Age-related changes in involuntary and voluntary attention as reflected in components of the event-related potential (ERP)

Biological Psychology

Volumn 54, Issue 1-3, 2000, Pages 107-143

  Kok, Albert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aging; Event related potentials; Orienting; Selective attention

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGING; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MEMORY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 0034306405     PISSN: 03010511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0511(00)00054-5     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Adam N., Collins G.I. Late components of the visual evoked potential to search in short-term memory. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 44:1978;147-156.
2. Albert M. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological changes in healthy adult humans across the age range. Neurobiol. Aging. 14:1993;623.
3. Allen P.A., Weber T.A., Madden D.J. Adult age differences in attention: filtering or selection? J. Gerontol. 49:1994;213-222.
4. Arnsten A.F.T., Cai J.X., Murphy B.L., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Dopamine D1 receptor mechanisms in the cognitive functioning of young adult and aged monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 116:1994;143-151.
5. Bashore T.R. Age-related changes in mental processing revealed by analyses of event-related brain potentials. Rohrbaugh J.W., Parasuraman R., Johnson R. Jr, . Event-related Brain Potentials. Basic Issues and Applications. 1990;242-275 New York, Oxford University Press.
6. Bashore T.R., Osman A., Heffley E.F. Mental slowing in elderly persons: a cognitive psychophysiological analysis. Psychol. Aging. 4:1989;235-244.
7. Beck E.C., Swanson C., Dustman R.E. Long latency components of the visually evoked potential in man: effects of aging. Exp. Aging Res. 6:1980;523-545.
8. Beringer J., Wandmacher J., Görtelmeyer R. Age-related automatic versus controlled visual search. Hindmarch I., Aufdembrinke B., Ott H., Psychopharmacology and Reaction Time. 1988;51-64 New York, Wiley.
9. Carlson M.C., Hasher L., Connelly S.L. Aging, distraction and the benefits of predictable location. Psychol. Aging. 10:1995;427-436.
10. Cerella J. Age-related decline in extrafoveal letter perception. J. Gerontol. 40:1985;727-736.
11. Cerella J. Aging and information processing rate. Birren J., Schaie K.W., Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. thrd ed :1990;201-221 Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
12. Cerella J., Poon L.W., Williams D.M. Age and the complexity hypothesis. Poon L.W., Aging in The 1980s. Psychological Issues. 1980;332-340 New York, American Psychological Association.
13. Coles M.G.H., Gratton G., Donchin E. Detecting early communication: using measures of movement-related potentials to illuminate human information processing. Biol. Psychol. 26:1985;69-89.
14. Comalli P.E., Wapner S., Werner H. Interference effect of Stroop color-word test in childhood, adulthood and aging. J. Gen. Psychol. 100:1962;47-53.
15. Connelly S.L., Hasher L. Aging and the inhibition of spatial location. J. Exp. Psychol.: Human Perception Performance. 19:1993;1238-1250.
16. Courchesne E. Changes in P3 waves with event repetition: long-term effects on scalp distribution and amplitude. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 45:1978;754-766.
17. Courchesne E., Hillyard S.A., Galambos R. Stimulus novelty, task relevance, and the visual evoked potential in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 39:1975;131-143.
18. Cowan N. Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychol. Bull. 104:1988;163-191.
19. Craik F.I.M., Byrd M. Aging and cognitive deficits. The role of attentional resources. Craik F.I.M., Trehub S., Advances in the Study of Communication and Affect. Aging and Cognitive Processes. 8:1982;191-211 Plenum Press, New York.
20. Czigler I. Age, color processing and meaningfulness: an event-related potential study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 22:1996;25-34.
21. Czigler I., Csibra G., Csontos A. Age and interstimulus interval effects on event-related potentials to frequent and infrequent auditory stimuli. Biol. Psychol. 33:1992;195-206.
22. Czigler I., Cisbra G., Ambro A. Event-related potentials and aging: identification of deviant visual stimuli. J. Psychophysiol. 8:1994;193-210.
23. Czigler I., Csibra G., Ambro A. Aging, stimulus identification and the effect of probability: an event-related potential study. Biol. Psychol. 43:1996;27-40.
24. Dempster F.N. The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Develop. Rev. 123:1992;45-72.
25. Donchin E. Surprise! ... Surprise? Psychophysiology. 18:1981;493-513.
26. Donchin E., Miller G.A., Farwell L.A. The endogenous components of the event related potentiala diagnostic tool? Swaab D.F., Fliers E., Mirmiran M., van Gool W.A., van Haaren F., Progress in Brain Research. 70:1986;87-103 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
27. Donchin E., Fabiani M., Packer J.S., Siddle D.A.T. Orienting P300 and memory commentary. Jennings J.R., Coles M.G.H., Handbook of Cognitive Psychophysiology Central and Autonomic Nervous System Approaches. 1991;499-510 Wiley, New York.
28. Donchin E., Spencer K.M., Dien J. The varieties of deviant experience ERP manifestations of deviance processors. van Boxtel G.J.M., Böcker K.B.E., Brain and Behavior. Past, Present and Future. 1997;67-91 Tilburg University Press, Tilburg.
29. Dujardin K., Derambure P., Bourriez J.L., Jacquesson J.M., Guieu J.D. The P300 component of the event-related potential during an attention task: effects of age, stimulus modality and event-probability. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 14:1993;255-267.
30. Dustman R.E., Snyder E.W. Life-span changes in visually evoked potentials at central scalp. Neurobiol. Aging. 2:1981;303-308.
31. Dustman R.E., Shearer D.E., Snyder E.W. Age differences in augmenting/reducing of occipitally visually evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 54:1982;99-110.
32. Eriksen B., Eriksen C. Effects of noise letters in the idetification of target letters in a nonsearch task. Perception Psychophys. 16:1974;143-149.
33. Folk C.L., Hoyer W.J. Aging and shifts of visual spatial attention. Psychol. Aging. 7:1992;453-465.
34. Ford J.M., Pfefferbaum A. Event-related potentials and eye-blink responses in automatic and controlled processing: effect of age. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 78:1991;361-377.
35. Ford J.M., Hink R.F., Hopkins W.F., Roth W.T., Pfefferbaum A., Kopell B.S. Age effects on event-related potentials in a selective attention tasks. J. Gerontol. 34:1979;388-395.
36. Ford J.M., Roth W.T., Mohs R.C., Hopkins W.F., Kopell B.S. Event-related potentials recorded from young and old adults during a memory retrieval task. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 47:1979;450-459.
37. Ford J.M., Pfefferbaum A., Tinklenberg J.R., Kopell B.S. Effects of perceptual and cognitive difficulty on P3 and RT in young and old adults. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 54:1982;311-321.
38. Ford J.M., Sullivan E.V., Marsh L., White P.K., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. The relationship between P300 amplitude and regional grey matter volumes depends upon the attentional systems engaged. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 90:1994;204-228.
39. Ford J.M., Roth W.T., Isaacks B.G., White P.M., Hood S.H., Pfefferbaum A. Elderly men and women are less responseive to startling noises: N1, P3 and blink evidence. Biol. Psychol. 39:1995;57-80.
40. Friedman D., Simpson G.V. ERP amplitude and scalp distribution to target and novel events: effects of temporal order in young, middle-aged and older subjects. Cogn. Brain Res. 2:1994;46-63.
41. Friedman D., Simpson G., Hamberger M. Age-related changes in scalp topography to novel and target stimuli. Psychophysiology. 30:1993;383-396.
42. Friedman D., Kazmerski V.A., Cycowicz Y.M. Effects of aging on the novelty P3 during attend and ignore oddball tasks. Psychophysiology. 35:1998;508-520.
43. 15O) water and positron emission tomography. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 4:1992;23-34.
44. Graham F.K. Distinguishing among orienting, defense and startle reflexes. Kimmel H.D., van Olst E.H., Orlebeke J.F., The Orienting Reflex in Humans. 1979;137-168 Hillsdale NJ, Erlbaum.
45. Gunter T., Jackson J.L., Mulder G. Focusing on aging: an electrophysiological exploration of spatial and attentional processing during reading. Biol. Psychol. 43:1996;103-145.
46. Harter M.R., Anllo-Vento L. Visual-spatial atttention: preparation and selection in children and adults. Brunia C.H.M., Mulder G., Verbaten M.N., Event-Related Brain Research. 1992;183-194 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
47. Harter M.R., Aine C.J. Brain mechanisms of visual selective attention. Parasuraman R., Davies D.R., Varieties of Attention. 1984;293-321 Academic Press, New York.
48. Harter M.R., Previc F.H. Size-specific information channels and selective attention: visual evoked potential and behavioral measures. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 45:1978;628-640.
49. Hartley A.A. Attention. Craik F.I.M., Salthouse T.A., The Handbook of Aging and Cognition. 1992;1-49 Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ.
50. Hartley A.A., Kieley J.M., Slabach E.H. Age differences and similarities in the effects of cues and prompts. J. Exp. Psychol.: Human Perception Performance. 16:1990;523-537.
51. Hasher L., Zacks R.T. Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view. Bower G.H., The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. 22:1988;193-225 Academic Press, New York.
52. Haug H., Barmwater U., Eggers R., Fischer D., Kuhl S., Sass N.L. Anatomical changes in the aging brain: Morphometric analysis of the human prosencephalon. Cervos-Navarro J., Sarkander H.I., Brain Aging: Neuropathology and neuropharmacology. Aging. 21:1983;1-12 New York Raven Press, New York.
53. Hillyard S.A., Mangun G.R., Woldorff M.G., Luck S.J. Neural systems mediating selective attention. Gazzaniga M.S., The Cognitive Neurosciences. 1995;665-681 MIT Press, Cambridge.
54. Houx P., Jolles J., Vreeling F. Stroop interference: aging effects assessed with Stroop color-word test. Exp. Aging Res. 19:1993;209-224.
55. Iragui V.J., Kutas M., Mitchiner M.R., Hillyard S.A. Effects of aging on event-related brain potentials and reaction times in auditory oddball tasks. Psychophysiology. 30:1993;10-22.
56. Kahneman D. Attention and Effort. 1973;Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
57. Kane M.J., Hasher L., Stolzfus E.R., Zacks R.T., Connelly S.L. Inhibitory attentional mechanisms and aging. Psychol. Aging. 9:1994;103-112.
58. Karayanidis F., Andrews S., Ward P.B., Michie P.T. ERP indices of auditory selective attention in aging and Parkinson's disease. Psychophysiology. 32:1995;335-350.
59. Kenemans J.L., Kok A., Smulders F.T.Y. Event-related potentials to conjunctions of spatial frequency and orientation as a function of stimulus parameters and response requirements. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 88:1993;51-63.
60. Kenemans J.L., Smulders F.T.Y., Kok A. Selective processing of two-dimensional stimuli in young and old subjects: electrophysiological analysis. Psychophysiology. 32:1995;108-120.
61. Kieley J.M., Hartley A.A. Age-related equivalence of identitity suppression in the Stroop color-word tasks. Psychol. Aging. 12:1997;22-29.
62. Knight R.T. Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 59:1984;9-20.
63. Knight R.T. Aging decreases auditory event-related potentials to unexpected stimuli in humans. Neurobiol. Aging. 8:1987;109-113.
64. Knight R.T. Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection. Nature. 383:1996;256-259.
65. Knight R.T., Grabowecki M. Escape from linear time: prefrontal cortex and conscious experience. Gazzaniga M.S., The Cognitive Neurosciences. 1995;1357-1371 MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
66. Kok A. The effect of warning stimulus novelty on P300 and components of the contingent negative variation. Biol. Psychol. 6:1978;219-233.
67. Kok A., Zeef E. Arousal and effort; a review and theoretical synthesis of studies of age-related changes in event-related potentials. Brunia C., Mulder G., Verbaten M.N., Event-Related Brain Potentials EEG. 1991;324-341 North Holland, Amsterdam.
68. Kok A., Talsma D. Aging and inhibition: multiple inhibitory systems. Falkenstein M., Hohnsbein J., Ullsperger P., Cognitive Changes Due To Aging and Fatigue As Revealed In Electrical Brain Activity. 1999;100-111 BAUA, Dortmund.
69. Kok A. Internal and external control: a two-factor model of amplitude change of event-related potentials. Acta Psychol. 74:1990;203-236.
70. Kok A. Event-related potentials (ERP) reflections of mental resources: a review and synthesis. Biol. Psychol. 45:1997;19-56.
71. Kok A. Varieties of Inhibition: manifestations in cognition, event-related potentials and aging. Acta Psychol. 101:1999;129-158.
72. Kok A., Looren de Jong H. Components of the event-related potential following degraded and undegraded stimuli. Biol. Psychol. 11:1980;117-133.
73. Kok A., Zeef E.J., Kenemans J.L., Sonke C. Age-related decline in visual selective attention functioning: evidence derived from ERP paradigms. Karmos G., Molnar M., Csépe V., Czigler I., Desmedt J.E., Perspectives of Event-related Potentials Research. 1995;347-357 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
74. Kok A., Kenemans J.L., Zeef E.J., Lorist M., Ridderinkhof K.R., van der Stelt O. Selective processes in development and aging: event-related potential studies. Ogura C., Koga Y., Shimokochi M., Recent Advances in Event-related Brain Potential Research. 1996;721-732 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
75. Kramer A.F., Humphrey D.G., Larish J.F., Logan G.D., Strayer D.L. Aging and inhibition: beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention. Psychol. Aging. 9:1994;491-512.
76. Kramer C., Hofman W.F., Elton M., Kerkhof G.A. The augmenting reducing paradigm studied with visually evoked potentials in normal aging. J. Psychophysiol. 10:1996;319-325.
77. Kutas M., Hillyard S.A. Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science. 207:1980;203-205.
78. Kutas M., Iragui V. The N400 in a semantic catagorization task across 6 decades. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 108:1998;456-471.
79. LaBerge D. Attentional processing. The Brain's Art of Mindfulness. 1995;Harvard University Press Cambridge.
80. Looren de Jong H., Kok A., van Rooy J.C.G.M. Early and late selection in young and old adults: an ERP study. Psychophysiology. 25:1988a;657671.
81. Looren de Jong H., Kok A., Woestenburg J.C., Logman C.J.M., van Rooy J.C.G.M. Learning where to look: electrophysiological and behavioural indices of visual search in young and old subjects. Biol. Psychol. 26:1988b;277-298.
82. Looren de Jong H., Kok A., van Rooy J.C.G.M. Stimulus probability and motor response in young and old subjects: an ERP study. Biol. Psychol. 29:1989;125-148.
83. Lorist M.M., Snel J., Mulder G., Kok A. Aging, caffeine and information processing: an event-related potential analysis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 96:1995;452-467.
84. Lorist M.M., Snel J., Kok A., Mulder G. Acute effects of caffeine on selective attention and visual search processes. Psychophysiology. 33:1996;354-361.
85. Luria, A.R., 1973. The Waking Brain. Penguin Press, London.
86. Madden D.J. Adult age differences in attentional selectivity and capacity. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 2:1990;229-252.
87. Madden D.J., Plude D.J. Selective preservation of selective attention. Cerella J., Rybash J., Hoyer W., Commons M.L., Adult Information Processing Limits on Loss. 1993;273-300 Academic Press, San Diego.
88. McDowd J.M., Craik F.I.M. Effects of aging and task difficulty on divided attention performance. J. Exp. Psychol. Human Percep. Perfor. 14:1988;267-280.
89. McDowd J.M., Oseas-Kreger D. Aging, inhibitory processes and negative priming. J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci. 46:1991;340-345.
90. McDowd J.M., Oseas-Kreger D., Filion D.L. Inhibitory processes in cognition and aging. Dempster F., Brainerd C., New Perspectives on Interference and Inhibition in Cognition. 1995;363-400 Academic Press, San Diego CA.
91. Myerson J., Hale S. General slowing and age invariance in cognitive processing: the other side of the coin. Cerella J., Rybash J., Hoyer W., Commons M.L., Adult Information Processing: Limits on Loss. 1996;115-141 Academic Press, San Diego.
92. Myerson J., Hale S., Wagstaff D., Poon L.W., Smith G.A. The information loss model: a mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing. Psychol. Rev. 97:1990;475-487.
93. Näätänen R. Processing negativity: an evoked-potential reflection of selective attention. Psychol. Bull. 92:1982;605-640.
94. Näätänen R. Attention and Brain Function. 1992;Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
95. Näätänen R., Michie P.T. Early selective attention effects on the evoked potential. A critical review and reinterpretation. Biol. Psychol. 8:1979;81-136.
96. Öhman A. The orienting response, attention and learning: an information processing perspective. Kimmel H.D., van Olst E.H., Orlebeke J.F., The Orienting Reflex in Humans. 1979;443-471 Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ.
97. Okita T., Wijers A.A., Mulder G., Mulder L.J.M. Memory-search and visual spatial attention: an event-related brain potential analysis. Acta Psychol. 60:1985;263-292.
98. Paavilanen P., Alho K., Reinikainen K., Sams M., Näätänen R. Right-hemisphere dominance of different mismatch negativities. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 78:1991;46-479.
99. Parasuraman R., Davies D.R., Varieties of Attention. 1984;Academic Press, Orlando.
100. Pekkonen E., Jousmäki V., Partanen J., Karhu J. Mismatch negativity area and age-related auditory memory. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 87:1993;321-325.
101. Pelosi L., Hayward M., Blumhardt L.D. Is memory-scanning' time in the Sternberg paradigm reflected in the latency of event-related potentials? Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 96:1995;44-55.
102. Peters A. The effects of aging on area 46 of the frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Cerebral Cortex. 6:1994;621.
103. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J.M. ERPs to stimul requiring response production and inhibition: effects of age, probability and visual noise. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 71:1988;55-63.
104. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J.M., Roth W.T., Kopell B.S. Age-related changes in auditory even-related potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 49:1980a;266-276.
105. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J.M., Roth W.T., Kopell B.S. Age differences in P3-reaction time associations. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 49:1980b;257-265.
106. Pfefferbaum D., Ford J.M., Wenegrat W.T., Roth W.T., Kopell B.S. Clinical application of P3 component of event-related potentials. I. Normal aging. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 59:1984;85-103.
107. Picton T.W., Stuss D.T., Champagne S.C., Nelson R.F. The effects of age on human event-related potentials. Psychophysiol. 21:1984;312-326.
108. Plude D.J., Doussard-Roosevelt J.A. Aging, selective attention and feature integration. Psychol. Aging. 4:1989;98-105.
109. Plude D.J., Hoyer W.J. Age and the selectivity of visual information processing. J. Psychol. Aging. 1:1986;4-10.
110. Ponds W.H.M., Brouwer W.H., van Wolffelaar P.C. Age differences in divided attention in a simulated diriving task. J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci. 43:1988;151-156.
111. Posner M.I., Raichle M.E. Images of Mind. 1994;Scientific American Library, New York.
112. Posner M.I., Inhoff A., Friedrich F.J., Cohen A. Isolating attentonal systems: A cognitive-anatomical analysis. Psychobiology. 15:1987;107-121.
113. Pratt H., Michalewski H.J., Patterson J.V., Starr A. Brain potentials in a memory-scanning task. II. Effects of aging on potentials to the probes. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 72:1989;507-517.
114. Rabbit P.M.A. An age decrement in the ability to ignore irrelevant information. J. Gerontol. 20:1965;233-238.
115. Rohrbaugh J.W. The orienting reflex: performance and central nervous system manifestations. Parasuraman R., Davies D.R., Varieties of Attention. 1984;323-337 Academic press, Orlando.
116. Rohrbaugh J.W., Gaillard A.W.K. Sensory and motor aspects of the contingent negative variation. Gaillard A.W.K., Ritter W., Tutorials in ERP Research: Endogenous Components. 1983;269-310 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
117. Rösler F., Heil M., Bajric J., Pauls C.A., Hennighausen E. Patterns of cerebral activation while mental images are rotated and changed in size. Psychophysiology. 32:1995;135-154.
118. Rösler M., Heil M., Röder B. Slow negative brain potentials as reflections of specific modular resources of cognition. Biol. Psychol. 45:1997;109-142.
119. Ruchkin D.S., Sutton S. Positive slow wave and P300: association and dissociation. Gaillard A.W.K., Ritter R.W., Tutorials in ERP Research; Endogenous Components. 1983;233-250 North Holland, Amsterdam.
120. Ruchkin D.S., Johnson R., Mahaffey D., Suton S. Towards a functional categorization of Slow Waves. Psychophysiology. 25:1988;339-353.
121. Ruchkin D.S., Johnson R. Jr, Canoune H., Ritter W. Event-related potentials during artithmetic and mental rotation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 79:1991;473-487.
122. Salthouse T.A. Resource-reduction interpretations of cognitive aging. Develop. Rev. 8:1988;238-272.
123. Salthouse T.A. The processing-speed theory of adult-age differences in cognition. Psychol. Rev. 103:1996;403-428.
124. Scheibel A.B. Structural and functional changes in the aging brain. Birren J.E., Schaie K.W., Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. 1996;105-128 Academic Press, San Diego.
125. Scheibel M.E., Scheibel A.B. Structural changes in the aging brain. Brody H., Harmon D., Ordy J.M., Aging. 1:1975;11-37 Raven Press, New York.
126. Schneider W., Dumais S.T., Shiffrin R.M. Automatic and control processing and attention. Parasuraman R., Davies R., Varieties of Attention. 1984;1-27 Academic Press, New York.
127. Scialfa C.T., Kline D.W. Effects of noise type and retinal eccentricity om age differences in identification and localization. Psychol. Sci. 43:1988;P91-P99.
128. Selkoe D.J. Aging brain, aging mind. Sci. American. 267:1992;97-103.
129. Shaw T.G., Mortel K.F., Meyer J.S., Rogers R.L., Hardenberg J., Cutaia M.M. Cerebral blood flow changes in benign aging and cerebrovascular disease. Neurology. 34:1984;855-862.
130. Shiffrin R.M., Schneider W. Controlled and automatic human information processing.II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychol. Rev. 84:1977;127-190.
131. Smith D.B.D., Michalewsky H.J., Brent G.A., Thompson L.W. Auditory averaged evoked potentials and aging: factors of stimulus, task and topography. Biol. Psychol. 11:1980a;135-151.
132. Smith D.B.D., Thompson L.W., Michalewsky H.J. Averaged evoked potential research in adult -aging: status and prospects. Poon L.W., Aging in the 1980s. 1980b;135-151 American Psychological association, Washington.
133. Snyder E., Hillyard S.A. Changes in visual event-related potentials in older persons. Hoffmeister F., Muller C., Brain Function in Old Age. 1979;112-125 Spinger, Berlin.
134. Sokolov E.N. Perception and the Conditioned Reflex. 1963;Pergamon Press, New York.
135. Somberg B.L., Salthouse T.A. Divided attention abilities in young and old adults. J. Exp. Psychol.: Human Percep. Perfor. 8:1982;651-663.
136. Squires N., Squires K., Hillyard S.A. Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 38:1975;387-401.
137. Sternberg S. The discovery of processing stages: extensions of Donders method. Acta Psychol. 30:1969;276-315.
138. Strayer D.L., Kramer A.F. Attentional requirements of automatic and controlled processing. J. Exp. Psychol.: Learning Mem. Cogn. 16:1990;67-82.
139. Strayer D.L., Wickens C.D., Braune R. Adult age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: 2. An electrophysiological approach. Psychol. Aging. 2:1987;99-110.
140. Tipper S.P. Less attentional selectivity as a result of declining inhibition in older adults. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 29:1991;45-47.
141. Verhaegen P., de Meersman L. Aging and the Stroop effect: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging. 13:1998a;120-126.
142. Verhaegen P., Meersman D. Aging and the negative priming effect: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging. 13:1998b;435-444.
143. Vesco K.K., Bone R.C., Ryan J.C., Polich J. P300 in young and elderly subjects: auditory frequency and intensity effects. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 88:1993;302-308.
144. West R.L. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychol. Bull. 120:1996;272-292.
145. Wickelgren I. For the cortex, neuron loss may be less than thought. Science. 273:1996;48-50.
146. Wickens C.D. Processing resources and attention. Damos D.L., Multiple Task Performance. 1991;3-34 Taylor and Francis, Basingstoke.
147. Wickens C.D., Kramer A., Vanasse L., Donchin E. Performance of concurrent tasks: a psychophysiological analysis of reciprocity of information processing resources. Science. 221:1983;1080-1082.
148. Wickens C.D., Braune R., Stokes A. Age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: 1. A dual-task approach. Psychol. Aging. 2:1987;70-78.
149. Wijers A.A., Okita T., Mulder L.J.M., Lorist M.M., Poiesz R., Scheffers M.K. Visual search and spatial attention: ERPs in focussed and divided attention conditions. Biol. Psychol. 25:1987;33-60.
150. Woodruff D.S. Advances in the Psychophysiology of Aging. Craik F.I.M., Trehub S., Aging and Cognitive Processes. 1982;29-53 Plenum Press, New York.
151. Woods D.L. The physiological basis of selective attention: Implications of event-related potential studies. Rohrbaugh J.W., Johnson R., Parasuraman R., Event-related Brain Potentials: Basic Issues and Applications. 1990;178-209 Oxford University Press, New York.
152. Woods D.L. Auditory selective attention in middle-aged and elderly subjects: an event-related brain potential study. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 84:1992;456-468.
153. Yamaguchi S., Knight R.T. Age-effects on the P300 to novel somatosensory stimuli. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 78:1991;297-301.
154. Yamaguchi S., Tsuchiya H., Kobayashi S. Electrophysiologic correlates of age effects on visuospatial attention shift. Cogn. Brain Res. 3:1995;41-49.
155. Zeef, E.J., Kok, A., 1992. Age-related difference in processing resources. In: Tenth International Conference On Event-Related Potentials of The Brain, EPIC X. Eger Hungary, p. 184.
156. Zeef E.J., Kok A. Age-related differences in the timing of stimulus and response processes during visual selective attention: performance and psychophysiological analyses. Psychophysiology. 30:1993;138-151.
157. Zeef E.J., Sonke C., Kok A., Buiten M.M., Kenemans J.L. Perceptual factors affecting age-related differences in focused attention: performance and psychophysiological analysis. Psychophysiology. 33:1996;555-565.