Wisconsin card sorting test: A new global score, with Italian norms, and its relationship with the Weigl sorting test

Neurological Sciences

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 279-291

  Laiacona, M ^a   Inzaghi, M G ^b   De Tanti, A ^b   Capitani, E ^c  

^a IRCCS   (Italy)

^b Rehabilitation Centre   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Italian norms; Weigl test; Wisconsin card sorting test

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; REFERENCE VALUE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REFERENCE VALUES;

EID: 0034305856     PISSN: 15901874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s100720070065     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Berg EA (1948) A simple objective test for measuring flexibility in thinking. J Gen Psychol 39:15-22
2. Grant DA, Berg EA (1948) A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card sorting problem. J Exp Psychol 34:404-411
3. Weigl E (1941) On the psychology of so-called processes of abstraction. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 36:3-33
4. Bornstein RA (1986) Contribution of various neuropsychological measures to detection of frontal lobe impairment. Int J Clin Neuropsychol 8:18-22
5. Milner B (1963) Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Arch Neurol 9:90-100
6. Gormezano I, Grant DA (1958) Progressive ambiguity in the attainment of concepts on the Wisconsin card sorting test. J Exp Psychol 55:621-627
7. Teuber HL, Batterbsby WS, Bender MB (1951) Performance of complex visual tasks after cerebral lesions. J Nerv Ment Dis 114:414-429
8. Drewe EA (1974) The effect of type and area of brain lesions on Wisconsin card sorting test performance. Cortex 10:159-170
9. Nelson HE (1976) A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex 12:313-324
10. Grant DA, Curran JF (1952) Relative difficulty of number, form and color concepts of Weigl-type problems using unsystematic number cards. J Exp Psychol 43:408-413
11. Tarter RE (1973) An analysis of cognitive deficits in chronic alcoholics. J Abnorm Psychol 77:71-75
12. Fey ET (1951) The performance of young schizophrenics and young normals on the Wisconsin card sorting test. J Cons Psychol 15:311-319
13. Ross BM, Rupel JW, Grant DA (1952) Effects of personal, impersonal and physical stress upon cognitive behavior in a card sorting problem. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 47:546-551
14. Heaton KR (1981) A manual for the Wisconsin card sorting test. P.E.A., Odessa, Fl
15. Axelrod BN, Paolo AM, Abraham E (1997) Do normative data from the full WCST extend to the abbreviated WCST? Assessment 4:41-46
16. De Zubicaray G, Ashton R (1996) Nelson's (1976) modified card sorting test: A review. Clin Neuropsychologist 10:245-254
17. Robinson AL, Heaton RK, Lehmam RA, Stilson D (1980) The utility of Wisconsin card sorting test in detecting and localizing frontal brain lesions. J Cons Clin Psychol 48:605-614
18. Robinson LJ, Kester DB, Saykin AJ, Kaplan EF, Gur RC (1991) Comparison of two short forms of the Wisconsin card sorting test. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 6:27-33
19. Shallice T (1982) Specific impairments in planning. In: Broadbent DE, Weis Krantz L (eds) The neuropsychology of cognitive function. The Royal Society, London, pp 199-209
20. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Jones RD, Tranel D (1991) Wisconsin card sorting test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 13:909-922
21. Mountain MA, Snow WG (1993) Wisconsin card sorting test as a measure of frontal pathology: A review. Clin Neuropsychologist 7:108-118
22. Axelrod BN, Goldman RS, Heaton RK, Curtiss G, Thompson LL, Chelune GJ, Kay GG (1996) Discriminability of the Wisconsin card sorting test using the standardization sample. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 18:338-342
23. Rezai K, Andreasen NC, Alliger R, Cohen G, Swayze II, V, O'Leary DS (1993) The neuropsychology of the prefrontal cortex. Arch Neurol 50:636-642
24. Heaton KR, Chelune GJ, Talley Kay GG, Curtiss G (1993) Wisconsin card sorting test manual revised and expanded. P.E.A., Odessa, Fl
25. Corcoran R, Upton D (1995) The role of right temporal lobe in card sorting: A case study. Cortex 31:405-409
26. Corcoran R, Upton D (1996) A role for hippocampus in card sorting? Cortex 32:188-189
27. De Zubicaray G, Ashton R (1996) 'A role for the hippocampus in card sorting?' A cautionary note: A comment to Corcoran and Upton. Cortex 32:187-188
28. Capitani E, Laiacona M (1997) Composite neuropsychological batteries and normative values. Standardisation based on equivalent scores, with a review of published data. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 19:795-809
29. Spinnler H, Tognoni G (eds) (1987) Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici. Ital J Neurol Sci 6[Suppl 8]
30. Axelrod BN, Greve KW, Goldman RS (1991) Comparison of four Wisconsin card sorting test scoring guides with novice raters. Source Assessment 1:115-121
31. Flashman LA, Horner MD, Freides D (1991) Note on scoring perseveration on the Wisconsin card sorting test. Clin Neuropsychologist 5:190-194
32. Axelrod BN, Goldman RS, Woodard JL (1992) Interrater reliability in scoring the Wisconsin card sorting test. Clin Neuropsychologist 6:143-155
33. Berry S (1996) Diagrammatic procedure for scoring the Wisconsin card sorting test. Clin Neuropsychologist 10:117-121
34. De Renzi E, Faglioni P, Savoiardo M, Vignolo LA (1966) The influence of aphasia and the hemisphere side of the cerebral lesion on abstract thinking. Cortex 2:399-420
35. Basso A, Capitani E, Luzzatti C, Spinnler H, Zanobio E (1985) Different basic components in the performance of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics on the colour-figure matching test. Neuropsychologia 23:51-59
36. Capitani E (1997) Normative values and neuropsychological assessment. Common problems in clinical practice and research. Neuropsychol Rehab 7:295-309
37. Wilks SS (1941) Determination of sample size for setting tolerance limits. Ann Math Stat 12:91-96
38. Mehta C, Patel N (1996) StatXact for Windows. Cytel Software, Cambridge
39. Kertesz A, Munoz DG (Eds) (1998) Pick's disease and Pick complex. Wiley-Liss, New York
40. Delia Sala S, Laiacona M, Spinnler H, Ubezio MC (1992) A cancellation test:its reliability in assessing attentional deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Psychol Med 22:885-901
41. Pomati S, Farina E, Magni E, Laiacona M, Mariani C (1996) Normative data for two neuropsychological tests sensitive to frontal dysfunction. Ital J Neurol Sci 17:201-209
42. Capitani E, Laiacona M, Basso A (1998) Phonetically cued word-fluency, gender differences and aging: a reappraisal. Cortex 34:779-783
43. Stuss DT, Levine B, Alexander MP, Hong J, Palumbo C, Hamer L, Murphy KJ, Izukawa (2000) Wisconsin card sorting test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage: effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia 38:388-402