Guidelines of the Spanish society of cardiology for clinical practice in exercise testing;Guías de práctica clínica de la sociedad Española de cardiología en pruebas de esfuerzo

Revista Espanola de Cardiologia

Volumn 53, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 1063-1094

  Arós, Fernando ^a   Boraita, Araceli ^b   Alegría, Eduardo ^b   Alonso, Ángel M ^b   Bardají, Alfredo ^b   Lamiel, Ramiro ^b   Luengo, Emilio ^b   Rabadán, Manuel ^b   Alijarde, Manuel ^b   Aznar, Joaquin ^b   Baño, Antonio ^b   Cabañero, Mercedes ^b   Calderón, Carmen ^b   Camprubí, Mercedes ^b   Candell, Jaime ^b   Crespo, Marisa ^b   De La Morena, Gonzalo ^b   Fernández, Almudena ^b   Ferrero, José A ^b   Gayán, Ricardo ^b   García Bolao, Ignacio ^b   Hernández, Magdalena ^b   Maceira, Alicia ^b   Marín, Emilio ^b   Muela De Lara, Antonio ^b   Placer, Luis ^b   San Román, José A ^b   Serratosa, Luis ^b   Sosa, Valeriano ^b   Subirana, María Teresa ^b   Wilke, Manuel ^b   more..

^a HOSPITAL TXAGORRITXU   (Spain)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Coronary disease; Exercise testing; Guidelines; Stress

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; EXERCISE TEST; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SPAIN; STANDARD;

ADULT; EXERCISE TEST; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; SPAIN;

EID: 0034241713     PISSN: 03008932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(00)75210-9     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. a ed.). Madrid: McGraw-Hill-Interamericana de España, 1993; 177-197.
2. Reyes M, Iñiguez A, Goicolea A, Funes B, Castro A. El consentimiento informado en cardiología. Rev Esp Cardiol 1998; 51: 782-796.
3. Fletcher GF, Flipse T, Malouf J, Kligfield P. En: Rourke R, editor. Situación actual de la prueba de esfuerzo electrocardiográfica. Curr Probl Cardiol 1999; 1: 1-125.
4. Alegría Ezquerra E, Alijarde Guimerá M, Cordo Mollar JC, Chorro Gascó FJ, Pajarón López A. Utilidad de la prueha de esfuerzo y de otros métodos basados en el electrocardiograma en la cardiopatía isquémica crónica. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 6-14.
5. European Society Working Group on Exercise Physiology, Physiopathology and Electrocardiography. Guidelines for cardiac exercise testing. Eur Heart J 1993; 14: 969-988.
6. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Cardiovascular Procedures: Guidelines for exercise testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 725-738.
7. Alijarde M, Vidal JM, Palazuelos V. Indicaciones y técnicas actuales de la prueba de esfuerzo. En: Normas de Actuación Clínica en Cardiología. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Cardiologĩa, 1996: 384-393.
8. Fletcher GF, Balady G, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL, Pollock ML. Exercise standards: a for Healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association Writing Group. Special Report. Circulation 1995; 91: 580-615.
9. Ellestad M. Pruebas de esfuerzo. Bases y aplicación clínica En: Ellestad M, editor. Las pruebas de esfuerzo. Barcelona: Ediciones Consulta. 1988.
10. a ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.
11. Howley ET, Bassett JR DR, Welch HG. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1292-1301.
12. a ed.). Filadelfia: Lea & Febiger, 1994; 95-111.
13. Fernhall B, Kohrt W. The effect of training specificity on maximal and submaximal physiological responses to treadmill and cycle ergometry. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1990; 30: 268-275.
14. a ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, 1995; 653-658.
15. Rowland TW. Aerobic exercise testing protocols. En: Rowland TW, editor. Pediatric laboratory exercise testing. Clinical guidelines. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1993; 19-41.
16. Turley KR, Rogers DM, Harper KM. Kujawa KI, Wilmore JH. Maximal treadmill versus cycle ergometry testing in children: differences, reliability, and variability of responses. Ped Exerc Sci 1995; 7: 49-60.
17. Zhang YY, Johnson MC, Chow N, Wasserman K. Effect of exercise testing protocol on parameters of aerobic function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 625-630.
18. Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381.
19. a ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995; 57-79.
20. Jeukendrup A, Saris WHM, Brouns F, Kester ADM. A new validated endurance performance test. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 266-270.
21. Cahalin LP, Mathier MA, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, DiSalvo TG. The six-minute walk test predicts peak oxygen uptake and survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Chest 1996; 110: 325-332.
22. Enright PL, Sherrill DL. Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1384-1387.
23. a ed.). Filadelfia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.
24. Wiener SP, Ewing Garber C, Manfredi TG. A comparison of exercise performance on bycicle and rowing ergometers in female master recreational rowers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1995; 35: 176-180.
25. Spirduso WW. Physical functioning of the old and oldest-old. En: Spirduso WW, editor. Physical dimensions of aging. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995; 329-358.
26. Franklin BA, DeBusk RF, Gordon NF, Hanson P, Pollock ML. Exercise testing update: with or without CAD - when is activity safe? Phys Sports Med 1991; 19: 111-120.
27. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Beasley JW, Bricker JT, Duvernoy WFC, Froelicher VF et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 260-315.
28. Azpitarte Almagro J, Cabadés O'Callaghan A, López Merino V, De los Reyes López M, San José Garagarza JM, en representación del Grupo de Estudio de Angina de Pecho de la Sección de Cardiopatía Isquémica y Unidades Coronarias de la Sociedad Española de Cardiologĩa. Angina de pecho. Concepto y clasificación. Rev Esp Cardiol 1995; 48: 373-382.
29. Azpitarte Almagro J, Arós Borau F, Cabadés O'Callaghan A, López Bescós L, Valls Grima F. Las exploraciones no invasivas en el munejo de los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica crónica. Recomendaciones para su utilización. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 145-156.
30. Cordo JC, Asín E, Fernández C, García M, Magriñá J. Marín E et al. Grupo de Estudio de Angina de Pecho de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Métodos Diagnósticos en la Angina de Pechu. Rcv Esp Cardiol 1995; 48: 383-393.
31. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 1350-1358.
32. Pryor DB, Harrell FE Jr. Lee KL, Califf RM, Rosali RA. Estimating the likelihood of significant coronarv artery disease. Am J Med 1983; 75: 771-780.
33. Diamond GA. A clinical relevant classification of chest discomfort. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983; 1: 574-575.
34. Marín Huerta E, Rodríguez Padial L, Pey J, Fernández Palomeque C, Fernández Avilés F, Asín E. Utilidad de la prueba de esfuerzo para identificar sujetos da alto riesgo. Correlación con la coronariografía. Rev Esp Cardiol 1985; 38: 84-92.
35. Marín Huerta E, Hernández E, Castro JM, Del Río A, Asín E, Cerezo L et al. Utilidad y limitaciones de la prueba de esfuerzo en pacientes cono dolor precordial atípico. Rev Esp Cardiol 1982; 35: 323-330.
36. Yamada H, Do D, Morise A, Froelicher VF. Multivariable equations to predict CAD. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1997; 39: 457-481.
37. Lee KL, Pryor DB, Harrell FE Jr, Califf RM, Behar VS, Floyd WL et al. Predicting outcome in coronary disease: statistical models versus expert clinicians. Am J Med 1986; 80: 553-560.
38. Detrano R, Bobbio M, Olson H, Shandling A, Ellestad MH, Alegria E et al. Computer probability estimates of angiographic coronary artery disease: transportability and comparison with cardiologists' estimates. Comput Biomed Res 1992 25: 468-485.
39. Gianrossi R. Detrano R. Nulvihill D. Lehmann K. Dubach P. Colombo A et al. Excercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 1989; 80: 87-98.
40. Ellestad MM. Stress testing. Principles and practice. Filadelfia: FA Davis Company, 1986; 311.
41. Whinnery JH, Froelicher VF, Stewart AJ, Longo MR Jr, Triebwasser JH, Lancaster MC et al. The electrocardiogiaphic response to maximal treadmill exercise in asymptomatic men with left bundle branch block. Am Heart J 1977; 94: 316-324.
42. Whinnery JE, Froelicher VF Jr, Longo MR, Jr, Triebwasser JH. The electrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill exercise in asymptomatic men with right branch bundle block. Chest 1977; 71: 335-340.
43. Detrano R, Gianrossi R, Froelicher V. The diagnostic acuracy of the exercise electrocardiogram: a meta-analysis of 22 years of reseach. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1989; 32: 173-206.
44. Sketch MH, Moss AN, Butler ML, Nair CK, Mohiuddin SM. Digoxin-indLiced positive exercise-tests: their clinical and prognostic significance. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48: 655-669.
45. Herbert WG, Dubach P, Lehmann KG, Froelicher VF. Effect of beta blockade on the interpretation of the exercise ECG: ST level versus delta ST/HR index. Am Heart J 1991; 122: 993-1000.
46. Miranda CP, Liu J, Kadar A, Janosi A, Froning J, Lehmann KG et al. Usefulness of exercise-induced ST segment depression in the inferior leads during exercise testing as a marker for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 303-307.
47. Rijneke RD, Ascoop CA, Talmon JL. Clinical significance of upsloping ST segments in exercise electrocardiography. Circulation 1980; 61: 671-678.
48. Stuart RJ, Ellestad MH. Upsloping ST segments in exercise stress testing: six-year follow-up study of 438 patients and correlation with 248 angograms. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37: 19-22.
49. Manvi KN, Ellestad MH. Elevated ST segments with exercise in ventricular aneurysm. J Electrocardiol 1972; 5: 317-323.
50. Haines DE, Beller GA, Watson DD, Kaiser DL, Sayre SL, Gibson RS. Exercise-induced ST segment elevation 2 weeks after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: contributing factors and prognostic significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 996-1003.
51. Margonato A, Chierchia SI, Xuereb RG, Xuereb M, Fragasso G. Cappelletti A et al. Specificity and sensitivity of excercise-induced ST segment elevation for detection of residual viability: comparison with fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1032-1038.
52. Alijarde-Guimerá M, Evangelista A, Galve E, Olivé S, Anivarro I, Soler Soler J. Useless diagnostic value of excercise-induced R wave changes in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 1983; 4: 614-621.
53. Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, Lee KI, Mark DB, Harrell FE Jr et al. Value of the history and physical in identifying patients at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 81-90.
54. Chang JA, Froelicher VF. Clinical and excercise test markers of prognosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Curr Prol Cardiol 1994; 19: 535-587.
55. Applegate RJ, Herrington DM, Little WC. Coronary angiography: more than meets the eye. Circulation 1994; 87: 1399-1401.
56. Smith RF, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Bhal G, Blankenship K, Cohn JN. Functional capacity in heart failure: comparison of methods for assessment and their relation to other indexes of heart faiture: the V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group. Circulation 1993: 87: V1-88-VI-93.
57. Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Excercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Inter Med 1987; 106: 793-800.
58. McNeer JF, Margolis JR, Lee KL, Kisslo JA, Peter RH, Kong Y et al. The role of the exercise test in the evaluation of patients for ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1978; 57: 64-70.
59. Braunwald E, Jones RH, Mark DB, Brown J, Brown L, Cheitlin MD et al. Diagnosing and managing unstable angina. Circulation 1994; 90: 613-622.
60. Larsson H, Areskog M, Areskog NH, Nylander E, Nyman I, Swahn E et al. Should the exercise test (ET) be performed at discharge or one month later after an episode of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction? Int J Card Imaging 1991; 7: 7-14.
61. Azpitarte J, Navarrete A, Sánchez Ramos J. ¿Es realmente útil la prueba de esfuerzo realizada después de un infarto de miocardio para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes? Argumentos a favor. Rev Esp Cardiol 1998; 51: 533-540.
62. Bardají A. ¿Es realmente útil la prueba de esfuerzo realizada después de un infarto de miocardio para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes? Argumentos en contra. Rev Esp Cardiol 1998; 51: 541-546.
63. Rouleau JL, Talajic M, Sussex B, Potvin L, Warnica W, Davies RF et al. Myocardial infarction patients in the 1990s-their risk factors, stratification and survival in Canada: the Canadian Assessment of Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1119-1127.
64. Villella A, Maggioni AP, Villella M, Giordano A, Turazza FM, Santoro E et al. Prognostic significance of maximal excercise testing after myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: the GISSI-2 database. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza Nell'Infarto. Lancet 1995; 346: 523-529.
65. Krone RJ, Dwyer EM, Greenberg H, Miller JP, Gillespie JA. Risk stratification in patients with first non-Q wave infarction: limited value of the early low level exercise test after uncomplicated infartcs: the Multicenter Post-Infarction Reseach Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14: 31-37.
66. Ronnevik PK, Von der Lippe G. Prognostic importance of predischarge exercise capacity for long-term mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients admitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction and treated with metoprolol. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 1468-1472.
67. Topol EJ, Burek K, O'Neill WW, Kewman DG, Kander NH, Shea MJ et al. A randomized controlled trial of hospital discharge three days after myocardial infarction in the era of reperfusion. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1083-1988.
68. Nielsen JR, Mickley H, Damsgaard EM, Froland A. Predischarge maximal exercise test identifies risk for cardiac death in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 149-153.
69. Evangelista Masip A, Alijarde M, Galve E, Larrousse E, Noguera L, Soler Soler J. Valor pronóstico de la prueba de esfuerzo limitada por síntomas en la fase precoz del infarto de miocardio. Rev Esp Cardiol 1984; 37: 425-430.
70. Senaratne MP, Hsu LA, Rossall RE. Kappagoda CT. Exercise testing after myocardial infarction: relative values of the low level predischarge and the postdischarge exercise test. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 1416-1422.
71. Stone PH, Turi ZG, Muller JE, Parker C, Hartwell T, Rutherford JD et al. Prognostic significance of the treadmill exercise test performance 6 months after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 1007-1017.
72. Juneau M, Colles P, Théroux P, De Guise P, Pelletier G, Lam J et al. Symptom-limited versus low level excercise testing before hospital discharge after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20: 927-933.
73. Hamm LF, Crow RS, Stull GA, Hannan P. Safety and characteristics of exercise testing earay after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 1193-1197.
74. Jain A, Myers GH, Sapin PM, O'Rourke RA. Comparison of symptom-limited and low level exercise tolerance tests early after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1816-1820.
75. Théroux P, Waters DD, Halpher C, Debaisieux JC, Mizgala HF. Prognostic value of exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 341-345.
76. DeBusk RF, Haskell W. Symptom-limited vs heart-rate-limited exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1980; 61: 738-743.
77. Froelicher VF, Perdue S, Pewen W, Risch M. Application of meta-analysis using an electronic spread sheet for exercise testing in patients after myocardial infarction. Am J Med 1987; 83: 1045-1054.
78. Abboud L, Hir J, Eisen I, Markiewicz W. Angina pectoris and ST-segment depression during exercise testing early following acute myocardial infarction. Cardiolgy 1994; 84: 268-273.
79. Ciaroni S, Delonca J, Righetti A, Early exercise testing after myocardial infarction in the elderly: clinical evaluation and prognostic significance. Am Heart J 1993; 126: 304-311.
80. Griffith LS, Varnauskas E, Wallin J, Bjurö T, Ejdeback J. Correlation of coronary arteriography after acute myocardial infarction with predischarge limited exercise test response. Am J Cardiol 1988; 61: 201-207.
81. Shaw LJ, Peterson ED, Kesler K, Hasselblad V, Califf RM. A meta-analysis of predischarge risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction with stress electrocardiographic, myocardial perfusion, and ventricular function imaging. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1327-1337.
82. Madsen JK, Grande P, Saunamáki K, Thayssen P, Kassis E, Eriksen U et al. Danish multicenter randomized study of invasive versus conservative treatment in patients with inducible ischemia after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (DANAMI). Circulation 1997; 96: 748-755.
83. Marín Huerta E, Valle Tudela V, Abeytúa Jiménez M, Fernández Palomeque C, Maroto Montero JM, Sagastagoitia Gorostiza JD et al. Estratificación pronóstica después del infarto de miocardio: prevención secundaria y rehabilitación. Rev Esp Cardiol 1994; 47 (Supl 1): 49-61.
84. Sanz E, Domingo E, Moreno V, Ángel J, Anivarro I, Alio J et al. Evolución clínica y angiográfica después de la angioplastia coronaria. Análisis de los factores predictives de re-estenosis. Rev Esp Cardiol 1992; 45: 568-577.
85. Roth A, Millwer HI, Keren G, Soffer B, Kerbel S, Sheps D et al. Detection of restenosis following PTCA in single vessel coronary disease: the value of clinical assessment and excercise tolerance testing. Cardiology 1994; 84: 106-113.
86. El-Tamini H, Davies GJ, Hackett D, Fragasso G, Crea F, Maseri A. Very early prediction of restenosis after succesful angioplasty: anatomic and functional assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 259-264.
87. Hecht HS, DeBord L, Shaw R, Dunlap R, Ryan C, Stertzer SH et al. Usefulness of supine bicycle stress echocardiography for detection of restenosis after percutaneous trasnluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1993; 71: 293-296.
88. Hecht HS, Shaw RE, Chin HL, Ryan C, Stertzer SH, Myler RK. Silent ischemia after coronary angioplasty: evaluation of restenosis and extent of ischemia in asymptomatic patients by tomographic thallium-201 exercise imaging and comparison with symptomatic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 670-677.
89. Kennedy JW, Killip T, Fischer LD, Alderman EL, Gillespie MJ, Mock MB. The clinical spectrum of coronary artery disease and its surgical and medical management: 1974-1979, The Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Circulation 1982; 66: 16-23.
90. Hlatky MA, Pryor DB, Harrell FE Jr, Califf RM, Mark DB, Rosati RA. Factors affecting sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography: multivariable analysis. Am J Med 1984; 77: 64-71.
91. Morise AP, Diamond GA. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography in biased and unbiased populations of men and women. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 741-747.
92. Okin PM, Kligfield P. Gender-specific criteria and performance of the exercise electrocardiogram. Circulation 1995; 92: 1209-1216.
93. Pratt CM, Francis MJ, Divine GW, Young JB. Exercise testing in women with chest pain: are there additional exercise characteristics that predict true positive test results? Chest 1989; 95: 139-144.
94. Alexander KP. Shaw LJ, Delong ER, Mark DB, Peterson ED. Value of exercise treadmill testing in women J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1657-1664.
95. San Román JA, Vilacosta I, Castillo JA, Rollán MJ, Hernández M, Peral V et al. Selection of the optimal stress test for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Heart 1998; 80: 370-376.
96. Evangelista A, Alonso AM, Martin R, Moreno M, Oliver JM, Rodríguez L et al. Guías de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en ecocardiografía/Doppler. En: Marín E, Rodríguez L, Bosch X, Iñigue A, editores. Guĩas de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Madrid: Sociedad Espanola de Cardiología, 2000; 721-744.
97. Alonso Gómez AM, Paré Bardera C, Payá Serrano R, Placer Peralta LJ, San Roman Calvar JA. Papel de la ecocardiografía Doppler en el manejo de la cardiopatía isquémica crónica. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 15-25.
98. Bourdillon PD, Broderick TM, Sawada SG, Armstrong WF, Ryan T, Dillon JC et al. Regional wall motion index for infarct and noninfarct regions after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: comparison with global wall motion index. J Am Soc Echo 1989; 2: 398-407.
99. Hoffmann R, Lethen H, Marwick T, Rambaldi R, Fioretti P, Pingitore A et al. Standardized guidelines for the interpretation of dobutamine echocardiography reduce interinstitutional variance in interpretation. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 1520-1524.
100. Armstrong W, O'Donnell W, Ryan T, Feigenbaum H. Effect of prior myocardial infarction and extent and location of coronary disease on accuracy of exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 10: 531-538.
101. Quinones MA, Verani MS, Haichin RM, Mahmarian JJ, Suárez J, Zoghbi WA. Exercise echocardiography versus TI-201 single-photon emission computed tomography in the evaluation of coronary artery disease. Analysis of 292 patients. Circulation 1992; 85: 1026-1031.
102. Marcovitz PA, Armstrong WF. Accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in detecting coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 1269-1273.
103. Marwick T, D'Hondt A-M, Baudhuin T, Willemart B, Wijns W, Detry J-M et al. Optimal use of dobutamine stress for the detection and evaluation of coronary artery disease: combination with echocardiography or scintigraphy, or both? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 159-167.
104. Segar DS, Brown SE, Sawada SG, Ryan T, Feigenbaum H. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: correlation with coronary lesion severity as determined by quantitative angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992: 19: 1197-1202.
105. Picano E, Lattanzi F, Masini M, Distante A, L'Abbate A. Different degrees of ischemic threshold stratified by dipyridamole-echocardiography test. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 71-73.
106. ACC/AHA Guidelines for coronary angiography: executive summary and recommendations. Circulation 1999; 99: 2345-2357.
107. San Romár JA, Vilacosta I, Rollán MJ, Castillo JA, Sánchez-Harguindey L, Fernández-Avilés F. Impact of betablockers on dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Echocardiography 1996; 13: 373-379.
108. Marwick TH, Anderson T, Williams MJ, Haluska B, Melin JA, Pashkow F et al. Exercise echocardiography is an accurate and cost-efficient technique for detection of coronary artery disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 335-341.
109. Masini M, Picano E, Lattanzi F, Distante A, L'Abbate A. High dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in women: correlation with exerc se electrocardiography test and coronary arteriography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 112: 682-685.
110. Dionisopoulos PN, Collins JD, Smart SC, Knickelbine TA, Sagar KB. The value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease in women. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 811-817.
111. Peral V, Vilacosta I, San Román JA, Castillo JA, Batlle E, Hernández M et al. Prueba no invasiva de elección para el diagnóstico de enfermedad coronaria en mujeres. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 421-427.
112. Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Stoiber TR, Carlos M, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB. Safety and accuracy of dobutmine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of residual stenosis of the infarcted related artery and multivessel disease during the first week after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 95: 1394-1401.
113. Jaarsma W, Visser CA, Funke AJ, Res JC, Van Eenige MJ, Roos JP. Usefulnes of two-dimensional exercise echocardiography shortly after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57: 86-90.
114. Picano E. Landi P, Bolognese L, Chiaranda G, Chiarella F, Seveso G et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography early after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: a large scale multicenter trial. Am J Med 1993; 11: 608-618.
115. Carlos ME Smart SC, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB. Dobutamine stress echocardiogaphy for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 95: 1402-1410.
116. Sicari R, Picano E, Landi P, Pingitore A, Bigi R, Coletta C et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography early after acute mycardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 254-260.
117. Greco CA, Salustri A, Seccareccia F, Ciavatti M, Biferali F, Valtorta F et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine echocardiography early after uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction: a comparison with exercise electrocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 261-267.
118. De la Torre MM, San Román JA, Bermejo J, Garcimartín I, Paniagua J, Sanz O et al. Valor pronóstico de la ecocardiografía con dobutamina después de un infarto agudo de miocardio. Rev Esp Cardiol 1999; 52: 237-244.
119. Afridi I, Kleiman NS, Raizner AE, Zoghbi WA. Dobutamine echocardiography in myocardial hibernation. Optimal dose and accuracy in predicting recovery of ventricular function after myocardial coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1995; 91: 66.1-670.
120. McNeill AJ, Fioretti PM, El-Said SM, Salustri A, De Feyter PJ, Roelandt JR. Dobutamine stress echocardiography before and after coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 740-745.
121. Heinle SK, Lieberman EB, Ancukiewicz M, Waugh RA, Bashorc TM, Kisslo J. Usefulness of dobutamine echocardiography for detecting restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1993; 72: 1220-1225.
122. Dávila-Román VG, Wong AK, Li D, Shelton ME, Lasala JM, Hopkins WE el al. Usefulness of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the prospective identification of the physiologic sigshy; nificance of coronary narrowings of moderate severity in patients undergoing evaluation tor percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 245-249.
123. Hoffmann R, Lethen H, Flachskampf A, Hanrath P. Exercise echocardiography performed early and late after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasly for prediction of restenosis. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 1872-1879.
124. Rosanio S, Tocchi M, Stouffer GA. Use of stress testing to evaluate patients wilh recurrent chest pain after percutaneous coronary revascularization. Am J Med Sci 1998; 316: 46-52.
125. Sawada SG, Judson WE, Ryan T, Armstrong WE, Feigenbaum H. Upright bicycle exercise echocardiography after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 1123-1129.
126. Crouse LJ, Vacek JL, Beaucliamp GD, Porter CB, Rosamond TL, Kramer PH. Exercise echocardiography after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 572-576.
127. Kafka H, Leach AJ, FitzGibbon GM. Exercise echocardiography after coronary artery bypass surgery: correlation with coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1019-1024.
128. Hoffmann R, Lethen H, Falter F, Flachskampf FA, Hanrath P. Dobutamine stress echocardiography after coronary artery bypass grafting. Transthoracic vs biplane transesophageal imaging. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 222-229.
129. Candell J, Castell J, Jurado JA, López E, Nuño JA, Ortigosa FJ. Guís de práctica clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología en medicina nuclear. En: Marín E, Rodríguez L, Bosch X, Iñigue A, editores Guías de prácticas clínica de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Cardiología, 2000; 781-818.
130. Takeuchi M, Araki M, Nakashima Y, Kuroiwa A. Comparison of dobutamine stress echocardiography and stress thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography for detecting coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993; 6: 593-602.
131. Hoffmann R, Lethen H, Marwick T, Arnese MR, Fioretti P. Pingitore A et al. Analysis of interinstitutional observer agreement in interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 330-336.
132. Barrabés Riu JA, García-Dorado D, Martín JA, Coma Canella I, Valle Tudela V. Papel de las exploraciones no invasivas en el manejo de la cardiopatía isquémica. III. Estimación de la viabilidad miocárdica. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 75-82.
133. Heyndrickx GR, Millard RW, McRitchie RJ, Maroko PR, Vatuer SF. Regional myocardial functional and electrophysiological alterations after brief coronary artery occlusion in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 1975; 56: 978-985.
134. Braunwald E, Kloner RA. The stunned myocardium: prolonged, post-ischemic ventricular disfunction. Circulation 1982; 66: 1146-1149.
135. Rahimtoola SH. The hibernating myocardium. Am Heart J 1989; 117: 111-121.
136. Chaterjee K, Swan HJC, Parmley WW, Sustaita H, Marcus HS, Matloff J. Influence of direct myocardial revascularization on left ventricular asynergy and function in patients with coronary heart disease with and without previous myocardial infarction. Circulation 1973; 47: 276-286.
137. Previtalli M, Festiveau R, Lanzarini L, Cavalotti C, Klersy C. Prognostic value of myocardial viability and isquemia detected by dobutamine stress echocardiography early after acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 380-386.
138. Picano E, Sicari R, Landi P, and EDIC Study Group. Prognostic value of myocardial viability in medically treated patients with global left ventricular dysfunction early after an acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 98: 1078-1084.
139. Udelson JE. Steps forward in the assessment of myocardial viability in left ventricular disfunction. Circulation 1998; 97: 833-838.
140. Cornel J, Bax J, Elhendy A, Maat APWM, Kimman G-JP, Geleijnse ML et al. Biphasic response to dobutamine predicts improvement of global left ventricular function after surgical revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 1002-1010.
141. Grupo Español de Cardiología Nuclear. Valoración de la viabilidad miocárdica mediante tecnecio-99m isonitrilo y talio-201. Resultados del protocolo multicéntrico español. Rev Esp Cardiol 1997; 50: 320-330.
142. Berman DS, Kiat H, Van Train KF, Friedman J, García EV. Maddahi J. Comparison of SPECT using technetium-99m agents and thallium-201 and PET for the assessment of myocardial perfusion and viability. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: E72-E79.
143. Schwaiger M, Hicks R. The clinical role of metabolic imaging of the heart by positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 565-578.
144. Nishuno M, Tanouchi J, Tanaka K, Ito T, Kato J, Iwai K et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography at 7.5 mg/kg/min using color tissue Doppler imaging M-mode safely predicts reversible dysfunction early after reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 340-344.
145. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention. Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413-2446.
146. Grima A. La ergometría en el diagnostico y pronóstico de la hipertension arterial. Rev Esp Cardiol 1995; 48 (Supl 4): 40-44.
147. Fragola PV, Romitelli S, Moretti A, Michisanti M, Cannata D. Precursors of stablished hypertension in borderline hypertensives. A two-year follow-up, Int J Cardiol 1993; 39: 113-119.
148. Brusch JE Jr, Cannon RO, Schenke WH, Bonow RO, Leon MB, Maron BJ et al. Angina due to coronary microvascular disease in hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1302-1307.
149. Lauer MS, Pashkow FJ, Harvey SA, Marwick TH, Thomas JD. Angiographic and prognostic implications of an exaggerated exercise systolic blood pressure response and rest systolic blood pressure in adults undergoing evaluation for suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 1630-1636.
150. Pool PE, Seagren SC, Salel AF. Effects of diltiazem on serum lipids.
151. Tomten SE, Kjeldsen SE, Nilsson S, Westheim AS. Effect of alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade on maximal VO2 and endurance capacity in well-trained athletic hypertensive men. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 603-608.
152. Myers J, Buchanan N, Walsh D, Kraemer M, McAuley P. Hamilton-Wessler M et al. Comparision of the ramp versus standard exercise protocols. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 1334-1342.
153. Gould BA, Hornung RS, Altman DG. Cashman PM, Raftery EB. Indirect measurement of blood pressure during exercise testing can be misleading. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 611-615.
154. Sung RJ, Lauer MR. Exercise-induced cardiac arrhythmias. En: Zipes DP, Jalife J, editores. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Filadelfia: WB Saunders, 1995; 1013-1023.
155. Candinas RA, Podrid PJ. Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias by exercise testing. Herz 1990; 15: 21-27.
156. Berntsen RF, Gunnes P, Rasmussen K. Pattern of coronary artery disease in patients with ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation exposed by exercise induced ischemia. Am Heart J 1995; 129: 733-738.
157. Mont L, Seixas T, Brugada P, Brugada J, Simonis F, Rodriguez LM et al. Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of exercise-related idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 897-900.
158. Mayo Clinic Cardiovascular Working Group on Stress Testing. Cardiovascular stress testing: A description of the various types of stress tests and indications for their use. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 71: 43-52.
159. Mudge GH, Goldstein S, Addonizio LJ, Caplan A, Mancini D, Levine TB et al. 24th Bethesda Conference: Cardiac transplantation. Task Force 3: Recipient guidelines/prioritization. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 21-31.
160. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ. The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 775-785.
161. James FW, Schwartz DC, Kaplan S, Spilkin SP. Exercise electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and working capacity in young patients with valvular or discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50: 769-775.
162. Arós LF, Loma-Osorio A, Belló MC, Camacho I, Martínez J, Zabalza O et al. A. Las pruebas de esfuerzo con control hemodinámico: respuesta en la valvulopatía mitral. Rev Esp Cardiol 1986; 39: 269-273.
163. Schön HR, Dorn R, Barthel P, Schömig A. Effects of 12 months quinapril therapy in asymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 1994; 3: 500-509.
164. Sox HC, Littenberg B, Garber AM. The role of exercise testing in screening for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110: 456-469.
165. Bruce RA, DeRouen TA, Hossack KF. Value of maximal exercise tests in risk assessment of primary coronary heart disease events in healthy men: five years' experience of the Seattle heart watch study. Am J Cardiol 1980; 46: 371-378.
166. McLaren PF, Nurhayati Y, Boutcher H. Stroke volume response to cycle ergometry in trained and untrained older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 75: 537-542.
167. Shephard RJ. Exercise in old age. En: Shephard RJ, Miller HS. editores. Exercise and the heart in health and disease. Nueva York: Marcel Dekker, 1992; 187-231.
168. Casaburi R, Porszasz J, Burns MR, Carithers ER, Chang R, Cooper CH. Physiologic benefits of exercise training in rehabilitation of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1541-1551.
169. Olopade CH, Beck K, Viggiano RW, Bnice A. Exercise limitation and pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 144-157.
170. O'Donnell D, McGuire M, Samis L, Webb C. The impact of exercise reconditioning on breathlessness in severe chronic air-flow limitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 2005-2013.
171. Womack CH, Sieminski D, Kazel L, Yataco A, Gardner A. Improved walking economy in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 10: 1286-1290.
172. Barnard J. Physical activity, fitness and claudication. En: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, editores. Physical activity, fitness and health. International proceedings and consensus statement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994; 633-655.
173. Balady GJ, Weiner DA, Rose L, Ryan TJ. Physiologic responses to arm ergometry exercise relative to age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 130-135.
174. Balady GJ, Weiner DA, Rothendler JA, Ryan TJ. Arm exercise-thallium imaging testing for the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 84-88.
175. James FW, Blomqvist CG, Freed MD, Miller WW, Moller JH, Nugent EW et al. Standards for exercise testing in the pediatric age group. American Heart Association council on cardiovascular diseuse in the young. Circulation 1982; 66: 1377-1397.
176. Colan SD. Exercise testing. En Fyler DC, editor. Nadas, Pediatric Cardiology. Filadelfia: Hanley & Belfus Inc., 1992; 249-263.
177. Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Hartley LH, Haskell WL, Pollock ML. Exercise standards. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1990; 82: 2286-2122.
178. Ellestad MH. Pruebas de esfuerzo en pediatría. En: Ellestad MH, editor. Pruebas de esfuerzo. Bases y aplicación clinica. Barcelona: Ediciones Consulta, 1988; 371-389.
179. Pina IL, Balady GJ, Hanson P, Labovitz AJ, Madonna DW, Myers J. Guidelines for clinical exercise testing laboratories: a statement tor healthcare professionals from the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation, American Heart Association. Circulation 1995; 91: 912-921.
180. Freed MD. Exercise testing in children: a survey of techniques and safety. Circulation 1981; 64 (Supl 4): 278.
181. Rich BS. Sudden death screening. Med Clin North Am 1994; 78: 267-286.
182. Maron BJ, Shirini J, Polliac LC, Mathenge R, Roberts WC, Mueler FO. Sudden death in young competitive atlhetes. JAMA 1996; 276: 199-204.
183. Thompson PD. The cardiovascular complications of vigorous physical activity. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 2297-2302.
184. Dal Monte A. Exercise testing and ergometers. En: Dirix A, Knuttgen HG, Tittel K, editores. The Olympic book of sports medicine. IOC-FIMS. Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1988
185. Dal Monte A. La valutazione funzionale dell'atleta. Florencia: Sansoni Editori Nuova, 1983.
186. Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Torres F, Wasserman K. A test to determine parameters of aerobic function during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1981: 50: 217-221.