, p. 96; K. Gonchar and P. Lock, "Small Arms and Light Weapons: Russia and the Former Soviet Union", in Boutwell, p. 122; A. Hull and D. Markov, "Trends in the arms market. Part Two", Jane's Intelligence Review May 1997, 9(5): 236.
13. Staar, p. 96; K. Gonchar and P. Lock, "Small Arms and Light Weapons: Russia and the Former Soviet Union", in Boutwell, p. 122; A. Hull and D. Markov, "Trends in the arms market. Part Two", Jane's Intelligence Review May 1997, 9(5): 236.
14. Interview in article by Sergei Roy, Moscow News, 20-26 October 1999 40: 4.
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16. G.H. Turbiville, Jr., Mafia in Uniform: The "Criminalization" of the Russian Armed Forces (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Foreign Military Studies Office, 1995), pp. 6-8; J. Serio, "Organised Crime in the Soviet Union and Beyond", Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement Autumn 1992, 1(2): 147.
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23. Wallander, pp. 71, 81: A.E. Stent, Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 163-164.
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26. J.W.R. Lepingwell, "The Russian Military in the 1990s: Disintegration or Renewal?", in D.W. Blum (ed.), Russia's Future: Consolidation or Disintegration? (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1994), p. 111; J.W.R. Lepingwell, "The Russian Military and Security Policy in the "Near Abroad", Survival Autumn 1994, 36(3): 72.
27. R.L. Garthoff, "Russian Military Doctrine and Deployments", in B. Parrott (ed.), State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), pp. 48-52; R. Allison, Military Forces in the Soviet Successor States, Adelphi Paper 280 (London: Brassey's for the IISS, 1993), pp. 65-67; A. Zverev, "Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994", in B. Coppetiers (ed.), Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB University Press, 1996), pp. 35-37.
28. R.L. Garthoff, "Russian Military Doctrine and Deployments", in B. Parrott (ed.), State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), pp. 48-52; R. Allison, Military Forces in the Soviet Successor States, Adelphi Paper 280 (London: Brassey's for the IISS, 1993), pp. 65-67; A. Zverev, "Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994", in B. Coppetiers (ed.), Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB University Press, 1996), pp. 35-37.
29. R.L. Garthoff, "Russian Military Doctrine and Deployments", in B. Parrott (ed.), State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), pp. 48-52; R. Allison, Military Forces in the Soviet Successor States, Adelphi Paper 280 (London: Brassey's for the IISS, 1993), pp. 65-67; A. Zverev, "Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994", in B. Coppetiers (ed.), Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: VUB University Press, 1996), pp. 35-37.
30. E. Fuller, "Paramilitary Forces Dominate Fighting in Transcaucasus", RFE/RL Research Report 18 June 1993, 2(25): 74.
31. G.H. Turbiville, Jr., "New Issues of Soviet National Security: Emerging 'Transnational Security Threats' and Future Soviet Defense Forces", in S.J. Blank and J.W. Kipp (eds.), The Soviet Military and the Future (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1992), p. 247; P. Baev, Russia's Policies in the Caucasus (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997), p. 23.
32. G.H. Turbiville, Jr., "New Issues of Soviet National Security: Emerging 'Transnational Security Threats' and Future Soviet Defense Forces", in S.J. Blank and J.W. Kipp (eds.), The Soviet Military and the Future (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1992), p. 247; P. Baev, Russia's Policies in the Caucasus (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997), p. 23.
33. T. Goltz, "Letter from Eurasia: the Hidden Russian Hand", Foreign Policy Autumn, 1993, 92: 92-116.
34. Fuller, pp. 77-80; T. Dragadze, "The conflict in Transcaucasia and the importance of inventory", Jane's Intelligence Review February, 1994, 6(2): 71-73; E. Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 16-18; R. Menon, "After Empire: Russia and the Southern 'Near Abroad'," in M. Mandelbaum (ed.), The New Russian Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998), pp. 128-129.
35. Fuller, pp. 77-80; T. Dragadze, "The conflict in Transcaucasia and the importance of inventory", Jane's Intelligence Review February, 1994, 6(2): 71-73; E. Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 16-18; R. Menon, "After Empire: Russia and the Southern 'Near Abroad'," in M. Mandelbaum (ed.), The New Russian Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998), pp. 128-129.
36. Fuller, pp. 77-80; T. Dragadze, "The conflict in Transcaucasia and the importance of inventory", Jane's Intelligence Review February, 1994, 6(2): 71-73; E. Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 16-18; R. Menon, "After Empire: Russia and the Southern 'Near Abroad'," in M. Mandelbaum (ed.), The New Russian Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998), pp. 128-129.
37. Fuller, pp. 77-80; T. Dragadze, "The conflict in Transcaucasia and the importance of inventory", Jane's Intelligence Review February, 1994, 6(2): 71-73; E. Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999), pp. 16-18; R. Menon, "After Empire: Russia and the Southern 'Near Abroad'," in M. Mandelbaum (ed.), The New Russian Foreign Policy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998), pp. 128-129.
38. A. Popov, "Ethnic wars in the Transcaucasus", in M. Kaldor and B. Vashee (eds.), Restructuring the Global Military Sector. Volume 1: New Wars (London: Pinter for UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1997), p. 196.
39. Anthony, pp. 224-225; Herzig, pp. 55, 67; Menon, pp. 132-33; Jane's Defence Weekly, 19 March 1997, p. 16.
40. Anthony, pp. 224-225; Herzig, pp. 55, 67; Menon, pp. 132-33; Jane's Defence Weekly, 19 March 1997, p. 16.
41. Anthony, pp. 224-225; Herzig, pp. 55, 67; Menon, pp. 132-33; Jane's Defence Weekly, 19 March 1997, p. 16.
42. Anthony, pp. 224-225; Herzig, pp. 55, 67; Menon, pp. 132-33; Jane's Defence Weekly, 19 March 1997, p. 16.
43. A. Pikayev, "Russia and the Missile Technology Control Regime", in G.K. Bertsch and W.C. Potter (eds.), Dangerous Weapons, Desperate States: Russia, Belarus, Kazakstan, and Ukraine (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 204-205.
44. D. Lynch, The Conflict in Abkhazia: Dilemmas in Russian "Peacekeeping" Policy, Discussion Paper 77, (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), p. 22.
45. Allison, Military Forces, p. 79.
46. Fuller, p. 81; Lynch, pp. 26-27, 53 fn 29; Herzig, p. 77; Popov, pp. 196-197; D. Trenin, "Russian peacemaking in Georgia", in H.C. Ehrhart, A. Kreikemeyer and A. Zagorski (eds.), Crisis Management in the CIS: Whither Russia? (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 136-139. See also the provocative analysis by a former Colonel in Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) S. Lunev, "Russian Military Policy in the Transcaucasus", PRISM, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. II, no. 8, part 4 (19 April 1996) (email).
47. Fuller, p. 81; Lynch, pp. 26-27, 53 fn 29; Herzig, p. 77; Popov, pp. 196-197; D. Trenin, "Russian peacemaking in Georgia", in H.C. Ehrhart, A. Kreikemeyer and A. Zagorski (eds.), Crisis Management in the CIS: Whither Russia? (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 136-139. See also the provocative analysis by a former Colonel in Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) S. Lunev, "Russian Military Policy in the Transcaucasus", PRISM, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. II, no. 8, part 4 (19 April 1996) (email).
48. Fuller, p. 81; Lynch, pp. 26-27, 53 fn 29; Herzig, p. 77; Popov, pp. 196-197; D. Trenin, "Russian peacemaking in Georgia", in H.C. Ehrhart, A. Kreikemeyer and A. Zagorski (eds.), Crisis Management in the CIS: Whither Russia? (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 136-139. See also the provocative analysis by a former Colonel in Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) S. Lunev, "Russian Military Policy in the Transcaucasus", PRISM, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. II, no. 8, part 4 (19 April 1996) (email).
49. Fuller, p. 81; Lynch, pp. 26-27, 53 fn 29; Herzig, p. 77; Popov, pp. 196-197; D. Trenin, "Russian peacemaking in Georgia", in H.C. Ehrhart, A. Kreikemeyer and A. Zagorski (eds.), Crisis Management in the CIS: Whither Russia? (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 136-139. See also the provocative analysis by a former Colonel in Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) S. Lunev, "Russian Military Policy in the Transcaucasus", PRISM, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. II, no. 8, part 4 (19 April 1996) (email).
50. Fuller, p. 81; Lynch, pp. 26-27, 53 fn 29; Herzig, p. 77; Popov, pp. 196-197; D. Trenin, "Russian peacemaking in Georgia", in H.C. Ehrhart, A. Kreikemeyer and A. Zagorski (eds.), Crisis Management in the CIS: Whither Russia? (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 136-139. See also the provocative analysis by a former Colonel in Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) S. Lunev, "Russian Military Policy in the Transcaucasus", PRISM, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. II, no. 8, part 4 (19 April 1996) (email).
51. Fuller, p. 81; Lynch, pp. 26-27, 53 fn 29; Herzig, p. 77; Popov, pp. 196-197; D. Trenin, "Russian peacemaking in Georgia", in H.C. Ehrhart, A. Kreikemeyer and A. Zagorski (eds.), Crisis Management in the CIS: Whither Russia? (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1995), pp. 136-139. See also the provocative analysis by a former Colonel in Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU) S. Lunev, "Russian Military Policy in the Transcaucasus", PRISM, The Jamestown Foundation, vol. II, no. 8, part 4 (19 April 1996) (email).
52. Goltz, pp. 106-108.
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77. Gordon, p. 4.
78. Staar, pp. 16-17; Anthony, pp. 228-230; Baev, Russia's Policies in the Caucasus, p. 52; Turbiville, Mafia in Uniform, pp. 16-17.
79. Staar, pp. 16-17; Anthony, pp. 228-230; Baev, Russia's Policies in the Caucasus, p. 52; Turbiville, Mafia in Uniform, pp. 16-17.
80. Staar, pp. 16-17; Anthony, pp. 228-230; Baev, Russia's Policies in the Caucasus, p. 52; Turbiville, Mafia in Uniform, pp. 16-17.
81. Staar, pp. 16-17; Anthony, pp. 228-230; Baev, Russia's Policies in the Caucasus, p. 52; Turbiville, Mafia in Uniform, pp. 16-17.
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94. K. Sorokin, "Russia's 'New Look' Arms Sales Strategy", Arms Control Today October 1993: 7-8; Khripunov, p. 132.
95. M.T. Klare, "The Kalashnikov Age", The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists January/February 1999: 21.
96. D.V. Trenin and A.J. Pierre, "Arms Trade Rivalry in the Future of Russian-American Relations" in Pierre and Trenin, p. 117.
97. The Military Balance 1998/99 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the IISS, 1998), p. 107.
98. Khripunov, pp. 135-136.
99. RFE/RL Newsline, 1 December 1999, 3(236), Part 1.
100. R. Allison, "The Russian Armed Forces: structures, roles and policies", in Baranovsky, p. 194.
101. Gonchar and Lock, pp. 117-118.
102. "The second-oldest profession", The Economist, 12 February 1994, pp. 19-21; M.T. Klare, "An avalanche of guns: light weapons trafficking and armed conflicts in the post-Cold War era", in Kaldor and Vashee, pp. 59-60; M.T. Klare, "The Subterranean Arms Trade: Black-Market Sales, Covert Operations and Ethnic Warfare", in A. Pierre (ed.), Cascade of Arms: Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation (Cambridge, Mass: The World Peace Foundation, 1997), pp. 43, 50-51.
103. "The second-oldest profession", The Economist, 12 February 1994, pp. 19-21; M.T. Klare, "An avalanche of guns: light weapons trafficking and armed conflicts in the post-Cold War era", in Kaldor and Vashee, pp. 59-60; M.T. Klare, "The Subterranean Arms Trade: Black-Market Sales, Covert Operations and Ethnic Warfare", in A. Pierre (ed.), Cascade of Arms: Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation (Cambridge, Mass: The World Peace Foundation, 1997), pp. 43, 50-51.
104. "The second-oldest profession", The Economist, 12 February 1994, pp. 19-21; M.T. Klare, "An avalanche of guns: light weapons trafficking and armed conflicts in the post-Cold War era", in Kaldor and Vashee, pp. 59-60; M.T. Klare, "The Subterranean Arms Trade: Black-Market Sales, Covert Operations and Ethnic Warfare", in A. Pierre (ed.), Cascade of Arms: Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation (Cambridge, Mass: The World Peace Foundation, 1997), pp. 43, 50-51.
105. A. Arbatov et al., "Introduction", in Baranovsky, p. 13.
106. C. Bluth, "Arms Control and Proliferation" in R. Allison and C. Bluth (eds.), Security Dilemmas in Russia and Eurasia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), pp. 314, 318.
107. Anthony, pp. 226-267.
108. L. Jonson, "Russian policy in Northern Europe", in Baranovsky, p. 313.
109. S. Medvedev, "Geopolitics and Beyond: The New Russian Policy Towards the Baltic States", in M. Jopp and S. Arnswald (eds.), The European Union and the Baltic States: Visions, Interests and Strategies for the Baltic Sea Region (Helsinki: The Finnish institute of international Affairs, 1998), pp. 255-256.
110. O. Greene, Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Conventional Arms: Strengthening Collective Efforts by EU and Associate Countries, (London: Saferworld, 1999); P. Eavis, "Awash With Light Weapons", The World Today April, 1999, 55(4): 19-21.
111. O. Greene, Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Conventional Arms: Strengthening Collective Efforts by EU and Associate Countries, (London: Saferworld, 1999); P. Eavis, "Awash With Light Weapons", The World Today April, 1999, 55(4): 19-21.
112. Klare, "An avalanche of guns", p. 72.
113. R.S. Norris, "The Soviet Nuclear Archipelago", Arms Control Today January/February 1992: 24.
114. G.H. Turbiville, Jr., Weapons Proliferation and Organized Crime: The Russian Military and Security Force Dimensions, INSS Occasional Paper no. 10, (Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies, US Air Force Academy, 1996), pp. 32-33; I. Khripunov and D. Averre, "Russia's CBW closet poses ongoing threat", Jane's Intelligence Review May 1999, 11(5): 20-23; J. Perera, "Russia finally faces up to its CW legacy", Jane's Intelligence Review April 1999, 11(4): 23-27.
115. G.H. Turbiville, Jr., Weapons Proliferation and Organized Crime: The Russian Military and Security Force Dimensions, INSS Occasional Paper no. 10, (Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies, US Air Force Academy, 1996), pp. 32-33; I. Khripunov and D. Averre, "Russia's CBW closet poses ongoing threat", Jane's Intelligence Review May 1999, 11(5): 20-23; J. Perera, "Russia finally faces up to its CW legacy", Jane's Intelligence Review April 1999, 11(4): 23-27.
116. G.H. Turbiville, Jr., Weapons Proliferation and Organized Crime: The Russian Military and Security Force Dimensions, INSS Occasional Paper no. 10, (Colorado: USAF Institute for National Security Studies, US Air Force Academy, 1996), pp. 32-33; I. Khripunov and D. Averre, "Russia's CBW closet poses ongoing threat", Jane's Intelligence Review May 1999, 11(5): 20-23; J. Perera, "Russia finally faces up to its CW legacy", Jane's Intelligence Review April 1999, 11(4): 23-27.
117. A.B. Carter and W.C. Perry, Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Washington, D.C.: Brooking Institution Press, 1999), pp. 39, 70.
118. See for example O. Bukharin, "Nuclear Safeguards and Security in the Former Soviet Union", Survival, Winter 1994-95, 36(4): 53-72 and G.T. Allison, O.R. Cote, Jr., R.A. Falkenrath and S.E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material, CSIA Studies in International Security No. 12, (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1996).
119. See for example O. Bukharin, "Nuclear Safeguards and Security in the Former Soviet Union", Survival, Winter 1994-95, 36(4): 53-72 and G.T. Allison, O.R. Cote, Jr., R.A. Falkenrath and S.E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material, CSIA Studies in International Security No. 12, (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1996).
120. Wallander, pp. 110-115.
121. Allison et al., pp. 23-28; W.C. Potter, "Before the Deluge? Assessing the Threat of Nuclear Leakage from the Post-Soviet States", Arms Control Today October 1995: 9-13; A.A. Pikayev, E.N. Nikitina and V. Kotov, "Harmful Legacies and Dangerous Weaknesses", in A.A. Arbatov, K. Kaiser and R. Levgold (eds.), Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), pp. 223-225; V.A. Orlov, "Export Controls and Nuclear Smuggling in Russia", in Bertsch and Potter, pp. 166-168.
122. Allison et al., pp. 23-28; W.C. Potter, "Before the Deluge? Assessing the Threat of Nuclear Leakage from the Post-Soviet States", Arms Control Today October 1995: 9-13; A.A. Pikayev, E.N. Nikitina and V. Kotov, "Harmful Legacies and Dangerous Weaknesses", in A.A. Arbatov, K. Kaiser and R. Levgold (eds.), Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), pp. 223-225; V.A. Orlov, "Export Controls and Nuclear Smuggling in Russia", in Bertsch and Potter, pp. 166-168.
123. Allison et al., pp. 23-28; W.C. Potter, "Before the Deluge? Assessing the Threat of Nuclear Leakage from the Post-Soviet States", Arms Control Today October 1995: 9-13; A.A. Pikayev, E.N. Nikitina and V. Kotov, "Harmful Legacies and Dangerous Weaknesses", in A.A. Arbatov, K. Kaiser and R. Levgold (eds.), Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), pp. 223-225; V.A. Orlov, "Export Controls and Nuclear Smuggling in Russia", in Bertsch and Potter, pp. 166-168.
124. Allison et al., pp. 23-28; W.C. Potter, "Before the Deluge? Assessing the Threat of Nuclear Leakage from the Post-Soviet States", Arms Control Today October 1995: 9-13; A.A. Pikayev, E.N. Nikitina and V. Kotov, "Harmful Legacies and Dangerous Weaknesses", in A.A. Arbatov, K. Kaiser and R. Levgold (eds.), Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), pp. 223-225; V.A. Orlov, "Export Controls and Nuclear Smuggling in Russia", in Bertsch and Potter, pp. 166-168.
125. G. Cameron, "Nuclear terrorism: a real threat?", Jane's Intelligence Review September 1996, 8(9): 422-425.
126. R.W. Lee, "Recent Trends in Nuclear Smuggling", in P. Williams (ed.), Russian Organized Crime: The New Threat? (London: Frank Cass, 1997), p. 117; R.W. Lee, Smuggling Armaseddon: The Nuclear Black Market in the Former Soviet Union and Europe, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 19-20.
127. R.W. Lee, "Recent Trends in Nuclear Smuggling", in P. Williams (ed.), Russian Organized Crime: The New Threat? (London: Frank Cass, 1997), p. 117; R.W. Lee, Smuggling Armaseddon: The Nuclear Black Market in the Former Soviet Union and Europe, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 19-20.
128. Potter, pp. 12-16: Bluth, pp. 307-308; Carter and Perry, pp. 77-82; K.M. Zisk, Weapons, Culture and Shelf-Interest: Soviet Defense Managers in the New Russia, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 19-20.
129. Potter, pp. 12-16: Bluth, pp. 307-308; Carter and Perry, pp. 77-82; K.M. Zisk, Weapons, Culture and Shelf-Interest: Soviet Defense Managers in the New Russia, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 19-20.
130. Potter, pp. 12-16: Bluth, pp. 307-308; Carter and Perry, pp. 77-82; K.M. Zisk, Weapons, Culture and Shelf-Interest: Soviet Defense Managers in the New Russia, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 19-20.
131. Potter, pp. 12-16: Bluth, pp. 307-308; Carter and Perry, pp. 77-82; K.M. Zisk, Weapons, Culture and Shelf-Interest: Soviet Defense Managers in the New Russia, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 19-20.
132. Pikayev, "Harmful Legacies", pp. 215, 225.
133. Orlov, pp. 174-175, 178-180; D. Averre, "Proliferation, Export Controls and Russian National Security", Contemporary Security Policy August 1996, 17(2): 193-194.
134. Orlov, pp. 174-175, 178-180; D. Averre, "Proliferation, Export Controls and Russian National Security", Contemporary Security Policy August 1996, 17(2): 193-194.
135. Pikayev, "Harmful Legacies", pp. 226-267; Khripunov and Averre, p. 23. On Western fears see A. Rimmington, "Fragmentation and Proliferation? The Fate of the Soviet Union's Offensive Biological Weapons Programme", Contemporary Security Policy April 1999, 20(1): 86-110.
136. Pikayev, "Harmful Legacies", pp. 226-267; Khripunov and Averre, p. 23. On Western fears see A. Rimmington, "Fragmentation and Proliferation? The Fate of the Soviet Union's Offensive Biological Weapons Programme", Contemporary Security Policy April 1999, 20(1): 86-110.
137. Pikayev, "Harmful Legacies", pp. 226-267; Khripunov and Averre, p. 23. On Western fears see A. Rimmington, "Fragmentation and Proliferation? The Fate of the Soviet Union's Offensive Biological Weapons Programme", Contemporary Security Policy April 1999, 20(1): 86-110.
138. G. Golan, Russia and Iran: A Strategic Partnership?, Discussion Paper 75 (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1998), p. 39.
139. Averre, pp. 194-197; Bluth, p. 306.
140. Averre, pp. 194-197; Bluth, p. 306.
141. Pikayev, "Russia and the MTCR", pp. 201-212; Pikayev, "Harmful Legacies", p. 226.
142. Pikayev, "Russia and the MTCR", pp. 201-212; Pikayev, "Harmful Legacies", p. 226.
143. For a cogent summary of the Western concerns see S. Blank, "Russia as a Rogne Proliferator", Orbis Winter 2000, 44(1): 91-107.
144. J.C. Baker, Non-proliferation Incentives for Russia and Ukraine, Adelphi Paper 309 (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the IISS, 1997).