Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961-63

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 85-109

  Jones, Matthew ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034338986     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086530008583091     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. 1. 'The Communist Conspiracy,' paragraph 25, memorandum attached to ISC statement of 2 Feb. 1963, CO 1030/1577, Public Record Office (PRO).
2. 2. Albert Lau, A Moment of Anguish: Singapore in Malaysia and the Politics of Disengagement (Singapore, 1998), 30-1.
3. 3. Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore, 1998). Lee tends to project himself as a reluctant to support an arrest in Singapore, whereas the PRO documents often show him as somewhat more enthusiastic. The arrest issue is dealt with at ibid., 438-40, 470-3.
4. 3. Lee Kuan Yew, The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew (Singapore, 1998). Lee tends to project himself as a reluctant to support an arrest in Singapore, whereas the PRO documents often show him as somewhat more enthusiastic. The arrest issue is dealt with at ibid., 438-40, 470-3.
5. 4. Several of these themes are explored in A. J. Stockwell, 'Malaysia: The Making of a Neo-Colony?', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26, 2 (1998), 138-56.
6. 5. See Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Story, 224 and passim.
7. 6. British Commissioner, Singapore (Goode) to CO, No.7, 26 June 1959, PREM 11/2659, PRO.
8. 7. See Milton Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia (Ithaca, 1964), 16-20; Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-65 (Kuala Lumpur, 1974), 155-8.
9. 7. See Milton Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia (Ithaca, 1964), 16-20; Mohamed Noordin Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation: Political Unification in the Malaysia Region, 1945-65 (Kuala Lumpur, 1974), 155-8.
10. 8. Record of conversation between Lee Kuan Yew and Lord Selkirk, 4 April 1961, FO 1091/104, PRO.
11. 9. Tory to Pritchard, 18 April 1961, DO 169/10, PRO.
12. 10. British officials were given advance warning of the contents of the speech, which Tory judged 'represents almost [a] miraculous change of heart', see Kuala Lumpur (Tory) to Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO), No.382, 26 May 1961, DO 169/25.
13. 11. See Tunku Abdul Rahman to Macmillan, T.348A/61, 26 June 1961, CO 1030/980; Sopiee, Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, 159.
14. 12. See for example Jesselton (Goode) to CO (Macleod), No.117, 13 June 1961, Goode papers, box 2, file 1, Rhodes House Library; Jesselton (Goode) to CO (Macleod), No.141, 11 July 1961, on the Tunku's disastrous initial visit to the Borneo territories to sell the scheme, CO 1030/980.
15. 13. See Selkirk to Macleod, 24 Aug. 1961, DO 169/10; FP(61)1st mtg, 6 Oct. 1961, and Prime Minister's memorandum 'Our Foreign and Defence Policy for the Future, 29 Sept. 1961, CAB 134/1929, PRO.
16. 14. Singapore (Moore) to CO (Macleod), No.406, 2 Oct. 1961, PREM 11/3422.
17. 15. Macmillan to Tunku Abdul Rahman, T.559/61, 4 Oct. 1961, PREM 11/3422.
18. 16. D(61)14th mtg, 25 Oct. 1961, CAB 131/25.
19. 17. Minutes GMD(B)(61)1st mtg, 20 Nov. 1961 and GMD(B)(61)2nd mtg, 20 Nov. 1961, CAB 134/1953.
20. 18. See statements by Sandys and Macmillan to the Cabinet, CC(61)65th mtg, 23 Nov. 1961, CAB 128/35.
21. 19. See Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia, 19-23.
22. 20. A. J. Brown (High Commission, Kuala Lumpur) to W. F. G. Le Bailly (CRO), 13 July 1961, DO 169/10.
23. 21. The Singapore Special Branch's paper on action against communists in Singapore was completed on 17 April 1962, see material in CO 1030/1160.
24. 22. West to de Zulueta, 15 May 1962, and record of meeting between Lee Kuan Yew and Maudling, 14 May 1962, PREM 11/3735.
25. 23. Singapore (Moore) to CO (Maudling), No.243, 4 May 1962, PREM 11/3866.
26. 24. Tory to Sir Saville Garner, 28 June 1962, DO 169/214.
27. 25. Martin to Lord Perth, 31 Jan. 1962, Goode papers, box 2, file 1.
28. 26. F. Sussex (CO) to I. H. Harris (Secretariat, Kuching), 14 Feb. 1962, CO 1030/1014.
29. 27. Cobbold to Maudling, 31 March 1962, PREM 11/3866.
30. 28. Kuala Lumpur (Tory) to CRO (Sandys), No.171, 3 June 1962, Goode papers, box 2, file 1.
31. 29. CRO (Sandys) to Kuala Lumpur (Tory). No.176, 5 June 1962, Goode papers, box 2, file 1.
32. 30. Macmillan minute to Brook, 21 June 1962, PREM 11/3867.
33. 31. See GEN 754/3rd mtg. 21 March 1962, CAB 130/179; Bligh note for record, 21 March 1962, PREM 11/3866; Macmillan diary entry, 24 March 1962, MSS Macmillan dep d.45, Bodleian Library.
34. 32. Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak 1962, Cmnd 1794, see especially paragraphs 145, 148(e), 150-4, 178-9, 184, 188, 197-200, 202-5, 238.
35. 33. See memorandum by Sir Anthony Abell and Sir David Watherston, 1 June 1962, Goode papers, box 2, file 1; and Cobbold to Macmillan, 21 June 1962, GM(62)11, CAB 134/1950.
36. 34. Tunku Abdul Rahman to Macmillan, 4 July 1962, PREM 11/3867.
37. 35. OP(62)2nd mtg, 4 July 1962, CAB 134/2370; and see Macmillan to Tunku Abdul Rahman, 4 July 1962, in CRO to Kuala Lumpur, No.642, 4 July 1962, PREM 11/3867.
38. 36. See Tunku Abdul Rahman to Macmillan, in Kuala Lumpur to CRO No.410, 5 July 1962, PREM 11/3868.
39. 37. Brook note for Macmillan, 12 July 1962, PREM 11/3868.
40. 38. Tory to Garner, 28 June 1962, DO 169/214; see also Kuala Lumpur (Tory) to CRO (Sandys), 4 July 1962, No.404, PREM 11/3867.
41. 39. Brook notes for Macmillan, 15 May 1962, PREM 11/3737.
42. 40. Brook record of meeting between Macmillan and Selkirk, 16 May 1962, PREM 11/3737.
43. 41. See record of Admiralty House meeting, 17 July 1962, CO 1030/1024; and de Zulueta note of meeting between Tunku Abdul Rahman and Macmillan, 17 July 1962, PREM 11/3868.
44. 42. Record of meeting in Mr Sandys' room, 18 July 1962, DO 169/273.
45. 43. Sandys note for Lansdowne, 20 July 1962, CO 1030/1024; Tunku Abdul Rahman to Sandys, 26 July 1962; report on progress of talks by William McIndoe (CRO), 26 July 1962, PREM 11/3868.
46. 44. Singapore (Moore) to CO, 11 July 1962, CAB 134/1950.
47. 45. Singapore (Moore) to CO (Wallace), No.363, 18July 1962, CO 1030/1160.
48. 46. Selkirk minute for Sandys, 27 July 1962, PREM 11/3868.
49. 47. Joint note from Governors of North Borneo and Sarawak, 26 July 1962, DO 169/271; see also Martin to Sandys, n.d. [but late July 1962], PREM 11/3868; and GM(62)5th mtg, 6 July 1962, CAB 134/1950.
50. 48. The citizenship issue is discussed in Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Story, 407-8, 414-15.
51. 49. De Zulueta note for Macmillan, 27 July 1962, PREM 11/3868.
52. 50. Record of Chequers meeting, 28 July 1962, DO 169/273.
53. 51. This arrangement was confirmed by an exchange of letters between the Tunku and Lee on 30-31 July, see Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Story, 438.
54. 52. De Zulueta minute for Macmillan, 30 July 1962, PREM 11/3868, and see the partial account offered in Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore Story, 437.
55. 53. Record of meeting between Sandys, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew, 31 July 1962, CO 1030/1025.
56. 54. Acting British High Commissioner, Kuala Lumpur, to CRO, No 526, 6 Aug. 1962, DO 169/272.
57. 55. See Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia, 28; Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, 166-67.
58. 55. See Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia, 28; Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore Separation, 166-67.
59. 56. Singapore (Moore) to CO (Sandys), No.572, 10 Dec. 1962, CO 1030/1160.
60. 57. See the Tunku's criticism of Selkirk's attitude in Lansdowne's notes of talks with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Ghazali, 20 and 21 Nov. 1962, CO 1030/1036.
61. 58. Singapore (Moore) to CO (Sandys), No.572, 10 Dec. 1962, CO 1030/1160.
62. 59. CO (Sandys) to Singapore (Selkirk), No.546, 12 Dec. 1962 CO 1030/1160.
63. 60. See Singapore (Selkirk) to CO (Sandys), No.582, 14 Dec. 1962; Singapore (Selkirk) to CO (Sandys), No.590, 17 Dec. 1962, PREM 11/4346. Lee Kuan Yew asserts that Moore assured him the Tunku had approved the two additional arrests, see Singapore Story, 471.
64. 61. Singapore (Moore) to CO (Sandys), No.2, 3 Jan. 1963, CO 1030/1576.
65. 62. Singapore (Selkirk) to CO (Sandys), No.13, 5 Jan. 1963, PREM 11/4346.
66. 63. Singapore (Selkirk) to CO (Sandys), No.56, 29 Jan. 1963, CO 1030/1576.
67. 65. CO (Sandys) to Singapore (Selkirk), No.68, 1 Feb. 1963, CO 1030/1577.
68. 66. Kuala Lumpur (Tory) to Singapore (Selkirk), No.162, 1 Feb. 1963, CO 1030/1577.
69. 67. Singapore (Selkirk) to CO (Sandys), No.71, 1 Feb. 1963, CO 1030/1577.
70. 68. Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia, 31.
71. 69. A situation that concerned some British officials, see material in CO 1030/1577.
72. 70. See Osborne, Singapore and Malaysia, 33; Singapore (Moore) to CO (Sandys), No.279, 24 April 1963, CO 1030/1574.
73. 71. See material in CO 1030/1574.
74. 72. T. J. S. George, Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore (London, 1973), 69.
75. 73. Refusing to recognize the Tunku's concession, on 31 August Lee pulled another surprise on the British by announcing he was assuming federal powers in Singapore, and would hold them in trust until 16 September and the official birth of Malaysia. This was effectively considered a UDI by alarmed British officials, see Sandys to CO, No.130, 1 Sept. 1963; Sandys to Macmillan, No.109, 5 Sept. 1963; Singapore (Selkirk) to CO (Sandys), No.651, 5 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4350.
76. 74. Sandys and Razak began to discuss this possibility on 4 September, see Tory to Sandys, 5 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4350.
77. 75. Macmillan diary entry, 7 Sept. 1963, MSS Macmillan dep. d.50, Bodleian Library.
78. 76. See Sandys to Macmillan, SOSLON No.139, 11 Sept. 1963, PREM 11/4350, and Supplementary Agreement Relating to Malaysia, 11 Sept. 1963, supplement to Cmnd 2094 (London, 1963).
79. 77. C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975 (Kuala Lumpur, 1977), 282-85; K. J. Ratnam and R. S. Milne, The Malayan Parliamentary Election of 1964 (Singapore, 1967), 323.
80. 77. C. M. Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975 (Kuala Lumpur, 1977), 282-85; K. J. Ratnam and R. S. Milne, The Malayan Parliamentary Election of 1964 (Singapore, 1967), 323.
81. 78. Turnbull, History of Singapore, 286.
82. 79. A subject given thorough treatment in Lau, Moment of Anguish.