"Normal" old age, senility, and the American Geriatrics Society in the 1940S

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 337-362

  Hirshbein, Laura Davidow ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; DEMENTIA; GERIATRICS; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; UNITED STATES;

AGED; AGING; DEMENTIA; GERIATRICS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034296983     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/55.4.337     Document Type: Article

References (175)

1. Malford W. Thewlis, The Care of the Aged (Geriatrics), 3rd ed. (St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. Mosby Company, 1941), p. 47. The first edition of Thewlis's textbook, Geriatrics, was published in 1919.
2. Professional authority over old age within the popular press emerged gradually in the first half of the twentieth century. In the years 1900-1924, approximately 80% of the articles listed in the Reader's Guide under the heading "old age" were written by or about older people (150 out of 180). Between 1925 and 1932, the numbers were about even (33 out of 64 articles were by or about older people). Between 1932 and 1941, however, approximately 70% of the articles listed in the Reader's Guide were by or about professionals on the subject of old age (45 out of 68). See The Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, Vols. 1900 to 1941 (New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 1904-1945).
3. Carole Haber, Beyond Sixty-Five: The Dilemma of Old Age in America's Past (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983). On the rise of gerontology during this time period, see W. Andrew Achenbaum, Crossing Frontiers: Gerontology Emerges as a Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
4. Carole Haber, Beyond Sixty-Five: The Dilemma of Old Age in America's Past (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983). On the rise of gerontology during this time period, see W. Andrew Achenbaum, Crossing Frontiers: Gerontology Emerges as a Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
5. Stephen Katz, Disciplining Old Age: The Formation of Gerontological Knowledge (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), pp. 27-48, quote on p. 27.
6. For some discussion of the medicalization of old age in the twentieth century, see for example, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Old Age in the New Land: The American Experience Since 1790 (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Thomas R. Cole, The Journey of Life: A Cultural History of Aging in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
7. For some discussion of the medicalization of old age in the twentieth century, see for example, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Old Age in the New Land: The American Experience Since 1790 (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Thomas R. Cole, The Journey of Life: A Cultural History of Aging in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
8. For some discussion of the medicalization of old age in the twentieth century, see for example, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Old Age in the New Land: The American Experience Since 1790 (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Thomas R. Cole, The Journey of Life: A Cultural History of Aging in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
9. Edward Stieglitz, one of the most prolific proponents of geriatrics, was appointed consultant in gerontology to the National Institute of Health by Surgeon General Thomas Parran in the early 19405. Stieglitz did a survey in gerontology for the NIH that was published in 1942. J. R. McGibony, "Geriatrics and public health," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, "Attack on old age problems launched by health service: conference called by Surgeon General included representatives of medical and other sciences," Sci. News Lett., 1940, 38, 10-14. See also Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 89-100.
10. Edward Stieglitz, one of the most prolific proponents of geriatrics, was appointed consultant in gerontology to the National Institute of Health by Surgeon General Thomas Parran in the early 19405. Stieglitz did a survey in gerontology for the NIH that was published in 1942. J. R. McGibony, "Geriatrics and public health," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, "Attack on old age problems launched by health service: conference called by Surgeon General included representatives of medical and other sciences," Sci. News Lett., 1940, 38, 10-14. See also Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 89-100.
11. Edward Stieglitz, one of the most prolific proponents of geriatrics, was appointed consultant in gerontology to the National Institute of Health by Surgeon General Thomas Parran in the early 19405. Stieglitz did a survey in gerontology for the NIH that was published in 1942. J. R. McGibony, "Geriatrics and public health," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, "Attack on old age problems launched by health service: conference called by Surgeon General included representatives of medical and other sciences," Sci. News Lett., 1940, 38, 10-14. See also Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 89-100.
12. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
13. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 2-5, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
14. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
15. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
16. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
17. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
18. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol., 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
19. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
20. I. L. Nascher, "Geriatrics," N.Y. Med. J., 1909, 90, 358-59. See also Nathan H. Hornstine, "The neglected importance of geriatrics to prolong active maturity; to defer senility," Am. Physiol. 1926, 31, 333, 342-46; J. T. Martin, "Geriatrics," J. Oklahoma Med. Assoc., 1932, 25, 107; Joseph T. Freeman, "The status of geriatrics," Penn. Med. J., 1940, 43, 813-16. On Nascher and his descriptions of old age see Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age, pp. 119-20; Achenbaum, (n. 3) Crossing Frontiers, pp. 43-48; Howard P. Chudacoff, How Old Are You? Age Consciousness in American Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 114-15; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life, pp. 202-7. The AGS began with approximately a dozen members and expanded its rolls to 1400 by 1953. Thewlis, "History of the American Geriatrics Society," J. Am. Ger. Soc., 1953, 1, 7.
21. "American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 53. The editorial board of Geriatrics was entirely made up of physicians, but contributions from associated professionals were encouraged.
22. For a contemporary discussion of the definition of and indication for specialization, see George Rosen, The Specialization of Medicine with Particular Reference to Ophthalmology (New York: Froben Press, 1944); Rosen, "Changing attitudes of the medical profession to specialization," Bull. Hist. Med., 1942, 12, 343-54.
23. For a contemporary discussion of the definition of and indication for specialization, see George Rosen, The Specialization of Medicine with Particular Reference to Ophthalmology (New York: Froben Press, 1944); Rosen, "Changing attitudes of the medical profession to specialization," Bull. Hist. Med., 1942, 12, 343-54.
24. Geriatricians engaged in a professionalizing process as described by sociologist Andrew Abbott in that they claimed abstract knowledge about old people and their medical needs. Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 59-85.
25. JoAnne Brown, The Definition of a Profession: The Authority of Metaphor in the History of Intelligence Testing, 1980-1930 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992); Brown, "Professional language: words that succeed," Rad. Hist. Rev., 1986, 34, 33-51.
26. JoAnne Brown, The Definition of a Profession: The Authority of Metaphor in the History of Intelligence Testing, 1980-1930 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992); Brown, "Professional language: words that succeed," Rad. Hist. Rev., 1986, 34, 33-51.
27. Sydney A. Halpern, American Pediatrics: The Social Dynamics of Professionalism, 1880-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 12-15. See also Kathleen W. Jones, "Sentiment and science: the late nineteenth century pediatrician as mother's advisor," J. Soc. Hist., 1983, 17, 85-89; Thomas E. Cone, History of American Pediatrics (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979); Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890-1950 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), pp. 53-94.
28. Sydney A. Halpern, American Pediatrics: The Social Dynamics of Professionalism, 1880-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 12-15. See also Kathleen W. Jones, "Sentiment and science: the late nineteenth century pediatrician as mother's advisor," J. Soc. Hist., 1983, 17, 85-89; Thomas E. Cone, History of American Pediatrics (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979); Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890-1950 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), pp. 53-94.
29. Sydney A. Halpern, American Pediatrics: The Social Dynamics of Professionalism, 1880-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 12-15. See also Kathleen W. Jones, "Sentiment and science: the late nineteenth century pediatrician as mother's advisor," J. Soc. Hist., 1983, 17, 85-89; Thomas E. Cone, History of American Pediatrics (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979); Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890-1950 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), pp. 53-94.
30. Sydney A. Halpern, American Pediatrics: The Social Dynamics of Professionalism, 1880-1980 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 12-15. See also Kathleen W. Jones, "Sentiment and science: the late nineteenth century pediatrician as mother's advisor," J. Soc. Hist., 1983, 17, 85-89; Thomas E. Cone, History of American Pediatrics (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979); Rima D. Apple, Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890-1950 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), pp. 53-94.
31. William F. King, "Health guidance in advancing years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 442-48, p. 443 [also published in the J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 589-92, p. 591]. On the history of child guidance, see Theresa R. Richardson, The Century of the Child (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989).
32. William F. King, "Health guidance in advancing years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 442-48, p. 443 [also published in the J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 589-92, p. 591]. On the history of child guidance, see Theresa R. Richardson, The Century of the Child (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989).
33. William F. King, "Health guidance in advancing years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 442-48, p. 443 [also published in the J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 589-92, p. 591]. On the history of child guidance, see Theresa R. Richardson, The Century of the Child (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989).
34. Abraham Jacobi, "Introduction," in I.L. Nascher, Geriatrics: The Diseases of Old Age and Their Treatment (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston & Sons Co., 1914), p. xviii.
35. Irving J. Wolman, "A pediatrician's view of geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 208.
36. Gerber's advertisement, Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17A. Borden's also offered a "modified milk" for the aged. Borden's advertisement, Geriatrics, 1946, 1, back cover of November-December issue.
37. Gerber's advertisement, Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17A. Borden's also offered a "modified milk" for the aged. Borden's advertisement, Geriatrics, 1946, 1, back cover of November-December issue.
38. Malford W. Thewlis, "Geriatrics and the war," South. Med. Surg., 1942, 104, 384-85, 389.
39. See, for example, "A twentieth-century centenarian," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 276; "Youth (under 60) defers to age, skill," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 112-13; "Industry lauds workers over 65 years of age," Health on the Job, Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 116; Letters from physicians (Fred D. Stapp, Charles P. Robbins, and Edmund D. Chesebro) responding to the "Oldest practicing physicians' contest," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 249.
40. See, for example, "A twentieth-century centenarian," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 276; "Youth (under 60) defers to age, skill," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 112-13; "Industry lauds workers over 65 years of age," Health on the Job, Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 116; Letters from physicians (Fred D. Stapp, Charles P. Robbins, and Edmund D. Chesebro) responding to the "Oldest practicing physicians' contest," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 249.
41. See, for example, "A twentieth-century centenarian," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 276; "Youth (under 60) defers to age, skill," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 112-13; "Industry lauds workers over 65 years of age," Health on the Job, Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 116; Letters from physicians (Fred D. Stapp, Charles P. Robbins, and Edmund D. Chesebro) responding to the "Oldest practicing physicians' contest," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 249.
42. See, for example, "A twentieth-century centenarian," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 276; "Youth (under 60) defers to age, skill," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 112-13; "Industry lauds workers over 65 years of age," Health on the Job, Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 116; Letters from physicians (Fred D. Stapp, Charles P. Robbins, and Edmund D. Chesebro) responding to the "Oldest practicing physicians' contest," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 249.
43. Trevor H. Howell, "Geriatrics - The new approach," Med. Press, 1948, 219, 387-89, p. 388.
44. Malford W. Thewlis, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 121.
45. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as an industrial health problem," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, 116, 1383-87, p. 1385; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Discussion," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 211; Trevor H. Howell, "The training of a geriatric physician," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 280-82; Julius Weil, "Case work service on the aged," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 102-7; E. D. Rosenfeld, Saul Eger, Joseph Axelrod, and Eleanor Margolin, "Hospital care goes home," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 112-16; Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 20-21.
46. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as an industrial health problem," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, 116, 1383-87, p. 1385; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Discussion," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 211; Trevor H. Howell, "The training of a geriatric physician," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 280-82; Julius Weil, "Case work service on the aged," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 102-7; E. D. Rosenfeld, Saul Eger, Joseph Axelrod, and Eleanor Margolin, "Hospital care goes home," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 112-16; Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 20-21.
47. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as an industrial health problem," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, 116, 1383-87, p. 1385; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Discussion," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 211; Trevor H. Howell, "The training of a geriatric physician," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 280-82; Julius Weil, "Case work service on the aged," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 102-7; E. D. Rosenfeld, Saul Eger, Joseph Axelrod, and Eleanor Margolin, "Hospital care goes home," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 112-16; Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 20-21.
48. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as an industrial health problem," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, 116, 1383-87, p. 1385; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Discussion," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 211; Trevor H. Howell, "The training of a geriatric physician," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 280-82; Julius Weil, "Case work service on the aged," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 102-7; E. D. Rosenfeld, Saul Eger, Joseph Axelrod, and Eleanor Margolin, "Hospital care goes home," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 112-16; Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 20-21.
49. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as an industrial health problem," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, 116, 1383-87, p. 1385; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Discussion," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 211; Trevor H. Howell, "The training of a geriatric physician," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 280-82; Julius Weil, "Case work service on the aged," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 102-7; E. D. Rosenfeld, Saul Eger, Joseph Axelrod, and Eleanor Margolin, "Hospital care goes home," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 112-16; Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 20-21.
50. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as an industrial health problem," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1941, 116, 1383-87, p. 1385; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Discussion," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 211; Trevor H. Howell, "The training of a geriatric physician," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 280-82; Julius Weil, "Case work service on the aged," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 102-7; E. D. Rosenfeld, Saul Eger, Joseph Axelrod, and Eleanor Margolin, "Hospital care goes home," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 112-16; Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 20-21.
51. Edward L. Bortz, "Geriatrics as a specialty," J. Omaha Midwest Clin. Soc., 1948, 9, 40-46, p. 45.
52. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics contacts old age assistance," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 222-29, p. 227. Tuohy cites Della D. Cyrus, "What's wrong with the family," Atlantic Monthly, November 1946, 175, 39.
53. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics contacts old age assistance," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 222-29, p. 227. Tuohy cites Della D. Cyrus, "What's wrong with the family," Atlantic Monthly, November 1946, 175, 39.
54. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics: the general setting," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17-20; W. Raney Stanford, "Some prophylactic suggestions regarding the science of geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 147-51; Raphael Ginzberg, "Psychology in everyday geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 36-43; Royal C. Gray, "Family ties untied," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 99-100. Lewellys Barker, one of the founders of the AGS, wrote publicly on eugenics. See Martin Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 3, 114, 178.
55. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics: the general setting," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17-20; W. Raney Stanford, "Some prophylactic suggestions regarding the science of geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 147-51; Raphael Ginzberg, "Psychology in everyday geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 36-43; Royal C. Gray, "Family ties untied," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 99-100. Lewellys Barker, one of the founders of the AGS, wrote publicly on eugenics. See Martin Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 3, 114, 178.
56. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics: the general setting," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17-20; W. Raney Stanford, "Some prophylactic suggestions regarding the science of geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 147-51; Raphael Ginzberg, "Psychology in everyday geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 36-43; Royal C. Gray, "Family ties untied," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 99-100. Lewellys Barker, one of the founders of the AGS, wrote publicly on eugenics. See Martin Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 3, 114, 178.
57. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics: the general setting," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17-20; W. Raney Stanford, "Some prophylactic suggestions regarding the science of geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 147-51; Raphael Ginzberg, "Psychology in everyday geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 36-43; Royal C. Gray, "Family ties untied," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 99-100. Lewellys Barker, one of the founders of the AGS, wrote publicly on eugenics. See Martin Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 3, 114, 178.
58. Edward L. Tuohy, "Geriatrics: the general setting," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 17-20; W. Raney Stanford, "Some prophylactic suggestions regarding the science of geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 147-51; Raphael Ginzberg, "Psychology in everyday geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 36-43; Royal C. Gray, "Family ties untied," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 99-100. Lewellys Barker, one of the founders of the AGS, wrote publicly on eugenics. See Martin Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 3, 114, 178.
59. Malford W. Thewlis, "Opponunities in geriatrics and geratology," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 88-89. See also Howell, (n. 22); Walter C. Alvarez, "Geriatrics as a specialty?" Geriatrics, 1952, 7, 250-51.
60. Malford W. Thewlis, "Opponunities in geriatrics and geratology," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 88-89. See also Howell, (n. 22); Walter C. Alvarez, "Geriatrics as a specialty?" Geriatrics, 1952, 7, 250-51.
61. Thewlis, (n. 1) Care of the Aged, p. 47.
62. Belle Boone Beard, "The army of the aged: a sociomedical problem," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 299-304, p. 299.
63. See, for example, William King, "Chronic illness as a public health problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 157-62; Howard A. Rusk, "Geriatrics and rehabilitation," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 143-50; Franz Goldmann, "Principles of effective and economical medical care for older people," Geriatrics, 1952, 1, 146-50; William S. Groom, "Mortality and life expectancy in the United States since 1900," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 384-90; Howard A. Rusk, "America's number one problem - chronic disease and an aging population," Am. J. Psychol., 1949-50, 106, 270-77.
64. See, for example, William King, "Chronic illness as a public health problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 157-62; Howard A. Rusk, "Geriatrics and rehabilitation," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 143-50; Franz Goldmann, "Principles of effective and economical medical care for older people," Geriatrics, 1952, 1, 146-50; William S. Groom, "Mortality and life expectancy in the United States since 1900," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 384-90; Howard A. Rusk, "America's number one problem - chronic disease and an aging population," Am. J. Psychol., 1949-50, 106, 270-77.
65. See, for example, William King, "Chronic illness as a public health problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 157-62; Howard A. Rusk, "Geriatrics and rehabilitation," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 143-50; Franz Goldmann, "Principles of effective and economical medical care for older people," Geriatrics, 1952, 1, 146-50; William S. Groom, "Mortality and life expectancy in the United States since 1900," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 384-90; Howard A. Rusk, "America's number one problem - chronic disease and an aging population," Am. J. Psychol., 1949-50, 106, 270-77.
66. See, for example, William King, "Chronic illness as a public health problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 157-62; Howard A. Rusk, "Geriatrics and rehabilitation," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 143-50; Franz Goldmann, "Principles of effective and economical medical care for older people," Geriatrics, 1952, 1, 146-50; William S. Groom, "Mortality and life expectancy in the United States since 1900," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 384-90; Howard A. Rusk, "America's number one problem - chronic disease and an aging population," Am. J. Psychol., 1949-50, 106, 270-77.
67. See, for example, William King, "Chronic illness as a public health problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 157-62; Howard A. Rusk, "Geriatrics and rehabilitation," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 143-50; Franz Goldmann, "Principles of effective and economical medical care for older people," Geriatrics, 1952, 1, 146-50; William S. Groom, "Mortality and life expectancy in the United States since 1900," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 384-90; Howard A. Rusk, "America's number one problem - chronic disease and an aging population," Am. J. Psychol., 1949-50, 106, 270-77.
68. On the continued problems of geriatrics as a medical specialty and its difficulty recruiting physicians to its ranks, see Carole Haber, "Geriatrics: a specialty in search of specialists," in David Van Tassel and Peter N. Stearns, eds., Old Age in a Bureaucratic Society: The Elderly, the Experts, and the State in American History (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 66-84.
69. Lewellys F. Barker, "On some of the general problems of old age," South. Med. Surg., 1941, 103, 132-34, 154-56, p. 132.
70. Ibid., p. 133. See also Malford W. Thewlis, "What is 'normal senility'?" Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 44-45; V. Korenchevsky, "Rejuvenative, or preventive and eliminative treatment of senility," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 297-302; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Are geriatrics mortality and morbidity statistics reliable?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 285-94.
71. Ibid., p. 133. See also Malford W. Thewlis, "What is 'normal senility'?" Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 44-45; V. Korenchevsky, "Rejuvenative, or preventive and eliminative treatment of senility," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 297-302; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Are geriatrics mortality and morbidity statistics reliable?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 285-94.
72. Ibid., p. 133. See also Malford W. Thewlis, "What is 'normal senility'?" Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 44-45; V. Korenchevsky, "Rejuvenative, or preventive and eliminative treatment of senility," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 297-302; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Are geriatrics mortality and morbidity statistics reliable?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 285-94.
73. Ibid., p. 133. See also Malford W. Thewlis, "What is 'normal senility'?" Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 44-45; V. Korenchevsky, "Rejuvenative, or preventive and eliminative treatment of senility," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 297-302; Albert Mueller-Deham, "Are geriatrics mortality and morbidity statistics reliable?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 285-94.
74. See Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age; Fischer, (n. 5) Growing Old; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life.
75. See Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age; Fischer, (n. 5) Growing Old; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life.
76. See Achenbaum, (n. 5) Old Age; Fischer, (n. 5) Growing Old; Cole, (n. 5) Journey of Life.
77. Lucas A. Miller, "What is old age?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 305-12, p. 305. Miller, who had a 50-year medical career, was deceased at the time of this article's publication. See also William Seaman Bainbridge, "Progress in the solution of the cancer problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 72-77.
78. Lucas A. Miller, "What is old age?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 305-12, p. 305. Miller, who had a 50-year medical career, was deceased at the time of this article's publication. See also William Seaman Bainbridge, "Progress in the solution of the cancer problem," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 72-77.
79. King, (n. 13), pp. 442-43. See also Herman N. Kamin, "New goals for old age," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 256-57; "Gerontion," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 338.
80. King, (n. 13), pp. 442-43. See also Herman N. Kamin, "New goals for old age," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 256-57; "Gerontion," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 338.
81. See, for example, William C. Bernstein, "Proctological problems in the aged," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 240-45; Howell, (n. 19). Most geriatricians attributed the concept of normal, as distinguished from pathological, aging to I. L. Nascher's work in the first few decades of this century. See Nascher, "Longevity and rejuvenescence," N.Y. Med. J., 1913, 98, 61-65; Nascher, "Importance of geriatrics," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1914, 63, 2249.
82. See, for example, William C. Bernstein, "Proctological problems in the aged," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 240-45; Howell, (n. 19). Most geriatricians attributed the concept of normal, as distinguished from pathological, aging to I. L. Nascher's work in the first few decades of this century. See Nascher, "Longevity and rejuvenescence," N.Y. Med. J., 1913, 98, 61-65; Nascher, "Importance of geriatrics," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1914, 63, 2249.
83. See, for example, William C. Bernstein, "Proctological problems in the aged," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 240-45; Howell, (n. 19). Most geriatricians attributed the concept of normal, as distinguished from pathological, aging to I. L. Nascher's work in the first few decades of this century. See Nascher, "Longevity and rejuvenescence," N.Y. Med. J., 1913, 98, 61-65; Nascher, "Importance of geriatrics," J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1914, 63, 2249.
84. Miller, (n. 33). See also Walter C. Alvarez, "Cerebral arteriosclerosis with small, commonly unrecognized apoplexies," Geriatrics, 1946, 39, 189-216; Stieglitz, "Certain aspects of geriatric medicine," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 593-99; Burton Forsyth Austin, "Old age in Alabama," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 391-92; Leo W. Simmons, "Old age security in other societies," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 237-38.
85. Miller, (n. 33). See also Walter C. Alvarez, "Cerebral arteriosclerosis with small, commonly unrecognized apoplexies," Geriatrics, 1946, 39, 189-216; Stieglitz, "Certain aspects of geriatric medicine," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 593-99; Burton Forsyth Austin, "Old age in Alabama," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 391-92; Leo W. Simmons, "Old age security in other societies," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 237-38.
86. Miller, (n. 33). See also Walter C. Alvarez, "Cerebral arteriosclerosis with small, commonly unrecognized apoplexies," Geriatrics, 1946, 39, 189-216; Stieglitz, "Certain aspects of geriatric medicine," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 593-99; Burton Forsyth Austin, "Old age in Alabama," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 391-92; Leo W. Simmons, "Old age security in other societies," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 237-38.
87. Miller, (n. 33). See also Walter C. Alvarez, "Cerebral arteriosclerosis with small, commonly unrecognized apoplexies," Geriatrics, 1946, 39, 189-216; Stieglitz, "Certain aspects of geriatric medicine," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 593-99; Burton Forsyth Austin, "Old age in Alabama," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 391-92; Leo W. Simmons, "Old age security in other societies," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 237-38.
88. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging as a problem of industrial health," South. Med. Surg., 1941, 103, 546-54, p. 548.
89. Tuohy, (n. 23), p. 224.
90. Roger I. Lee, "Geriatrics," Clin. Conf. Chicago Med. Soc., 1947, 1946, 1 [reprinted in J. Ins. Med., 1947, 2, 24-27].
91. Roger I. Lee, "Geriatrics," Clin. Conf. Chicago Med. Soc., 1947, 1946, 1 [reprinted in J. Ins. Med., 1947, 2, 24-27].
92. See Audrey B. Davis, "Life insurance and the physical examination: a chapter in the rise of American medical technology," Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55, 392-406; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "Masculinity, work, and the fountain of youth: Irving Fisher and the Life Extension Institute, 1914-1931," Can. Bull. Med. Hist., 1999, 16, 89-124; Steven C. Martin and Joel D. Howell, "One hundred years of clinical preventive medicine in America," Prim. Care, 1989, 16, 3-8.
93. See Audrey B. Davis, "Life insurance and the physical examination: a chapter in the rise of American medical technology," Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55, 392-406; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "Masculinity, work, and the fountain of youth: Irving Fisher and the Life Extension Institute, 1914-1931," Can. Bull. Med. Hist., 1999, 16, 89-124; Steven C. Martin and Joel D. Howell, "One hundred years of clinical preventive medicine in America," Prim. Care, 1989, 16, 3-8.
94. See Audrey B. Davis, "Life insurance and the physical examination: a chapter in the rise of American medical technology," Bull. Hist. Med., 1981, 55, 392-406; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "Masculinity, work, and the fountain of youth: Irving Fisher and the Life Extension Institute, 1914-1931," Can. Bull. Med. Hist., 1999, 16, 89-124; Steven C. Martin and Joel D. Howell, "One hundred years of clinical preventive medicine in America," Prim. Care, 1989, 16, 3-8.
95. Edward Stieglitz, "The periodic health inventory," Clinics, 1945-46, 4, 1322-42, p. 1342. See also Stanford, (n. 24); Malford W. Thewlis and E. T. Gale, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 205-210; George Mark, "Health outlook for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 146-49; Hollis E. Clow, "Address to the American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 271-73; C. Ward Crampton, "The essentials of the geriatric examination at 50," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 1-14. Benjamin V. White pointed out that the ideas of prevention and screening for early disease were very new to the medical profession. Benjamin White, "Practical diagnosis in preventive geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 87-91.
96. Edward Stieglitz, "The periodic health inventory," Clinics, 1945-46, 4, 1322-42, p. 1342. See also Stanford, (n. 24); Malford W. Thewlis and E. T. Gale, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 205-210; George Mark, "Health outlook for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 146-49; Hollis E. Clow, "Address to the American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 271-73; C. Ward Crampton, "The essentials of the geriatric examination at 50," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 1-14. Benjamin V. White pointed out that the ideas of prevention and screening for early disease were very new to the medical profession. Benjamin White, "Practical diagnosis in preventive geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 87-91.
97. Edward Stieglitz, "The periodic health inventory," Clinics, 1945-46, 4, 1322-42, p. 1342. See also Stanford, (n. 24); Malford W. Thewlis and E. T. Gale, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 205-210; George Mark, "Health outlook for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 146-49; Hollis E. Clow, "Address to the American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 271-73; C. Ward Crampton, "The essentials of the geriatric examination at 50," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 1-14. Benjamin V. White pointed out that the ideas of prevention and screening for early disease were very new to the medical profession. Benjamin White, "Practical diagnosis in preventive geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 87-91.
98. Edward Stieglitz, "The periodic health inventory," Clinics, 1945-46, 4, 1322-42, p. 1342. See also Stanford, (n. 24); Malford W. Thewlis and E. T. Gale, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 205-210; George Mark, "Health outlook for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 146-49; Hollis E. Clow, "Address to the American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 271-73; C. Ward Crampton, "The essentials of the geriatric examination at 50," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 1-14. Benjamin V. White pointed out that the ideas of prevention and screening for early disease were very new to the medical profession. Benjamin White, "Practical diagnosis in preventive geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 87-91.
99. Edward Stieglitz, "The periodic health inventory," Clinics, 1945-46, 4, 1322-42, p. 1342. See also Stanford, (n. 24); Malford W. Thewlis and E. T. Gale, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 205-210; George Mark, "Health outlook for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 146-49; Hollis E. Clow, "Address to the American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 271-73; C. Ward Crampton, "The essentials of the geriatric examination at 50," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 1-14. Benjamin V. White pointed out that the ideas of prevention and screening for early disease were very new to the medical profession. Benjamin White, "Practical diagnosis in preventive geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 87-91.
100. Edward Stieglitz, "The periodic health inventory," Clinics, 1945-46, 4, 1322-42, p. 1342. See also Stanford, (n. 24); Malford W. Thewlis and E. T. Gale, "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 205-210; George Mark, "Health outlook for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 146-49; Hollis E. Clow, "Address to the American Geriatrics Society," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 271-73; C. Ward Crampton, "The essentials of the geriatric examination at 50," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 1-14. Benjamin V. White pointed out that the ideas of prevention and screening for early disease were very new to the medical profession. Benjamin White, "Practical diagnosis in preventive geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 87-91.
101. Thewlis, (n. 31), p. 45.
102. Daniel M. Fox, "Health policy and changing epidemiology in the United States: chronic disease in the twentieth century," Trans. Stud. Coll. Phys. Phil. 1988, 10, 11-31; Steven J. Peitzman, "From Bright's disease to end-stage renal disease," in Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992), pp. 3-19. The Pap smear, for example, became more widely available in the 19405 and 19505. James T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 171-200.
103. Daniel M. Fox, "Health policy and changing epidemiology in the United States: chronic disease in the twentieth century," Trans. Stud. Coll. Phys. Phil. 1988, 10, 11-31; Steven J. Peitzman, "From Bright's disease to end-stage renal disease," in Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992), pp. 3-19. The Pap smear, for example, became more widely available in the 19405 and 19505. James T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 171-200.
104. Daniel M. Fox, "Health policy and changing epidemiology in the United States: chronic disease in the twentieth century," Trans. Stud. Coll. Phys. Phil. 1988, 10, 11-31; Steven J. Peitzman, "From Bright's disease to end-stage renal disease," in Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992), pp. 3-19. The Pap smear, for example, became more widely available in the 19405 and 19505. James T. Patterson, The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 171-200.
105. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging and chronic illness," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 320-22, p. 320. See also McGibony, (n. 6); A. L. Chapman, "Chronic disease," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 165; A. L. Banks, "Geriatrics: a new branch of medicine," Pharm. J., 1945, 101, 158-59; William V. Woods, "Arthritis," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 603-4; Julius Rosenthal and Irwin Feigin, "Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 1-9; Gabriel F. Greco, "Coronary artery disease in older patients," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 211-16.
106. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging and chronic illness," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 320-22, p. 320. See also McGibony, (n. 6); A. L. Chapman, "Chronic disease," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 165; A. L. Banks, "Geriatrics: a new branch of medicine," Pharm. J., 1945, 101, 158-59; William V. Woods, "Arthritis," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 603-4; Julius Rosenthal and Irwin Feigin, "Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 1-9; Gabriel F. Greco, "Coronary artery disease in older patients," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 211-16.
107. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging and chronic illness," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 320-22, p. 320. See also McGibony, (n. 6); A. L. Chapman, "Chronic disease," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 165; A. L. Banks, "Geriatrics: a new branch of medicine," Pharm. J., 1945, 101, 158-59; William V. Woods, "Arthritis," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 603-4; Julius Rosenthal and Irwin Feigin, "Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 1-9; Gabriel F. Greco, "Coronary artery disease in older patients," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 211-16.
108. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging and chronic illness," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 320-22, p. 320. See also McGibony, (n. 6); A. L. Chapman, "Chronic disease," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 165; A. L. Banks, "Geriatrics: a new branch of medicine," Pharm. J., 1945, 101, 158-59; William V. Woods, "Arthritis," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 603-4; Julius Rosenthal and Irwin Feigin, "Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 1-9; Gabriel F. Greco, "Coronary artery disease in older patients," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 211-16.
109. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging and chronic illness," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 320-22, p. 320. See also McGibony, (n. 6); A. L. Chapman, "Chronic disease," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 165; A. L. Banks, "Geriatrics: a new branch of medicine," Pharm. J., 1945, 101, 158-59; William V. Woods, "Arthritis," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 603-4; Julius Rosenthal and Irwin Feigin, "Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 1-9; Gabriel F. Greco, "Coronary artery disease in older patients," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 211-16.
110. Edward Stieglitz, "Aging and chronic illness," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 320-22, p. 320. See also McGibony, (n. 6); A. L. Chapman, "Chronic disease," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 165; A. L. Banks, "Geriatrics: a new branch of medicine," Pharm. J., 1945, 101, 158-59; William V. Woods, "Arthritis," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 603-4; Julius Rosenthal and Irwin Feigin, "Some aspects of the more common pathological findings in a hospital for chronic diseases," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 1-9; Gabriel F. Greco, "Coronary artery disease in older patients," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 211-16.
111. William E. Howell, "Gerontology, geriatrics, and gerontotherapy," J. Tenn. State Med. Assoc., 1945, 38, 1-6, p. 3.
112. Woods, (n. 44). See also J. L. Arbogast, "Cancer," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 605-6; R. A. Solomon, "Cardiovascular-renal diseases," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 606-8; A. E. Hedback, "The first mile," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 454; Howard A. Rusk, "Rehabilitation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 164-65; Otto C. Kestler, "A new method of local treatment of rheumatoid and traumatic afflictions of the joints," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 162-63.
113. Woods, (n. 44). See also J. L. Arbogast, "Cancer," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 605-6; R. A. Solomon, "Cardiovascular-renal diseases," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 606-8; A. E. Hedback, "The first mile," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 454; Howard A. Rusk, "Rehabilitation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 164-65; Otto C. Kestler, "A new method of local treatment of rheumatoid and traumatic afflictions of the joints," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 162-63.
114. Woods, (n. 44). See also J. L. Arbogast, "Cancer," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 605-6; R. A. Solomon, "Cardiovascular-renal diseases," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 606-8; A. E. Hedback, "The first mile," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 454; Howard A. Rusk, "Rehabilitation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 164-65; Otto C. Kestler, "A new method of local treatment of rheumatoid and traumatic afflictions of the joints," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 162-63.
115. Woods, (n. 44). See also J. L. Arbogast, "Cancer," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 605-6; R. A. Solomon, "Cardiovascular-renal diseases," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 606-8; A. E. Hedback, "The first mile," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 454; Howard A. Rusk, "Rehabilitation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 164-65; Otto C. Kestler, "A new method of local treatment of rheumatoid and traumatic afflictions of the joints," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 162-63.
116. Woods, (n. 44). See also J. L. Arbogast, "Cancer," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 605-6; R. A. Solomon, "Cardiovascular-renal diseases," J. Ind. State Med. Assoc., 1946, 39, 606-8; A. E. Hedback, "The first mile," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 454; Howard A. Rusk, "Rehabilitation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1950, 5, 164-65; Otto C. Kestler, "A new method of local treatment of rheumatoid and traumatic afflictions of the joints," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 162-63.
117. Malford W. Thewlis, "Geriatrics and postwar problems," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 54-59; Thewlis, (n. 17), p. 385. See also Stieglitz, (n. 37); Wingate M. Johnson, "Out of this nettle, danger," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 165; King, (n. 13).
118. Malford W. Thewlis, "Geriatrics and postwar problems," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 54-59; Thewlis, (n. 17), p. 385. See also Stieglitz, (n. 37); Wingate M. Johnson, "Out of this nettle, danger," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 165; King, (n. 13).
119. McGibony, (n. 6), p. 10.
120. Wingate M.Johnson, "Old age: a public health problem," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 261-68, p. 262.
121. E. L. Tuohy, "The obligations of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 314-15. See also J. Arthur Myers, "Tuberculosis among persons over fifty years of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 27-39; Myers, "Tuberculosis in the elderly - a threat to children," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 456; Myers, "Old age: the last stand of the tubercle bacillus," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 197-210; Freeman, (n. 7); Henry Brainerd, "Severe infectious disease in the elderly," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 1-5.
122. E. L. Tuohy, "The obligations of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 314-15. See also J. Arthur Myers, "Tuberculosis among persons over fifty years of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 27-39; Myers, "Tuberculosis in the elderly - a threat to children," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 456; Myers, "Old age: the last stand of the tubercle bacillus," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 197-210; Freeman, (n. 7); Henry Brainerd, "Severe infectious disease in the elderly," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 1-5.
123. E. L. Tuohy, "The obligations of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 314-15. See also J. Arthur Myers, "Tuberculosis among persons over fifty years of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 27-39; Myers, "Tuberculosis in the elderly - a threat to children," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 456; Myers, "Old age: the last stand of the tubercle bacillus," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 197-210; Freeman, (n. 7); Henry Brainerd, "Severe infectious disease in the elderly," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 1-5.
124. E. L. Tuohy, "The obligations of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 314-15. See also J. Arthur Myers, "Tuberculosis among persons over fifty years of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 27-39; Myers, "Tuberculosis in the elderly - a threat to children," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 456; Myers, "Old age: the last stand of the tubercle bacillus," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 197-210; Freeman, (n. 7); Henry Brainerd, "Severe infectious disease in the elderly," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 1-5.
125. E. L. Tuohy, "The obligations of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 314-15. See also J. Arthur Myers, "Tuberculosis among persons over fifty years of age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 27-39; Myers, "Tuberculosis in the elderly - a threat to children," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 456; Myers, "Old age: the last stand of the tubercle bacillus," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 197-210; Freeman, (n. 7); Henry Brainerd, "Severe infectious disease in the elderly," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 1-5.
126. George Lawton, "Old age: minus and plus," Sci. Monthly, 1947, 64, 53-60, p. 51.
127. For an overview of discussions of femininity and masculinity in the twentieth century, see Sheila M. Rothman, Woman's Proper Place: A History of Changing Ideals and Practices, 1870 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1978); Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). For a discussion of aging women and femininity, see Lois W. Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
128. For an overview of discussions of femininity and masculinity in the twentieth century, see Sheila M. Rothman, Woman's Proper Place: A History of Changing Ideals and Practices, 1870 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1978); Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). For a discussion of aging women and femininity, see Lois W. Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
129. For an overview of discussions of femininity and masculinity in the twentieth century, see Sheila M. Rothman, Woman's Proper Place: A History of Changing Ideals and Practices, 1870 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1978); Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996). For a discussion of aging women and femininity, see Lois W. Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).
130. Katz points out that Charcot's language erased the fact that his studies of old age were based on older women. Stephen Katz, "Charcot's older women: bodies of knowledge at the interface of aging studies and women's studies," in Kathleen Woodward, ed., Figuring Age: Women, Bodies, Generations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), pp. 112-27.
131. Though physicians sometimes addressed menopause within the geriatrics literature, for the most part it was left in the care of gynecologists. Obstetrician-gynecologists had a somewhat different perspective on when aging began since they related it to reproductive function. "Elderly" could describe anyone from a 35-year-old pregnant woman to a post-menopausal woman, depending on the context. See, for example, George W. Kosmak, "Gynecologic and other implications which relate to an ageing female population," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1942, 44, 897-910; William F. Geittmann, Fames E. Fitzgerald, and Bruce P. Zummo, "Elderly primaparas," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1948, 56, 846-52. According to Susan Bell, menopause was diagnosed by gynecologists as a disease in the 19305 and 19405, and was characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing ideas: the medicalization of menopause," in Ruth Formanek, ed., The Cleanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, 1990), pp. 43-63. See also Banner, (n. 52) In Full Flower, pp. 284-87.
132. Though physicians sometimes addressed menopause within the geriatrics literature, for the most part it was left in the care of gynecologists. Obstetrician-gynecologists had a somewhat different perspective on when aging began since they related it to reproductive function. "Elderly" could describe anyone from a 35-year-old pregnant woman to a post-menopausal woman, depending on the context. See, for example, George W. Kosmak, "Gynecologic and other implications which relate to an ageing female population," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1942, 44, 897-910; William F. Geittmann, Fames E. Fitzgerald, and Bruce P. Zummo, "Elderly primaparas," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1948, 56, 846-52. According to Susan Bell, menopause was diagnosed by gynecologists as a disease in the 19305 and 19405, and was characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing ideas: the medicalization of menopause," in Ruth Formanek, ed., The Cleanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, 1990), pp. 43-63. See also Banner, (n. 52) In Full Flower, pp. 284-87.
133. Though physicians sometimes addressed menopause within the geriatrics literature, for the most part it was left in the care of gynecologists. Obstetrician-gynecologists had a somewhat different perspective on when aging began since they related it to reproductive function. "Elderly" could describe anyone from a 35-year-old pregnant woman to a post-menopausal woman, depending on the context. See, for example, George W. Kosmak, "Gynecologic and other implications which relate to an ageing female population," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1942, 44, 897-910; William F. Geittmann, Fames E. Fitzgerald, and Bruce P. Zummo, "Elderly primaparas," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1948, 56, 846-52. According to Susan Bell, menopause was diagnosed by gynecologists as a disease in the 19305 and 19405, and was characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing ideas: the medicalization of menopause," in Ruth Formanek, ed., The Cleanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, 1990), pp. 43-63. See also Banner, (n. 52) In Full Flower, pp. 284-87.
134. Though physicians sometimes addressed menopause within the geriatrics literature, for the most part it was left in the care of gynecologists. Obstetrician-gynecologists had a somewhat different perspective on when aging began since they related it to reproductive function. "Elderly" could describe anyone from a 35-year-old pregnant woman to a post-menopausal woman, depending on the context. See, for example, George W. Kosmak, "Gynecologic and other implications which relate to an ageing female population," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1942, 44, 897-910; William F. Geittmann, Fames E. Fitzgerald, and Bruce P. Zummo, "Elderly primaparas," Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1948, 56, 846-52. According to Susan Bell, menopause was diagnosed by gynecologists as a disease in the 19305 and 19405, and was characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing ideas: the medicalization of menopause," in Ruth Formanek, ed., The Cleanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, 1990), pp. 43-63. See also Banner, (n. 52) In Full Flower, pp. 284-87.
135. O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24, p. 220. See also Hollis E. Clow, "Personality adjustment following hospital treatment in patients with involutional psychosis, melancholia," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 94-101; Edgar Allen, "Female reproductive system," in E. V. Cowdrey, ed., Problems of Ageing: Biological and Medical Aspects (Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1939), pp. 398-433.
136. O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24, p. 220. See also Hollis E. Clow, "Personality adjustment following hospital treatment in patients with involutional psychosis, melancholia," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 94-101; Edgar Allen, "Female reproductive system," in E. V. Cowdrey, ed., Problems of Ageing: Biological and Medical Aspects (Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1939), pp. 398-433.
137. O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24, p. 220. See also Hollis E. Clow, "Personality adjustment following hospital treatment in patients with involutional psychosis, melancholia," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 94-101; Edgar Allen, "Female reproductive system," in E. V. Cowdrey, ed., Problems of Ageing: Biological and Medical Aspects (Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1939), pp. 398-433.
138. Roger I. Lee, "Geriatrics," Miss. Doctor, 1946-47, 24, 41-45, p. 45.
139. A. F. Lash, "Gynecologic surgery in the elderly woman," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 67-71, p. 68. See also "Significance of geriatric medicine" [editorial reprinted from Therapeutic Notes, Parke, Davis, and Company, July-August, 1948, Special Geriatrics Issue], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 314-16; John Parks, "Pregnancy after forty," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 399-403; Bernard L. Cinberg, "Uterine bleeding: menopausal and postmenopausal," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 17-23.
140. A. F. Lash, "Gynecologic surgery in the elderly woman," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 67-71, p. 68. See also "Significance of geriatric medicine" [editorial reprinted from Therapeutic Notes, Parke, Davis, and Company, July-August, 1948, Special Geriatrics Issue], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 314-16; John Parks, "Pregnancy after forty," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 399-403; Bernard L. Cinberg, "Uterine bleeding: menopausal and postmenopausal," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 17-23.
141. A. F. Lash, "Gynecologic surgery in the elderly woman," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 67-71, p. 68. See also "Significance of geriatric medicine" [editorial reprinted from Therapeutic Notes, Parke, Davis, and Company, July-August, 1948, Special Geriatrics Issue], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 314-16; John Parks, "Pregnancy after forty," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 399-403; Bernard L. Cinberg, "Uterine bleeding: menopausal and postmenopausal," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 17-23.
142. A. F. Lash, "Gynecologic surgery in the elderly woman," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 67-71, p. 68. See also "Significance of geriatric medicine" [editorial reprinted from Therapeutic Notes, Parke, Davis, and Company, July-August, 1948, Special Geriatrics Issue], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 314-16; John Parks, "Pregnancy after forty," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 399-403; Bernard L. Cinberg, "Uterine bleeding: menopausal and postmenopausal," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 17-23.
143. A. F. Lash, "Gynecologic surgery in the elderly woman," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 67-71, p. 68. See also "Significance of geriatric medicine" [editorial reprinted from Therapeutic Notes, Parke, Davis, and Company, July-August, 1948, Special Geriatrics Issue], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 314-16; John Parks, "Pregnancy after forty," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 399-403; Bernard L. Cinberg, "Uterine bleeding: menopausal and postmenopausal," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 17-23.
144. For an excellent discussion of power dynamics and demasculinization, see Ava Baron, "Questions of gender: deskilling and demasculinization in the U.S. printing industry, 1830-1915," Gend. Hist., 1989, 1, 178-99. On the general problems of masculinity in the twentieth century, see Kimmel, (n. 52) Manhood, pp. 81-116; Peter G. Filene, Him/Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2nd ed. (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 69-93.
145. For an excellent discussion of power dynamics and demasculinization, see Ava Baron, "Questions of gender: deskilling and demasculinization in the U.S. printing industry, 1830-1915," Gend. Hist., 1989, 1, 178-99. On the general problems of masculinity in the twentieth century, see Kimmel, (n. 52) Manhood, pp. 81-116; Peter G. Filene, Him/Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2nd ed. (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 69-93.
146. For an excellent discussion of power dynamics and demasculinization, see Ava Baron, "Questions of gender: deskilling and demasculinization in the U.S. printing industry, 1830-1915," Gend. Hist., 1989, 1, 178-99. On the general problems of masculinity in the twentieth century, see Kimmel, (n. 52) Manhood, pp. 81-116; Peter G. Filene, Him/Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2nd ed. (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 69-93.
147. Henry I. Russek and Burton L. Zohman, "Normal blood pressure in senescence: a study of 3691 white male subjects between the ages of 50 and 95 years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 113-20; Russell S. Boles and William Dunbar, "Peptic ulcer in old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 221-24; N. W. Shock, "Kidney function tests in aged males," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 232-39; William R. Gabbert, Lucile W. Hutaff, and George T. Harrell, "The effect of age on the leukocyte count," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 96-100; William B. Kountz and Margaret Chieffi, "General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 344-58; Theodore T. Fox, John C. Weaver, and Richard L. Francis, "Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 35-41.
148. Henry I. Russek and Burton L. Zohman, "Normal blood pressure in senescence: a study of 3691 white male subjects between the ages of 50 and 95 years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 113-20; Russell S. Boles and William Dunbar, "Peptic ulcer in old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 221-24; N. W. Shock, "Kidney function tests in aged males," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 232-39; William R. Gabbert, Lucile W. Hutaff, and George T. Harrell, "The effect of age on the leukocyte count," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 96-100; William B. Kountz and Margaret Chieffi, "General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 344-58; Theodore T. Fox, John C. Weaver, and Richard L. Francis, "Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 35-41.
149. Henry I. Russek and Burton L. Zohman, "Normal blood pressure in senescence: a study of 3691 white male subjects between the ages of 50 and 95 years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 113-20; Russell S. Boles and William Dunbar, "Peptic ulcer in old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 221-24; N. W. Shock, "Kidney function tests in aged males," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 232-39; William R. Gabbert, Lucile W. Hutaff, and George T. Harrell, "The effect of age on the leukocyte count," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 96-100; William B. Kountz and Margaret Chieffi, "General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 344-58; Theodore T. Fox, John C. Weaver, and Richard L. Francis, "Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 35-41.
150. Henry I. Russek and Burton L. Zohman, "Normal blood pressure in senescence: a study of 3691 white male subjects between the ages of 50 and 95 years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 113-20; Russell S. Boles and William Dunbar, "Peptic ulcer in old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 221-24; N. W. Shock, "Kidney function tests in aged males," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 232-39; William R. Gabbert, Lucile W. Hutaff, and George T. Harrell, "The effect of age on the leukocyte count," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 96-100; William B. Kountz and Margaret Chieffi, "General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 344-58; Theodore T. Fox, John C. Weaver, and Richard L. Francis, "Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 35-41.
151. Henry I. Russek and Burton L. Zohman, "Normal blood pressure in senescence: a study of 3691 white male subjects between the ages of 50 and 95 years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 113-20; Russell S. Boles and William Dunbar, "Peptic ulcer in old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 221-24; N. W. Shock, "Kidney function tests in aged males," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 232-39; William R. Gabbert, Lucile W. Hutaff, and George T. Harrell, "The effect of age on the leukocyte count," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 96-100; William B. Kountz and Margaret Chieffi, "General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 344-58; Theodore T. Fox, John C. Weaver, and Richard L. Francis, "Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 35-41.
152. Henry I. Russek and Burton L. Zohman, "Normal blood pressure in senescence: a study of 3691 white male subjects between the ages of 50 and 95 years," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 113-20; Russell S. Boles and William Dunbar, "Peptic ulcer in old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 221-24; N. W. Shock, "Kidney function tests in aged males," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 232-39; William R. Gabbert, Lucile W. Hutaff, and George T. Harrell, "The effect of age on the leukocyte count," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 96-100; William B. Kountz and Margaret Chieffi, "General oxidative processes with relation to degenerative changes in the body," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 344-58; Theodore T. Fox, John C. Weaver, and Richard L. Francis, "Further studies on electrocardiographic changes in old age," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 35-41.
153. Foster Kennedy, "The menopause," Geriatrics, 1947, 2, 51-53, p. 52.
154. A. E. Hedback, "Comforting the aged," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 393-94. Max A. Goldzicher, "Endocrine aspects of senescence," Geriatrics, 1945, 1, 226-31. See also Walter R. Stokes, "Sexual function in the aging male," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 304-8.
155. A. E. Hedback, "Comforting the aged," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 393-94. Max A. Goldzicher, "Endocrine aspects of senescence," Geriatrics, 1945, 1, 226-31. See also Walter R. Stokes, "Sexual function in the aging male," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 304-8.
156. A. E. Hedback, "Comforting the aged," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 393-94. Max A. Goldzicher, "Endocrine aspects of senescence," Geriatrics, 1945, 1, 226-31. See also Walter R. Stokes, "Sexual function in the aging male," Geriatrics, 1951, 6, 304-8.
157. Harold D. Palmer, "Mental disorders of old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 60-79, p. 75. See also Thewlis, (n. 21) "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics;" Edward B. Alien, "Psychological orientation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1949, 1, 67-72; Maxwell Gitelson, "The emotional problems of elderly people," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 135-50; O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24; Rusk (n. 28).
158. Harold D. Palmer, "Mental disorders of old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 60-79, p. 75. See also Thewlis, (n. 21) "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics;" Edward B. Alien, "Psychological orientation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1949, 1, 67-72; Maxwell Gitelson, "The emotional problems of elderly people," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 135-50; O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24; Rusk (n. 28).
159. Harold D. Palmer, "Mental disorders of old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 60-79, p. 75. See also Thewlis, (n. 21) "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics;" Edward B. Alien, "Psychological orientation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1949, 1, 67-72; Maxwell Gitelson, "The emotional problems of elderly people," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 135-50; O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24; Rusk (n. 28).
160. Harold D. Palmer, "Mental disorders of old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 60-79, p. 75. See also Thewlis, (n. 21) "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics;" Edward B. Alien, "Psychological orientation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1949, 1, 67-72; Maxwell Gitelson, "The emotional problems of elderly people," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 135-50; O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24; Rusk (n. 28).
161. Harold D. Palmer, "Mental disorders of old age," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 60-79, p. 75. See also Thewlis, (n. 21) "Preclinical medicine and geriatrics;" Edward B. Alien, "Psychological orientation in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1949, 1, 67-72; Maxwell Gitelson, "The emotional problems of elderly people," Geriatrics, 1948, 1, 135-50; O. Spurgeon English, "A brighter future for older people," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 217-24; Rusk (n. 28).
162. Barker, (n. 31), p. 133. See also Thewlis (n. 47); Henry G. Langworthy, "Letter to the editor: are old men at the throttle the cause of railroad accidents?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 317-21; L. Pearl Gardner, "Attitudes and activities of the middle-aged and aged," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 33-50.
163. Barker, (n. 31), p. 133. See also Thewlis (n. 47); Henry G. Langworthy, "Letter to the editor: are old men at the throttle the cause of railroad accidents?" Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 317-21; L. Pearl Gardner, "Attitudes and activities of the middle-aged and aged," Geriatrics, 1949, 4, 33-50.
164. Gitelson, (n. 62), p. 138.
165. Bernard J. Ficarra, "Mental euthanasia for the elderly," Geriatrics, 1952, 7, 62.
166. Johnson, (n. 49), p. 266.
167. Walter C. Alvarez, "Selective retirement," Geriatrics, 1952, 7, 213.
168. Clifford Leland Williams, "The mental hygiene of aging," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 361-68, p. 367. See also Henry L. Ulrich, "Cardiovascular deterioraton," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 152-58; Frank H. Krusen and Ursula M. Leden, "Some applications of physical medicine in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 409-19.
169. Clifford Leland Williams, "The mental hygiene of aging," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 361-68, p. 367. See also Henry L. Ulrich, "Cardiovascular deterioraton," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 152-58; Frank H. Krusen and Ursula M. Leden, "Some applications of physical medicine in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 409-19.
170. Clifford Leland Williams, "The mental hygiene of aging," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 361-68, p. 367. See also Henry L. Ulrich, "Cardiovascular deterioraton," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 152-58; Frank H. Krusen and Ursula M. Leden, "Some applications of physical medicine in geriatrics," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 409-19.
171. George Kelemen, "Tonsils and aging," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 277-84, p. 283. See also King, (n. 13); Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 15-25.
172. George Kelemen, "Tonsils and aging," Geriatrics, 1946, 1, 277-84, p. 283. See also King, (n. 13); Frederic D. Zeman, "Accident hazards of old age: the physician's role in a program of prevention," Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 15-25.
173. "On the prizing of life apart from its content" [editorial reprinted from the New England Journal of Medicine, July 22, 1948], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 316-17, p. 317.
174. "On the prizing of life apart from its content" [editorial reprinted from the New England Journal of Medicine, July 22, 1948], Geriatrics, 1948, 3, 316-17, p. 317.
175. Rusk, (n. 28), p. 271.