Children who have witnessed community homicide: Incorporating risk and resilience in clinical work

Families in Society

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 402-411

  Levy, Alan J ^a   Wall, Jack C ^a  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034344933     PISSN: 10443894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1606/1044-3894.1083     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Anthony, E. J. (1987). Risk, vulnerability and resilience: An overview. In E. J. Anthony & B. J. Cohler (Eds.), The invulnerable child (pp. 3-48). New York: The Guilford Press.
2. Baker, J. E., Sedney, M. A., & Gross, E. (1992). Psychological tasks for bereaved children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(1), 105-116.
3. Bell, C., & Jenkins, E. J. (1990). Preventing black homicide. In J. Dewert (Ed.), The state of the black American (pp. 143-155). New York: National Urban League, Inc.
4. Bruner, E. M. (1989). Experience and it's expressions. In V. W. Turner (Ed.), The anthropology of experience (pp. 3-30). Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
5. Children's Defense Fund (1997). Everyday in America, www.childrens defense.org/everyday.html.
6. Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (1995). Developmental psychopathology. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
7. Compas, B.E., & Phares, V. (1991). Stress during childhood and adolescence: Sources of risk and vulnerability. In E. M. Cummings, A. L. Greene, & K. H. Karraker (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 111-139). Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
8. Cohler, B. J. (1988). The human studies and the life history: The social service review lecture. Social Service Review, 62(4), 552-575.
9. Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., & Shulz, M. S. (1996). Thinking about risk and resilience in families. In E. M. Hetherington & E. M. Blelchman (Eds.), Stress, coping and resiliency in children and families (pp. 1-38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
10. Garbarino, J. (1993). Children's response to community violence: What do we know? Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(2), 103-115.
11. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Children in danger. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Garbarino, J., Kostelny, N., & Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in danger. American Psychologist, 46(4), 376-383.
13. Garmezy, N. (1993). Vulnerability and resilience. In D. C. Funder, R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 377-397). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
14. Gergen, K. J., & Gergen, M. M. (1986). Narrative form and the construction of psychological science. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 22-44). New York: Praeger Publishers.
15. Grizenko, N., & Fisher, C. (1992). Review of studies of risk and protective factors for psychopathology in children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 711-721.
16. Grizenko, N., & Pawliuk, N. (1994). Risk and protective factors for disruptive behavior disorders in children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(4), 534-544.
17. Holland, T. P. (1991). Narrative, knowledge and professional practice. Social Thought, 17(1), 32-40.
18. Kirby, L. D., & Fraser, M. W. (1997). Risk and resilience in childhood. In M. W. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resilience in childhood: An ecological perspective (pp. 10-27). Washington, DC: NASW Press.
19. Luthar, S. S., & Zigler, E. (1991). Vulnerability and competence: A review of research on resilience in childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 6-22.
20. Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220.
21. McCann, L. I., Sackheim, D. K., & Abrahamson, D. J. (1988). Trauma and victimization: A model of psychological adaptation. The Counseling Psychologist, 16(4), 531-594.
22. McCubbin, H. I., Joy, C. B., & Cauble, A. E. (1980). Family stress and coping: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(4), 855-871.
23. McCubbin, H. I., & Patterson, J. M. (1983). Family transitions: Adaptation to stress. In H. I. McCubbin & C. R. Figley (Eds.), Stressful family circumstances (Vol. 1, pp. 5-25). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
24. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53(2), 185-204.
25. Nagy, M. (1948). The child's theories concerning death. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 73, 3-27.
26. Palombo, J. (1994). Incoherent self-narratives and disorders of the self in children with learning disabilities. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 64(2), 129-152.
27. Prothrow-Stith, D., & Weissman, M. (1991). Deadly consequences. New York: Harper Collins.
28. Pynoos, R. S., & Eth, S. (1984). The child as witness to homicide. Journal of Social Issues, 40(2), 87-108.
29. Rae-Grant, N., Thomas, B. H., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Risk, protective factors, and the prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(2), 262-268.
30. Reed, M. (1993). Sudden death and bereavement outcomes: The impact of resources on grief symptomatology and the detachment. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 23(3), 204-220.
31. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331.
32. Saari, C. (1986). Clinical social work treatment: How does it work. New York: Gardner Press.
33. Saari, C. (1991). The creation of meaning in clinical social work. New York: The Guilford Press.
34. Sarbin, T. R. (1986). The narrative as a root metaphor for psychology. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 3-21). New York: Praeger Publishers.
35. Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Baldwin, C. P., & Baldwin, A. (1992). Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 893-903.
36. Silvern, L., & Kaersvang, L. (1989). The traumatized children of violent marriages. Child Welfare, 68(4), 421-436.
37. Silverman, P. R., & Worden, J. W. (1992). Children's reactions in the early months after the death of a parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62(1), 93-104.
38. Smith, C., & Carlson, B. E. (1997). Stress, coping, and resilience in children and youth. Social Service Review, 71, 231-256.
39. Sprang, V., McNeil, J., & Wright, R. (1989). Psychological changes after the murder of a significant other. Social Casework, 70(3), 159-164.
40. Terr, L. C. (1981). Psychic trauma in children: Observations following the Chowchilla school-bus kidnapping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 14-19.
41. Wall, J. C., & Levy, A. J. (1996). Communities under fire: Empowering families and children in the aftermath of random homicide. Clinical Social Work Journal, 24(4), 403-414.
42. Werner, E. E. (1992). The children of Kauai: Resiliency and recovery in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 262-268.
43. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. R. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible. New York: McGraw-Hill.
44. White, M., & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative means to therapeutic ends. New York: W.W. Norton.
45. White, R.W. (1963). Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory. New York: International Universities Press.