The rural-urban digital divide

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 77, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 549-560

  Hindman, Douglas Blanks ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0034258638     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900007700306     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Allen S. Hammond IV, "The Telecommunications Act of 1996: Codifying the Digital Divide,"Federal Communications Law Journal 50 (December 1997): 179-214.
2. Daniel Bell, "Communication Technology: For Better or for Worse?"in The Information Society: Economic, Social and Structural Issues, ed. Jerry L. Salvaggio (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989): 89-104; John C. Allen and Don A. Dillman, Against All Odds: Rural Community in the Information Age (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
3. Daniel Bell, "Communication Technology: For Better or for Worse?"in The Information Society: Economic, Social and Structural Issues, ed. Jerry L. Salvaggio (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989): 89-104; John C. Allen and Don A. Dillman, Against All Odds: Rural Community in the Information Age (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).
4. Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire (Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1992).
5. John V. Pavlik, New Media Technology: Cultural and Commercial Per-spectives (Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1996).
6. "FCC approves AT&T-TCI Deal," New York Times, 18 February 1999, sec. C, p. 2, col. 4; Alex Berenson, "Investors seem to want to keep AOL-Time Warner asunder," New York Times, 13 January 2000, sec. C, p. 1, col. 2.
7. "FCC approves AT&T-TCI Deal," New York Times, 18 February 1999, sec. C, p. 2, col. 4; Alex Berenson, "Investors seem to want to keep AOL-Time Warner asunder," New York Times, 13 January 2000, sec. C, p. 1, col. 2.
8. Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997).
9. Andrew Gillespie and Kevin Robbins, "Geographic Inequalities: The Spatial Bias of the New Communications Technologies," Journal of Communication 39 (summer 1989): 7-18.
10. Heather E. Hudson and Edwin B. Parker, "Information Gaps in Rural America," Telecommunications Policy 14 (June 1990): 193-205.
11. Edwin B. Parker, Heather E. Hudson, Don A. Dillman, and A. Roscoe, Rural America in the Information Age: Telecommunications Policy for Rural Development (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989), 43.
12. George A. Donohue, Phillip J. Tichenor, and Clarice N. Olien, "Metro daily pullbacks and knowledge gaps within and between communities," Communication Research 13 (June 1986): 453-71.
13. F. Larry Leistritz, "Telecommunications Spur North Dakota's Rural Economy," Rural Development Perspectives 8 (February 1993): 7-11.
14. Hudson and Parker, "Information Gaps in Rural America," 196.
15. Don Richardson, "The Internet and Rural Development," The Journal of Development Communication 9 (June 1 1998): 54-67.
16. Don A. Dillman, D. Beck, and John Allen, "Rural Barriers to Job Creation Remain, Even in Today's Information Age," Rural Development Perspectives 5 (March 1989): 21-27.
17. Gillespie and Robins, "Geographic Inequalities," 7.
18. Hammond, "The Telecommunications Act of 1996."
19. Dillman, Beck, and Allen, "Rural Barriers to Job Creation Remain," 24-25.
20. Richardson, "The Internet and Rural Development."
21. Dillman, Beck, and Allen, "Rural Barriers to Job Creation Remain."
22. N. Katzman, "The Impact of Communication Technology: Promises and Prospects," Journal of Communication 24 (autumn 1974): 47-58.
23. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), "Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide."[Online]. Available: http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/digitaldivide/. 1999, p. xii.
24. James Ettema, "Three Phases in the Creation of Information Inequities: An Empirical Assessment of a Prototype Videotext System," Journal of Broadcasting 28 (summer 1984): 383-95.
25. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (summer 1970): 158-70; K. Viswanath and John Finnegan, "The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Twenty-Five Years Later," Communication Yearbook 19 (1996): 187-228.
26. Phillip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice N. Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge," Public Opinion Quarterly 34 (summer 1970): 158-70; K. Viswanath and John Finnegan, "The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Twenty-Five Years Later," Communication Yearbook 19 (1996): 187-228.
27. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: The Free Press, 1995), 269, 273-4.
28. William H. Dutton, Patrick L. Sweet, and Everett M. Rogers, "Socio-economic Status and the Early Diffusion of Personal Computing in the United States," Social Science Computer Review 7 (fall 1989): 266-67.
29. Carolyn A. Lin, "Exploring Personal Computer Adoption Dynamics," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 42 (winter 1998): 95-112.
30. Leo W. Jeffres and David Atkin, "Predicting Use of Technologies for Communication and Consumer Needs," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 40 (summer 1996): 318-30; Jennifer Mettler, "Who Uses Information Technologies in Rural America?" Journal of Communication 39 (summer 1989): 48-60.
31. Leo W. Jeffres and David Atkin, "Predicting Use of Technologies for Communication and Consumer Needs," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 40 (summer 1996): 318-30; Jennifer Mettler, "Who Uses Information Technologies in Rural America?" Journal of Communication 39 (summer 1989): 48-60.
32. Dana L. Hoag, James C. Ascough, and W. Marshall Frasier, "Farm Computer Adoption in the Great Plains," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31 (April 1999): 57-68.
33. Kimberly Neuendorf, David Atkin, and Leo W. Jeffres, "Understanding Adopters of Audio Information Innovations," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 42 (winter 1998): 80-94.
34. Carolyn A. Lin and Leo W. Jeffres, "Factors Influencing the Adoption of Multimedia Cable Technology," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (summer 1998): 341-52.
35. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 208-244.
36. David Moore, "Political Campaigns and the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis," Public Opinion Quarterly 51 (summer 1988): 186-200.
37. Clifford W. Scherer, "The Videocassette Recorder and Information Inequity," Journal of Communication 39 (summer 1989): 94-109; Douglas Blanks Hindman, Stan Ernst, and Mevis Richardson, "The Rural-Urban Gap in Community Newspaper Editors' Use of Information Technologies," Mass Communication and Society (in press).
38. Clifford W. Scherer, "The Videocassette Recorder and Information Inequity," Journal of Communication 39 (summer 1989): 94-109; Douglas Blanks Hindman, Stan Ernst, and Mevis Richardson, "The Rural-Urban Gap in Community Newspaper Editors' Use of Information Technologies," Mass Communication and Society (in press).
39. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, "Online Newcomers More Middle-brow, Less Work-oriented: Survey Methodology," [Online]. Available: http://www.people-press.org/tech98que.htm. (Pew Research Center, 1999).
40. The full text of the questions were: Do you have any type of personal computer, including laptops - such as an IBM PC or a Macintosh in your home? These do not include game machines such as Nintendo or Sega. (1 = yes, 0 = no); Do you ever send or receive e-mail or electronic mail? (1 = yes, 0 = no); Did you send or receive any e-mail yesterday? (1 = yes, 0 = no); How frequently do you go online to get NEWS... would you say every day, 3 to 5 days per week, 1 or 2 days per week, once every few weeks, or less often? ( 1 = 1 or 2 days per week or more often, 0 = once very few weeks, or less often, or not at all); Now I'm going to ask you about some other things people are doing online these days. For each one, please tell me if you have ever done this. Have you ever purchased goods or services online? (1 = yes, 0 = no); Do you ever go online to access the Internet or World Wide Web or to send and receive e-mail ? (1998 only 1 = yes, 0 = no). For comparison with the previous item, responses to two items from the 1995 survey were combined: Do you or anyone in your household ever use the modem to connect to any computer bulletin boards, information services such as Compuserve or Prodigy, or other computers at other locations ? and Do you, yourself, ever use a computer at work or school to connect with computer bulletin boards, information services such as America Online or Prodigy, or other computers over the Internet? (1 = yes for either question, 0 = no for both questions). Both 1995 and 1998 surveys included the following item: Did you happen to go on-line yesterday? (1 = yes, 0 = no). Demographic indicators were: What is your age? (years) What is the last grade or class that you completed in school?: (1) None, or grade 1-8, or high school incomplete (Grades 9-11); (2) High school graduate (Grade 12 or GED certificate); (3) Business, Technical, or vocational school AFTER high school or some college, no 4-year degree; (4) College graduate (B.S., B.A., or other 4-year degree); (5) Post-graduate training or professional schooling after college (e.g., toward a master's Degree or Ph.D.; law or medical school); Last year ("1997" in 1998 survey, "1994" in 1995 version of the survey) what was your total family income from all sources, before taxes ? Just stop me when I get to the right category: (1) Less than $10,000; (2) 10,000 to under $20,000; (3) $20,000 to under $30,000; (4) $30,000 to under $40,000; (5) $40,000 to under $50,000; (6) $50,000 to under $75,000; (7) $75,000 to under $100,000; (8) $100,000 or more.
41. U.S. Census Bureau, "About Metropolitan Areas" [Online]. Available: http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/ aboutmetro.html (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000).
42. The self report measure asked respondents to describe their place of residence as "a large city ('city' in 1995), a suburb near a large city ('suburb' in 1995), a small city or town ('small town' in 1995), or a rural area." The measure was coded so that 1= rural area, 2 = small town, 3 = suburb, and 4 = large city.
43. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), "Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide," 82-87.
44. Douglas Blanks Hindman, "Social Control, Social Change, and Local Mass Media," in Mass Media, Social Control, and Social Change: A Macrosocial Perspective, ed. K. Viswanath and David Demers (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press), 99-116.
45. Allen and Dillman, Against All Odds.
46. Scherer, "The Videocassette Recorder and Information Inequity," 94.
47. Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien, "Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge."
48. NTIA, "Falling Through the Net," xii.