Labor standards and global governance: Examining the dimensions of institutional engagement

Global Governance

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 259-277

  Wilkinson, Rorden ^a   Hughes, Steve ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034344744     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00602006     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
2. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
3. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
4. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
5. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
6. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
7. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
8. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
9. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
10. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
11. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
12. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
13. A small but growing literature exists on the issue of a social clause. See Gus Edgren, "Fair Labour Standards and Trade Liberalisation," International Labour Review 118, no. 5 (September-October 1979); Gary Fields, Trade and Labour Standards: A Review of the Issues (Paris: OECD, 1995); Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards: Issues and Debates over a Social Clause," Journal of Industrial Relations 39, no. 2 (1997); Steve Hughes and Rorden Wilkinson, "International Labour Standards and World Trade: No Role for the World Trade Organisation?" New Political Economy 3, no. 3 (1998); "International Labour Standards and Human Rights: Debate," New Political Economy 1, no. 2 (June 1996); Brian Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," Journal of World Trade 31, no. 4 (1997); Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation: Beyond the Trade-Labour Standards Debate?" British Journal of Politics and International Relations 1, no. 2 (June 1999); Eddy Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards: A Review of Issues," International Labour Review 136, no. 2 (1997); Keith Maskus, "Should Core Labor Standards Be Imposed Through International Trade Policy?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1817, Washington, D.C., 1997; OECD, Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (Paris: OECD, 1996); U.S. Department of Labor, International Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of a Symposium (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, 1994); André Raynauld and Jean-Pierre Vidal, Labour Standards and International Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Countries (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 1999); Caroline LeQuesne, Reforming World Trade: The Social and Environmental Priorities (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996).
14. This institutional cooperation and indivisibility in operations was also legally acknowledged by the wartime regeneration of the ILO. See Part IV of the Declaration Concerning the Aims and Purposes of the International Labour Organization annexed to the constitution of the ILO amended at the 1944 Philadelphia session of the International Labor Conference.
15. See William Diebold, Jr., "The End of the ITO," Essays in International Finance No. 16 (Princeton: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 1952); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), pp. 369-378.
16. See William Diebold, Jr., "The End of the ITO," Essays in International Finance No. 16 (Princeton: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 1952); Richard N. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), pp. 369-378.
17. Steve Charnovitz, "The Influence of International Labour Standards on the World Trading Regime," International Labour Review 126, no. 5 (September-October 1997): 575.
18. Decision on the Establishment of the Preparatory Committee for the World Trade Organization, par. 8(c)(iii).
19. Singapore Ministerial Declaration (Geneva: WTO, 1996), par. 4.
20. See statements by U.S. president Bill Clinton, vice-president of the European Commission Leon Brittan, U.S. trade representative Charlene Barshefsky, Norwegian prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik, South African president Nelson Mandela, and British prime minister Tony Blair to the second WTO Ministerial Conference, Geneva, 18-19 May 1998.
21. For Eddy Lee, support for the shift in institutional emphasis from the WTO to the ILO formed part of a cynical containment strategy as developing countries later rejected proposals for strengthening ILO supervisory mechanisms. See Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards."
22. Ministers' statements, for the Philippines by Jose T. Pardo, secretary of trade and industry; and for India by Murasoli Maran, minister of commerce and industry, to the third WTO Ministerial Conference, Seattle, 30 November-3 December 1999, WTO Docs. WT/MIN(99)/ST/6 and WT/MIN(99)/ST/16, respectively.
23. Ministers' statements, for the United States by Daniel Glickman, secretary of agriculture; for the European Communities, by Pascal Lamy, EU commissioner for trade; and for Italy by Piero Fassino, minister for foreign trade, to the third WTO Ministerial Conference, Seattle, 30 November-3 December 1999, WTO Docs. WT/MIN(99)/ST/12, WT/MIN(99)/ST/3, and WT/MIN(99)/ST/30, respectively.
24. ICFTU Circular 69 (December 1996), pp. 2-3.
25. Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation," pp. 168-177.
26. "Ninth Summit of the Heads of State and Government of the Group of Fifteen, Montego Bay, Jamaica, 10-12 February 1999," WTO Doc. WT/L/295.
27. Minister's statement for Malaysia by Asmat Kamaludin, secretary-general, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, to the third WTO Ministerial Conference, Seattle, 1 December 1999, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(99)/ST/28.
28. See Wilkinson, "Labour and Trade-Related Regulation," pp. 179-181.
29. See Ngaire Woods, "Good Governance and International Organizations," Global Governance 5, no. 1 (January-March 1999): 39-61.
30. For an overview of WTO interaction with civil society, see Jan Aart Scholte, Robert O'Brien, and Marc Williams, "The WTO and Civil Society," Journal of World Trade 33, no. 1 (February 1999);
31. Gabrielle Marceau and Peter N. Pedersen, "Is the WTO Open and Transparent? A Discussion of the Relationship of the WTO with Non-Governmental Organisations and Civil Society's Claims for More Transparency and Public Participation," Journal of World Trade 33, no. 1 (February 1999).
32. WTO director-general Renato Ruggiero, opening address to the WTO Ministerial Conference, Geneva, 18 May 1998.
33. See statements by Clinton, Barshefsky, and Brittan at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Geneva, cited in note 7.
34. See Lord Clinton-Davis, "World Trade and Workers' Rights: The View from the British Government," in One World Action, Can Trade Be Democratic? The Challenges for Trade Unions, Seminar Report (London: One World Action, 1998), pp. 25-26.
35. Renato Ruggiero, "The New Multilateral Trade Negotiations, the European Union, and Its Developing Country Partners: An Agenda for Action," address to the Relations Économiques Extérieures committee of the European Parliament, 18 February 1999, WTO press release no. 122, 19 February 1999.
36. Mike Moore, address to the ICFTU Conference on Globalization and Worker Rights, Seattle, WTO press release no. 152, 28 December 1999.
37. See Robert O'Brien, "The World Trade Organisation and Labour," in Robert O'Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, and Marc Williams, eds., Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
38. Marceau and Pedersen, "Is the WTO Open and Transparent?" p. 14.
39. "Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations," decision adopted by the General Council of the WTO, 18 July 1996, WTO Doc. WT/L/162, 23 July 1996, par. 1.
40. Marceau and Pedersen, "Is the WTO Open and Transparent?" p. 13.
41. Mike Moore, address to NGOs at the Seattle Symposium on Trade Issues in the Next Decade, 29 November 1999, WTO press release no. 155; see also Seattle ministerial statements by Pardo and Maran.
42. Haworth and Hughes, "Trade and International Labour Standards," pp. 189-193.
43. Rorden Wilkinson, "Labour, International Organisation and Global Economic Governance," Manchester Papers in Politics No. 2/99 (Manchester, England: Department of Government, University of Manchester, 1999), pp. 17-24.
44. Kofi Annan, secretary-general of the United Nations, address to the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, 1 February 1999, UN press release SG/SM/6881/Rev.1.
45. Online at http://www.essential.org/monitor/monitor.html.
46. The Copenhagen Declaration, the outcome of the 1995 World Summit for Social Development, recognizes the need to address the structural causes and distributional consequences of the "profound social problems, especially poverty, unemployment and social exclusion that affect every country" (par. 2, Copenhagen Declaration). Report of the World Summit for Social Development, 6-12 March 1995, Copenhagen, Denmark, UN Doc. A/CONF.166/9, 19 April 1995.
47. The MAI Negotiating Text (Paris: OECD, 24 April 1998), preamble to the (official) draft MAI (emphasis added).
48. Ibid., p. 9, notes 13-14.
49. Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards," pp. 181-183; Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," pp. 37-43.
50. Lee, "Globalisation and Labour Standards," pp. 181-183; Langille, "Eight Ways to Think About International Labour Standards," pp. 37-43.
51. The MAI Negotiating Text, pp. 54-55.
52. World Labor Report (Geneva: ILO, 1997). Of the ninety-two countries surveyed, forty-eight reported union density below 20 percent, and seventy-two reported union membership had declined over the previous decade.
53. Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Regime Building and Its Implications for International Labor Regulation and Organisation," Manchester Papers in Politics No. 3/99 (Manchester, England: Department of Government, University of Manchester, 1999). See also Haworth and Hughes, "Internationalisation, Industrial Relations Theory and International Relations," Journal of Industrial Relations 42, no. 2 (June 2000).
54. Nigel Haworth and Steve Hughes, "Regime Building and Its Implications for International Labor Regulation and Organisation," Manchester Papers in Politics No. 3/99 (Manchester, England: Department of Government, University of Manchester, 1999). See also Haworth and Hughes, "Internationalisation, Industrial Relations Theory and International Relations," Journal of Industrial Relations 42, no. 2 (June 2000).
55. Haworth and Hughes, "Regime Building and Its Implications," p. 12.
56. With its roots in commitments made at the 1995 World Summit for Social Development and the 1996 WTO ministerial meeting, the declaration has been seen as essential to maintaining the ILO's credibility. In essence, it commits all ILO member states to "respect, to promote and to realize in good faith certain fundamental rights, namely (a) freedom of association and effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; (b) the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor; (c) the effective abolition of child labor; (d) the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation." ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Its Follow-up, adopted by the eighty-sixth session of the International Labour Conference, 18 June 1998.
57. Inaugural Statement to the International Labour Office, Geneva, 22 March 1999.
58. For an in-depth discussion of this and related points, see Eddy Lee, The Asian Financial Crisis: The Challenge for Social Policy (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 1998).
59. The World Bank defines NGOs as "private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development." World Bank Operational Directive 14.70.
60. The Bank claims that since 1997, 38 percent of its projects have involved NGO collaboration, compared with only 6 percent for the period 1973-1988.
61. John Clark, head of the World Bank's NGO unit, "Summary of the Fourth Meeting of the World Bank/NGO Asia Pacific Committee," Bangkok, 1-2 July 1998, p. 7.
62. Jan Aart Scholte, "The IMF Meets Civil Society," Finance and Development 35, no. 3 (1998).
63. Ibid.
64. For a background analysis, see Joseph A. McMahon, "The EC Banana Regime, the WTO Rulings and the ACP: Fighting for Survival?" Journal of World Trade 32, no. 4 (August 1998).
65. Lomé Conventions 2 and 3 included reference to human rights in the preamble, although the ACP raised some concerns over this inclusion. However, for the first time, Lomé 4 witnessed a legal endorsement of human rights in the body of the convention, modified further by the midterm review, which added a section on good governance as an essential element of the political dimension of ACP-EC relations. These provisions are backed up by the enforcement clause of the convention (Article 366a). See Fourth ACP-EC Convention of Lomé as revised by the agreement signed in Mauritius, 4 November 1995, and Lomé IV Revised: Changes and Challenges (Brussels: European Commission, December 1996), p. 6. See also Chapters 1 and 3, Articles 142-144, 150-155, for residual commitments to social and cultural dimensions and technical assistance.
66. Lomé Conventions 2 and 3 included reference to human rights in the preamble, although the ACP raised some concerns over this inclusion. However, for the first time, Lomé 4 witnessed a legal endorsement of human rights in the body of the convention, modified further by the midterm review, which added a section on good governance as an essential element of the political dimension of ACP-EC relations. These provisions are backed up by the enforcement clause of the convention (Article 366a). See Fourth ACP-EC Convention of Lomé as revised by the agreement signed in Mauritius, 4 November 1995, and Lomé IV Revised: Changes and Challenges (Brussels: European Commission, December 1996), p. 6. See also Chapters 1 and 3, Articles 142-144, 150-155, for residual commitments to social and cultural dimensions and technical assistance.
67. For a critical reading on this point, see Denis Chartier and Jean-Paul Deléage, "The International Environmental NGOs: From Revolutionary Alternative to the Pragmatism of Reform," Environmental Politics 7, no. 3 (autumn 1998).
68. Ann Trebilcock, "What Future for Social Clauses? Differing Institutional Approaches," Working Paper to the International Industrial Relations Association World Congress, Bologna, Italy, September 1998, p. 20.
69. Wilkinson, "Labour, International Organisation and Global Economic Governance," pp. 3-11.