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Report LBNL PUB-5449 (to be published)
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There is an important distinction between optical pumping magnetometers such as the Hanlé type [2], which measure only weak fields within the range of the Hanlé linewidth, and magnetometers using magnetic resonance [3], which measure the absolute value of the magnetic field over a wide range of field strengths. In this paper, we specifically consider the sensitivity of a NMOR magnetometer of the former type, but it appears possible to apply similar methods to construct a NMOR-based magnetometer having the advantages of the latter type [D. Budker, D.F. Kimball, and V.V. Yashchuk, Report LBNL PUB-5449 (1999) (to be published).
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(1999)
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edited by D.H.E. Dubin and D. Schneider (American Institute of Physics, New York)
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V. Yashchuk, D. Budker, and M. Zolotorev, in Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics, edited by D.H.E. Dubin and D. Schneider (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1999), pp. 177-181.
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Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics
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Yashchuk, V.1
Budker, D.2
Zolotorev, M.3
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15
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0012685871
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Advantages of detuning the light frequency from resonance were discussed earlier in the context of optical pumping magnetometers in, E.B. Alexandrov, M.V. Balabas, and V.A. Bonch-Bruevich, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 13, 749 (1987). [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 13, 312 (1987)]. In that experiment there were separate light sources for pumping and probing, and only the dependence of sensitivity on probe light detuning was discussed.
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Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz.
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Alexandrov, E.B.1
Balabas, M.V.2
Bonch-Bruevich, V.A.3
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16
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70449368163
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Advantages of detuning the light frequency from resonance were discussed earlier in the context of optical pumping magnetometers in, E.B. Alexandrov, M.V. Balabas, and V.A. Bonch-Bruevich, Pis'ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 13, 749 (1987). [Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 13, 312 (1987)]. In that experiment there were separate light sources for pumping and probing, and only the dependence of sensitivity on probe light detuning was discussed.
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17
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D. Budker, D.J. Orlando, and V. Yashchuk, Am. J. Phys. 67, 584 (1999); D. Budker, V. Yashchuk, and M. Zolotorev, Sib. J. Phys. 1, 27 (1999).
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D. Budker, D.J. Orlando, and V. Yashchuk, Am. J. Phys. 67, 584 (1999); D. Budker, V. Yashchuk, and M. Zolotorev, Sib. J. Phys. 1, 27 (1999).
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21
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0343278075
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private communication
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It has also been noted [A.I. Okunevich, private communication] that, in comparison to resonance magnetometers employing circular polarization for optical pumping and monitoring the frequency of rf-induced transitions [3], the use of linearly polarized light in NMOR-based magnetometry reduces the systematic error in magnetic field measurements due to light shifts between Zeeman sublevels. In the case of NMOR, systematic error due to light shifts arises only due to residual ellipticity of the nominally linearly polarized incident light, in which case the major axis of the polarization ellipse can undergo self-rotation (see, e.g., Ref. [17], and references therein). Due to the fact that self-rotation and NMOR have distinct spectral dependencies, proper choice of laser frequency may be able to virtually eliminate systematic error arising from light shifts in an NMOR-based magnetometer.
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Okunevich, A.I.1
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22
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0034543239
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Optical Society of America, Washington DC
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D. Budker, R.Y. Chiao, D.S. Hsiung, S.M. Rochester, and V.V. Yashchuk, Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 2000), p. 252; R.Y. Chiao, J. Bowie, J. Boyce, D. Budker, J.C. Garrison, M.W. Mitchell, V. Yashchuk, T.K. Gustafson, and D.S. Hsiung, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 1999), p. 259.
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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference
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Budker, D.1
Chiao, R.Y.2
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0032670388
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D. Budker, R.Y. Chiao, D.S. Hsiung, S.M. Rochester, and V.V. Yashchuk, Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 2000), p. 252; R.Y. Chiao, J. Bowie, J. Boyce, D. Budker, J.C. Garrison, M.W. Mitchell, V. Yashchuk, T.K. Gustafson, and D.S. Hsiung, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 1999), p. 259.
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Gustafson, T.K.8
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24
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0343278073
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private communication
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The relationships between the sensitivity for a measurement time of 1 s and sensitivity per unit bandwidth depends on the spectral characteristics of the experimental setup. In the literature, one finds several relationships, including G√s→Gl√Hz (e.g., Ref. [11]), G√s→Gl√Hz× √π, G√s→Gl√Hz×2, and G √s→Gl √Hz× √2π [E.B. Alexandrov and J. Clarke, private communication]. Here we present results assuming G √s →Gl√Hz× √π.
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Alexandrov, E.B.1
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25
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0001089738
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Note, however, that with squeezed states of light the sensitivity to polarization rotation can in principle surpass the shot-noise-limit: see, e.g., P. Grangier, R.E. Slusher, B. Yurke, and A. LaPorta, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2153 (1987).
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D. Budker, D.F. Kimball, S.M. Rochester, and V.V. Yashchuk, Phys. Rev. Lett, (to be published).
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There are different definitions of the terms "alignment" and "orientation" in the literature. For example, in R.N. Zare, Angular Momentum (Wiley, New York, 1988), alignment designates even moments in atomic polarization (quadrupole, hexadecapole, etc.), while orientation designates the odd moments (dipole, octupole, etc.); We use the convention employed in E.B. Alexandrov, M.P. Chaika, and G.I. Kvostenko, Interference of Atomic States (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993), where alignment designates the second (quadrupole) polarization moment, and orientation designates the first (dipole) polarization moment.
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There are different definitions of the terms "alignment" and "orientation" in the literature. For example, in R.N. Zare, Angular Momentum (Wiley, New York, 1988), alignment designates even moments in atomic polarization (quadrupole, hexadecapole, etc.), while orientation designates the odd moments (dipole, octupole, etc.); We use the convention employed in E.B. Alexandrov, M.P. Chaika, and G.I. Kvostenko, Interference of Atomic States (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993), where alignment designates the second (quadrupole) polarization moment, and orientation designates the first (dipole) polarization moment.
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Since the density of atomic vapor in the evacuated cells near room temperature corresponds to high-vacuum conditions, it is in fact possible to apply reasonably large electric fields without the use of a buffer gas.
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Application of linear electro-optic rotation to the search for EDM's was first considered in N.B. Baranova, Yu.V. Bogdanov, and B.Ya. Zel'dovich, Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 122-123. 349 (1977) [Sov. Phys. Usp. 20, 870 (1977)]; O.P. Sushkov and V.V. Flambaum, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 75, 1208 (1978) [Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 608 (1978)].
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Application of linear electro-optic rotation to the search for EDM's was first considered in N.B. Baranova, Yu.V. Bogdanov, and B.Ya. Zel'dovich, Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 122-123. 349 (1977) [Sov. Phys. Usp. 20, 870 (1977)]; O.P. Sushkov and V.V. Flambaum, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 75, 1208 (1978) [Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 608 (1978)].
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Application of linear electro-optic rotation to the search for EDM's was first considered in N.B. Baranova, Yu.V. Bogdanov, and B.Ya. Zel'dovich, Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 122-123. 349 (1977) [Sov. Phys. Usp. 20, 870 (1977)]; O.P. Sushkov and V.V. Flambaum, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 75, 1208 (1978) [Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 608 (1978)].
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Application of linear electro-optic rotation to the search for EDM's was first considered in N.B. Baranova, Yu.V. Bogdanov, and B.Ya. Zel'dovich, Usp. Fiz. Nauk. 122-123. 349 (1977) [Sov. Phys. Usp. 20, 870 (1977)]; O.P. Sushkov and V.V. Flambaum, Zh. Éksp. Teor. Fiz. 75, 1208 (1978) [Sov. Phys. JETP 48, 608 (1978)].
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