The WTO and Civil Society

Journal of World Trade

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 107-123

  Scholte, Jan Aart ^a   O'Brien, Robert ^b   Williams, Marc ^c,d  

^a INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES   (Netherlands)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c D   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033461937     PISSN: 10116702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/trad1999005     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. These and the following general points are elaborated in J.A. Scholte, The Globalization of World Politics, in J. Baylis and S. Smith (Eds), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 13-30; Scholte, Global Capitalism and the State, International Affairs, vol. 73, no. 3 (July 1997), pp. 427-52; Scholte, Globalisation and Governance, in P. Hanafin and M.S. Williams (Eds), Identity, Rights and Constitutional Transformation (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 1999).
2. These and the following general points are elaborated in J.A. Scholte, The Globalization of World Politics, in J. Baylis and S. Smith (Eds), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 13-30; Scholte, Global Capitalism and the State, International Affairs, vol. 73, no. 3 (July 1997), pp. 427-52; Scholte, Globalisation and Governance, in P. Hanafin and M.S. Williams (Eds), Identity, Rights and Constitutional Transformation (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 1999).
3. These and the following general points are elaborated in J.A. Scholte, The Globalization of World Politics, in J. Baylis and S. Smith (Eds), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 13-30; Scholte, Global Capitalism and the State, International Affairs, vol. 73, no. 3 (July 1997), pp. 427-52; Scholte, Globalisation and Governance, in P. Hanafin and M.S. Williams (Eds), Identity, Rights and Constitutional Transformation (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishers, 1999).
4. See, with respect to the WTO, M. Hart, The WTO and the Political Economy of Globalization, 31 J.W.T.5 (October 1997), pp. 75-93; A. Tita, Globalization: A New Political and Economic Space Requiring Supranational Governance, 32 J.W.T. 3 (June 1998), pp. 47-55.
5. See, with respect to the WTO, M. Hart, The WTO and the Political Economy of Globalization, 31 J.W.T.5 (October 1997), pp. 75-93; A. Tita, Globalization: A New Political and Economic Space Requiring Supranational Governance, 32 J.W.T. 3 (June 1998), pp. 47-55.
6. See, e.g., B.M. Hoekman and M.M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); J. Croome, Reshaping the World Trading System: A History of the Uruguay Round (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 1995); A.O. Krueger (Ed.), The World Trade Organization as an International Institution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); J.H. Jackson, The World Trade Organization (London: Cassell, 1998).
7. See, e.g., B.M. Hoekman and M.M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); J. Croome, Reshaping the World Trading System: A History of the Uruguay Round (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 1995); A.O. Krueger (Ed.), The World Trade Organization as an International Institution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); J.H. Jackson, The World Trade Organization (London: Cassell, 1998).
8. See, e.g., B.M. Hoekman and M.M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); J. Croome, Reshaping the World Trading System: A History of the Uruguay Round (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 1995); A.O. Krueger (Ed.), The World Trade Organization as an International Institution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); J.H. Jackson, The World Trade Organization (London: Cassell, 1998).
9. See, e.g., B.M. Hoekman and M.M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: From GATT to WTO (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); J. Croome, Reshaping the World Trading System: A History of the Uruguay Round (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 1995); A.O. Krueger (Ed.), The World Trade Organization as an International Institution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); J.H. Jackson, The World Trade Organization (London: Cassell, 1998).
10. The Results of the Uruguay Round (Geneva: World Trade Organization, n.d.), p. 17.
11. As note 4, above, pp. 405, 417. For further details see E.-U. Petersmann, The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System: International Law, International Organizations, and Dispute Settlement (London: Kluwer Law International, 1997), ch. 5.
12. Article IX(1), as note 4, above, p. 11.
13. Article XVI(5), as note 4 above, p. 17.
14. L.M. Salamon, The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector, Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, no. 4 (July-August 1994), p. 109.
15. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1997 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 96-7.
16. Union of International Associations, Yearbook of International Organizations 1997/98. Volume I (Munich: Saur, 1997), pp. 1762-3.
17. See further P. Willetts (Ed.), 'Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organisations in the UN System (London: Hirst, 1996); T.G. Weiss and L. Gordenker (Eds), NGQs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Rienner, 1996).
18. See further P. Willetts (Ed.), 'Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organisations in the UN System (London: Hirst, 1996); T.G. Weiss and L. Gordenker (Eds), NGQs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Rienner, 1996).
19. As note 4, above, p. 9.
20. Cited in S. Charnovitz and J. Wickham, Non-Governmental Organizations and the Original International Trade Regime, 29 J.W.T. 5 (October 1995), p. 115.
21. "Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organisations", WT/L/162, 23 July 1996, cited in M. Williams, The World Bank, the World Trade Organization and the Environmental Social Movement, in R. O'Brien et al., Complex Multilateralism: The Global Economic Institution-Global Social Movement Nexus (Unpublished report, February 1998), p. 109.
22. "Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organisations", WT/L/162, 23 July 1996, cited in M. Williams, The World Bank, the World Trade Organization and the Environmental Social Movement, in R. O'Brien et al., Complex Multilateralism: The Global Economic Institution-Global Social Movement Nexus (Unpublished report, February 1998), p. 109.
23. "Ruggiero Announces Enhanced WTO Plan for Cooperation with NGOs", WTO Press Release 107 dated 17 July 1998.
24. http://www.ictsd.org/html/special.htm, p. 8.
25. Cf. S. Collins and B. Bosworth (Eds), The New GATT: Implications for the United States (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1995); the Conference on the Future of the World Trading System, Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C., April 1998.
26. The following paragraph is largely adapted from R. O'Brien, The WTO and Labour, in O'Brien et al., note 14, above, pp. 59-84.
27. See J. Evans, The Trade Union's View on International Labour Standards: A Comment, in P. van Dijck and G. Faber (Eds), Challenges to the New World Trade Organization (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996), pp. 291-7.
28. O'Brien et al., note 14, above, pp. 71-3.
29. Cf. B. Coote, The Trade Trap: Poverty and the Global Commodities Markets (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996); C. Raghavan et al., Globalisation or Development, Third World Resurgence, no. 74 (October 1996), pp. 11-34; Y. Tandon, The WTO: A Southern NGO Perspective (May 1998), at http://www.ictsd.org/html/review 2-3.1/htm.
30. Cf. B. Coote, The Trade Trap: Poverty and the Global Commodities Markets (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996); C. Raghavan et al., Globalisation or Development, Third World Resurgence, no. 74 (October 1996), pp. 11-34; Y. Tandon, The WTO: A Southern NGO Perspective (May 1998), at http://www.ictsd.org/html/review 2-3.1/htm.
31. Cf. B. Coote, The Trade Trap: Poverty and the Global Commodities Markets (Oxford: Oxfam, 1996); C. Raghavan et al., Globalisation or Development, Third World Resurgence, no. 74 (October 1996), pp. 11-34; Y. Tandon, The WTO: A Southern NGO Perspective (May 1998), at http://www.ictsd.org/html/review 2-3.1/htm.
32. Sec Williams, note 14, above, pp. 108-18.
33. Cf. S. Joekes and A. Weston, Women and the New Trade Regime (New York: UNIFEM, 1995); A.K. Mehta and C. Otto, Global Trading Practices and Poverty Alleviation in South Asia: A Gender Perspective (New York: UNIFEM, 1996).
34. Cf. S. Joekes and A. Weston, Women and the New Trade Regime (New York: UNIFEM, 1995); A.K. Mehta and C. Otto, Global Trading Practices and Poverty Alleviation in South Asia: A Gender Perspective (New York: UNIFEM, 1996).
35. Cf. World Trade and the Rights of Women, Women Working World Wide Bulletin, no. 2 (January 1997).
36. http://www.idtsd.org/html/special.htm.
37. Who Makes the Rules? Decision-Making and Structure of the World Trade Organization (New York: WEDO, 1995); How Secure Is Our Food? Food Security and Agriculture under the New GATT and WTO (New York: WEDO, 1995); Who Owns Knowledge? Who Owns the Earth? Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity under the New GATT and WTO (New York: WEDO, 1995).
38. Who Makes the Rules? Decision-Making and Structure of the World Trade Organization (New York: WEDO, 1995); How Secure Is Our Food? Food Security and Agriculture under the New GATT and WTO (New York: WEDO, 1995); Who Owns Knowledge? Who Owns the Earth? Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity under the New GATT and WTO (New York: WEDO, 1995).
39. Who Makes the Rules? Decision-Making and Structure of the World Trade Organization (New York: WEDO, 1995); How Secure Is Our Food? Food Security and Agriculture under the New GATT and WTO (New York: WEDO, 1995); Who Owns Knowledge? Who Owns the Earth? Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity under the New GATT and WTO (New York: WEDO, 1995).
40. Cf. C. Bellmann and R. Gerster [Swiss Coalition of Development Organizations], Accountability in the World Trade Organization, 30 J.W.T. 6 (December 1996), pp. 31-74.
41. Cf. S. Bullen and B. Van Dyke, In Search of Sound Environment and Trade Policy: A Critique of Public Participation in the WTO (Geneva: Center for International Environmental Law, 1996).
42. 29 http://www.ictsd.org/html/special.htm, p. 2.
43. Cf. the collective NGO submission, co-ordinated through the Dialogues Programme of the ICTSD, in July 1998 on "Openness, Transparency and Access to Documents in the WTO" (source: e-mails circulated by ICTSD in June 1998).
44. PGA press release, 18 May 1998. See the PGA website: http://www.agp.org.
45. Cited in Hart, note 2, above, p. 77n.
46. http://www.ictsd.org/html/special.htm, p. 3.
47. Clinton Endorses Call for High-Level WTO Meeting on Trade-Environment and Calls for WTO Openness, Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest, vol. 2, no. 18 (18 May 1998).
48. Williams, note 14, above, p. 110; http://www.ictsd.org/html/review2-3.7.htm.
49. http://www.wto.org/wto/develop/hlm5.htm.
50. O'Brien, et al., note 14, above, p. 76.
51. http://www.wto.org.
52. WT/L/160/Rev.1, 22 July 1996; see also L.B. Van Dyke and J.B. Weiner, An Introduction to the WTO Decision on Document Restriction (Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development/Center for International Environmental Law, n.d.).
53. http://www.ictsd.org/html/review2-3.7.htm, p. 1.
54. http://www.wto.org/wto/anniv/dgen.htm; also Draft Ministerial Text Submitted by the Director-General at the Second Ministerial Meeting, Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest, vol. 2, no. 18 (18 May 1998).
55. WTO Press Release 107, note 15, above.
56. Williams, note 14, above, pp. 114-15.
57. See, e.g., environmentalist complaints about purported inadequacies of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment: World Wide Fund for Nature, The WTO Committee on Trade and the Environment - Is It Serious? (Geneva: WWF, 1996); Friends of the Earth, A Call to Close the Committee on Trade and the Environment (Amsterdam: FOE International, 1996).
58. See, e.g., environmentalist complaints about purported inadequacies of the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment: World Wide Fund for Nature, The WTO Committee on Trade and the Environment - Is It Serious? (Geneva: WWF, 1996); Friends of the Earth, A Call to Close the Committee on Trade and the Environment (Amsterdam: FOE International, 1996).
59. O'Brien, et al., note 14, above, p. 77.
60. Williams, note 14, above, p. 110.
61. World Trade Organization, Annual Report 1996 (Geneva: WTO, 1996), vol. 1, p. 153.
62. http://www.imf.org/external/np/ext/facts/glance.htm; http://worldbank.org/html/extpb/annrep97/ admin.htm.
63. WTO, Annual Report 1996, note 47, above, p. 153.
64. World Bank, Annual Report 1996 (Washington: The World Bank, 1996), p. 155; International Monetary Fund, Annual Report 1997 (Washington: IMF, 1997), p. 226.
65. World Bank, Annual Report 1996 (Washington: The World Bank, 1996), p. 155; International Monetary Fund, Annual Report 1997 (Washington: IMF, 1997), p. 226.