메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 151-171

Stress and deviant reproduction in echinoderms

Author keywords

Echinoderms; Life history; Reproduction; Stress

Indexed keywords

ECHINODERMATA;

EID: 0034216280     PISSN: 10215506     EISSN: 1810522X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (48)

References (179)
  • 1
    • 0001451693 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the reproduction and distribution of Asterina burtoni gray and A. wega Perrier (Asteroidea) in the Red sea and the eastern Mediterranean
    • Achituv Y. 1969. Studies on the reproduction and distribution of Asterina burtoni Gray and A. wega Perrier (Asteroidea) in the Red Sea and the eastern Mediterranean, Isr. J. Zool. 18: 329-342.
    • (1969) Isr. J. Zool. , vol.18 , pp. 329-342
    • Achituv, Y.1
  • 2
    • 0029510432 scopus 로고
    • The conquest of freshwater and land by marine crabs: Adaptations in life-history patterns and larval bioenergetics
    • Anger K. 1995. The conquest of freshwater and land by marine crabs: adaptations in life-history patterns and larval bioenergetics. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 193: 119-145.
    • (1995) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.193 , pp. 119-145
    • Anger, K.1
  • 4
    • 0031752513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning by ophiuroid echinoderm larvae
    • Balser EJ. 1998. Cloning by ophiuroid echinoderm larvae. Biol. Bull. 194: 187-193.
    • (1998) Biol. Bull. , vol.194 , pp. 187-193
    • Balser, E.J.1
  • 5
    • 0030301325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of algal and larval densities on development and survival of asteroid larvae
    • Basch LV. 1996. Effects of algal and larval densities on development and survival of asteroid larvae. Mar. Biol. 126: 693-701.
    • (1996) Mar. Biol. , vol.126 , pp. 693-701
    • Basch, L.V.1
  • 6
    • 0029850405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of larval feeding environment for settlement and metamorphosis of a temperate echinoderm
    • Basch LV, JS Pearse. 1996. Consequences of larval feeding environment for settlement and metamorphosis of a temperate echinoderm. Oceanol. Acta 19: 273-285.
    • (1996) Oceanol. Acta , vol.19 , pp. 273-285
    • Basch, L.V.1    Pearse, J.S.2
  • 7
    • 0001409832 scopus 로고
    • Ecological observations on the sea cucumbers Holothuria atra and H. leucospilota
    • Bonham K, EE Held. 1963. Ecological observations on the sea cucumbers Holothuria atra and H. leucospilota. Pacif. Sci. 17: 305-314.
    • (1963) Pacif. Sci. , vol.17 , pp. 305-314
    • Bonham, K.1    Held, E.E.2
  • 8
    • 0024485966 scopus 로고
    • Asexual reproduction by oceanic planktotrophic echinoderm larvae
    • Bosch I, RB Rivkin, SP Alexander. 1989. Asexual reproduction by oceanic planktotrophic echinoderm larvae. Nature 337: 169-170.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.337 , pp. 169-170
    • Bosch, I.1    Rivkin, R.B.2    Alexander, S.P.3
  • 9
    • 0027035610 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of sympatric populations of Patiriella gunnii, P. calcar and P. exigua in New South Wales, asterinid seastars with direct development
    • Byrne M. 1992. Reproduction of sympatric populations of Patiriella gunnii, P. calcar and P. exigua in New South Wales, asterinid seastars with direct development. Mar. Biol. 114: 297-316.
    • (1992) Mar. Biol. , vol.114 , pp. 297-316
    • Byrne, M.1
  • 10
    • 0029660424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara (family Asterinidae)
    • Byrne M. 1996. Viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara (family Asterinidae). Mar. Biol. 125: 551-567.
    • (1996) Mar. Biol. , vol.125 , pp. 551-567
    • Byrne, M.1
  • 11
    • 0029789290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara with an overview of development in the Asterinidae
    • Byrne M, A Cerra. 1996. Evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars Patiriella vivipara and P. parvivipara with an overview of development in the Asterinidae. Mar. Biol. 191: 17-2.
    • (1996) Mar. Biol. , vol.191 , pp. 17-22
    • Byrne, M.1    Cerra, A.2
  • 12
    • 0002097923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history diversity and molecular phylogeny in the Australian sea star genus patiriella
    • W Ponder, D Lunney, eds. NSW: Mosman, Australia
    • Byrne M, A Cerra, MW Hart, MJ Smith. 1999. Life history diversity and molecular phylogeny in the Australian sea star genus Patiriella. In W Ponder, D Lunney, eds. The other 99%. The conservation and biodiversity of invertebrates. NSW: Mosman, Australia, pp. 188-195.
    • (1999) The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates , pp. 188-195
    • Byrne, M.1    Cerra, A.2    Hart, M.W.3    Smith, M.J.4
  • 13
    • 0000231353 scopus 로고
    • Exploring the adaptive landscapes of invertebrate life cycles
    • Calow P. 1984. Exploring the adaptive landscapes of invertebrate life cycles. Adv. Invert. Reprod. 3: 329-342.
    • (1984) Adv. Invert. Reprod. , vol.3 , pp. 329-342
    • Calow, P.1
  • 14
    • 33746025870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of gene regulation and the evolution of large animal body plans
    • Cameron RA, RJ Peterson, EH Davidson. 1998. Development of gene regulation and the evolution of large animal body plans. Am. Zool. 38: 609-620.
    • (1998) Am. Zool. , vol.38 , pp. 609-620
    • Cameron, R.A.1    Peterson, R.J.2    Davidson, E.H.3
  • 15
    • 0027829063 scopus 로고
    • Fission and its effect on population structure of Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Taiwan
    • Chao SM, CP Chen, PS Alexander. 1993. Fission and its effect on population structure of Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in Taiwan. Mar. Biol. 116: 109-115.
    • (1993) Mar. Biol. , vol.116 , pp. 109-115
    • Chao, S.M.1    Chen, C.P.2    Alexander, P.S.3
  • 16
    • 0028163816 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction and growth in Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at two contrasting sites in southern Taiwan
    • Chao SM, CP Chen, PS Alexander. 1994. Reproduction and growth in Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at two contrasting sites in southern Taiwan. Mar. Biol. 119: 565-570.
    • (1994) Mar. Biol. , vol.119 , pp. 565-570
    • Chao, S.M.1    Chen, C.P.2    Alexander, P.S.3
  • 17
    • 0029414591 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive cycles of tropical sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in southern Taiwan
    • Chao SM, CP Chen, PS Alexander. 1995. Reproductive cycles of tropical sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in southern Taiwan. Mar. Biol. 122: 289-295.
    • (1995) Mar. Biol. , vol.122 , pp. 289-295
    • Chao, S.M.1    Chen, C.P.2    Alexander, P.S.3
  • 18
    • 0027061588 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive cycle, larval development, juvenile growth and population dynamics of Patiriella pseudoexigua (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Taiwan
    • Chen BY, CP Chen. 1992. Reproductive cycle, larval development, juvenile growth and population dynamics of Patiriella pseudoexigua (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in Taiwan. Mar. Biol. 113: 271-280.
    • (1992) Mar. Biol. , vol.113 , pp. 271-280
    • Chen, B.Y.1    Chen, C.P.2
  • 19
    • 0000250720 scopus 로고
    • Classification and adaptive significance of developmental patterns in marine invertebrates
    • Chia FS. 1974. Classification and adaptive significance of developmental patterns in marine invertebrates. Thalassia Jugoslav. 10: 121-130.
    • (1974) Thalassia Jugoslav. , vol.10 , pp. 121-130
    • Chia, F.S.1
  • 20
    • 0000618713 scopus 로고
    • Tropical epizoic echinoderms and their distribution
    • Clark AM. 1976. Tropical epizoic echinoderms and their distribution. Micronesica 12: 111-117.
    • (1976) Micronesica , vol.12 , pp. 111-117
    • Clark, A.M.1
  • 22
    • 0007472563 scopus 로고
    • Synapta vivipara. A contribution to the morphology of the echinoderms
    • Clark HL. 1898. Synapta vivipara. A contribution to the morphology of the echinoderms. Mem. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. 4: 53-88.
    • (1898) Mem. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. , vol.4 , pp. 53-88
    • Clark, H.L.1
  • 24
    • 0002029898 scopus 로고
    • Echinoderms from Australia: An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932
    • Clark HL. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia: an account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. 55.
    • (1938) Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. , vol.55
    • Clark, H.L.1
  • 28
    • 0029810782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asexual reproduction by fission in Holothuria atra: Variability of some parameters in populations from the tropical Indo-Pacific
    • Conand C. 1996. Asexual reproduction by fission in Holothuria atra: variability of some parameters in populations from the tropical Indo-Pacific. Oceanol. Acta 19: 209-216.
    • (1996) Oceanol. Acta , vol.19 , pp. 209-216
    • Conand, C.1
  • 29
    • 0002582208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new study of asexual reproduction in holothurians: Fission in Holothuria leucospilota populations on reunion island in the Indian Ocean
    • Conand C, C Morel, R Mussard. 1997. A new study of asexual reproduction in holothurians: fission in Holothuria leucospilota populations on Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean. Beche-de-mer Inform. Bull. No. 9: 5-11.
    • (1997) Beche-de-mer Inform. Bull. , vol.9 , pp. 5-11
    • Conand, C.1    Morel, C.2    Mussard, R.3
  • 30
    • 0001353310 scopus 로고
    • Feeding behavior and morphological adaptations in two sympatric sea urchin species in central Chile
    • Contreras S, JC Castilla. 1987. Feeding behavior and morphological adaptations in two sympatric sea urchin species in central Chile. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 38: 217-224.
    • (1987) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.38 , pp. 217-224
    • Contreras, S.1    Castilla, J.C.2
  • 31
    • 0001719019 scopus 로고
    • Annual reproductive cycles in three geographically separated populations of Patiriella regularis (Verrill), a common New Zealand asteroid
    • Crump RG. 1971. Annual reproductive cycles in three geographically separated populations of Patiriella regularis (Verrill), a common New Zealand asteroid. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 7: 137-162.
    • (1971) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 137-162
    • Crump, R.G.1
  • 32
    • 0021034313 scopus 로고
    • The natural history, life history and ecology of the two British species of asterina
    • Crump RG, RH Emson. 1983. The natural history, life history and ecology of the two British species of Asterina. Field Stud. 5: 867-882.
    • (1983) Field Stud. , vol.5 , pp. 867-882
    • Crump, R.G.1    Emson, R.H.2
  • 34
    • 0002507231 scopus 로고
    • A brooding echinoid from Tasmania
    • Dartnall AJ. 1972. A brooding echinoid from Tasmania. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 97: 30-34.
    • (1972) Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW , vol.97 , pp. 30-34
    • Dartnall, A.J.1
  • 35
    • 0028812782 scopus 로고
    • Origin of bilaterian body plans: Evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms
    • Davidson EH, KJ Peterson, RA Cameron. 1995. Origin of bilaterian body plans: evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms. Science 270: 1319-1325.
    • (1995) Science , vol.270 , pp. 1319-1325
    • Davidson, E.H.1    Peterson, K.J.2    Cameron, R.A.3
  • 36
    • 0020457407 scopus 로고
    • Food and feeding mechanisms: Echinoidea
    • M Jangoux, JM Lawrence, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • De Ridder C, JM Lawrence. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms: Echinoidea. In M Jangoux, JM Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm nutrition. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp. 57-116.
    • (1982) Echinoderm Nutrition , pp. 57-116
    • De Ridder, C.1    Lawrence, J.M.2
  • 37
    • 0000835985 scopus 로고
    • Growth and size of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) atra jager at enewetak atoll, Marshall islands
    • Ebert TA. 1978. Growth and size of the tropical sea cucumber Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jager at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Pacif. Sci. 32: 183-192.
    • (1978) Pacif. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 183-192
    • Ebert, T.A.1
  • 38
    • 0029811519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consequences of broadcasting, brooding, and asexual reproduction in echinoderm metapopulations
    • Ebert TA. 1996. The consequences of broadcasting, brooding, and asexual reproduction in echinoderm metapopulations. Oceanol. Acta 19: 217-226.
    • (1996) Oceanol. Acta , vol.19 , pp. 217-226
    • Ebert, T.A.1
  • 39
    • 0028152045 scopus 로고
    • Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic mechanisms and implications for life history theory
    • Eckelbarger KJ. 1994. Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic mechanisms and implications for life history theory. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 107: 193-218.
    • (1994) Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. , vol.107 , pp. 193-218
    • Eckelbarger, K.J.1
  • 40
    • 0028794918 scopus 로고
    • Role of phylogenetic constraints in determining reproductive patterns in deep-sea invertebrates
    • Eckelbarger KJ, L Watling. 1995. Role of phylogenetic constraints in determining reproductive patterns in deep-sea invertebrates. Invert. Biol. 114: 256-269.
    • (1995) Invert. Biol. , vol.114 , pp. 256-269
    • Eckelbarger, K.J.1    Watling, L.2
  • 41
    • 0028993171 scopus 로고
    • A novel larval feeding strategy of the tropical sand dollar, Encope michelini (Agassiz): Adaptation to food limitation and an evolutionary link between plarktotrophy and lecithotrophy
    • Eckert GL. 1995. A novel larval feeding strategy of the tropical sand dollar, Encope michelini (Agassiz): adaptation to food limitation and an evolutionary link between plarktotrophy and lecithotrophy. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 187: 103-128.
    • (1995) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.187 , pp. 103-128
    • Eckert, G.L.1
  • 42
    • 0000702318 scopus 로고
    • Facultative planktotrophy in the tropical echinoid Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) and a comparison with obligate planktotrophy in Clypeaster subdepressus (gray) (Clypeasteroida: Echinoidea)
    • Emlet RB. 1986. Facultative planktotrophy in the tropical echinoid Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) and a comparison with obligate planktotrophy in Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Clypeasteroida: Echinoidea). J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 95: 183-202.
    • (1986) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.95 , pp. 183-202
    • Emlet, R.B.1
  • 44
    • 0001776622 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of fission in Allostichaster polyplax
    • DS McLusky, AJ Berry, eds. Oxford: Pergamon Press
    • Emson RH. 1978. Some aspects of fission in Allostichaster polyplax. In DS McLusky, AJ Berry, eds. Physiology and behaviour of marine organisms. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 321-329.
    • (1978) Physiology and Behaviour of Marine Organisms , pp. 321-329
    • Emson, R.H.1
  • 45
    • 0002609930 scopus 로고
    • Brooding in Asterina gibbosa (Pennant)
    • Emson RH, RG Crump. 1976. Brooding in Asterina gibbosa (Pennant). Thalassia Jugoslav. 12: 99-108.
    • (1976) Thalassia Jugoslav. , vol.12 , pp. 99-108
    • Emson, R.H.1    Crump, R.G.2
  • 46
    • 0002691218 scopus 로고
    • Description of a new species of asterina (Asteroidea), with an account of its ecology
    • Emson RH, RG Crump. 1979. Description of a new species of Asterina (Asteroidea), with an account of its ecology. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 59: 77-94.
    • (1979) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK , vol.59 , pp. 77-94
    • Emson, R.H.1    Crump, R.G.2
  • 47
    • 84974183517 scopus 로고
    • Comparative studies on the ecology of Asterina gibbosa and A. phylactica at Lough Ine
    • Emson RH, RG Crump. 1984. Comparative studies on the ecology of Asterina gibbosa and A. phylactica at Lough Ine. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 64: 35-53.
    • (1984) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK , vol.64 , pp. 35-53
    • Emson, R.H.1    Crump, R.G.2
  • 48
    • 0001257540 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the fissiparous holothurian Holothuria parvula (Selenka) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
    • Emson RH, PV Mladenov. 1987. Studies of the fissiparous holothurian Holothuria parvula (Selenka) (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 111: 195-211.
    • (1987) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.111 , pp. 195-211
    • Emson, R.H.1    Mladenov, P.V.2
  • 50
    • 0002636739 scopus 로고
    • An apparent instance of recruitment following sexual reproduction in the fissiparous brittlestar Ophiactis savignyi Müller and Troschel
    • Emson RH, IC Wilkie. 1984. An apparent instance of recruitment following sexual reproduction in the fissiparous brittlestar Ophiactis savignyi Müller and Troschel. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 77: 23-28.
    • (1984) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.77 , pp. 23-28
    • Emson, R.H.1    Wilkie, I.C.2
  • 51
    • 84970607969 scopus 로고
    • The ecology and distribution of intertidal organisms on the rocky shores of the Queensland mainland
    • Endean R, R Kenny, W Stephenson. 1956. The ecology and distribution of intertidal organisms on the rocky shores of the Queensland mainland. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 7: 88-146.
    • (1956) Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. , vol.7 , pp. 88-146
    • Endean, R.1    Kenny, R.2    Stephenson, W.3
  • 52
    • 0001949114 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of different morphological stages of the larva of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) to quantity and quality of food
    • RD Burke, PV Mladenov, P Lambert, RL Parsley, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Fenaux L, C Cellario, F Rassouldegan. 1988. Sensitivity of different morphological stages of the larva of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) to quantity and quality of food. In RD Burke, PV Mladenov, P Lambert, RL Parsley, eds. Echinoderm Biology. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp. 259-266.
    • (1988) Echinoderm Biology , pp. 259-266
    • Fenaux, L.1    Cellario, C.2    Rassouldegan, F.3
  • 53
    • 0002619270 scopus 로고
    • Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 3. Forcipulata (concluded)
    • Fisher WK. 1930. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 3. Forcipulata (concluded). Bull. US Nat. Mus. 76.
    • (1930) Bull. US Nat. Mus. , vol.76
    • Fisher, W.K.1
  • 55
    • 0030894905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proximate composition of eggs and larvae of the sand dollar Encope michelini (Agassiz): The advantage of higher investment in plankotrophic eggs
    • George SB, CM Young, L Fenaux. 1997. Proximate composition of eggs and larvae of the sand dollar Encope michelini (Agassiz): the advantage of higher investment in plankotrophic eggs. Invert. Reprod. Develop. 32: 11-19.
    • (1997) Invert. Reprod. Develop. , vol.32 , pp. 11-19
    • George, S.B.1    Young, C.M.2    Fenaux, L.3
  • 56
    • 0001277936 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary aspects of marine invertebrate reproduction
    • AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publ.
    • Ghiselin MT. 1987. Evolutionary aspects of marine invertebrate reproduction. In AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Reproduction of marine invertebrates. 9. Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publ., pp. 609-665.
    • (1987) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates , vol.9 , pp. 609-665
    • Ghiselin, M.T.1
  • 57
    • 0001654822 scopus 로고
    • Maturation and spawning
    • AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publ.
    • Giese AC, H Kanatani. 1987. Maturation and spawning. In AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Reproduction of marine invertebrates. 9. Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publ., pp. 252-329.
    • (1987) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates , vol.9 , pp. 252-329
    • Giese, A.C.1    Kanatani, H.2
  • 58
    • 0001981119 scopus 로고
    • Introduction: General principles
    • AC Giese, JS Pearse, eds. New York: Academic Press
    • Giese AC, JS Pearse. 1974. Introduction: general principles. In AC Giese, JS Pearse, eds. Reproduction of marine invertebrates. 1. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-49.
    • (1974) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates , vol.1 , pp. 1-49
    • Giese, A.C.1    Pearse, J.S.2
  • 60
    • 0001960194 scopus 로고
    • Sexual and asexual reproduction of Holothuria atra Jäger at Heron island reef, Great Barrier reef
    • Harriott VJ. 1982. Sexual and asexual reproduction of Holothuria atra Jäger at Heron Island Reef, Great Barrier Reef. Aust. Mus. Mem. 16: 53-66.
    • (1982) Aust. Mus. Mem. , vol.16 , pp. 53-66
    • Harriott, V.J.1
  • 61
    • 0031427432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogenetic analysis of life-history evolution in asterinid starfish
    • Hart MW, M Byrne, MJ Smith. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of life-history evolution in asterinid starfish. Evolution 51: 1848-1861.
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 1848-1861
    • Hart, M.W.1    Byrne, M.2    Smith, M.J.3
  • 62
    • 0001874943 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary ecology of larval types
    • LR McEdward, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Havenhand JN. 1995. Evolutionary ecology of larval types. In LR McEdward, ed. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 79-122.
    • (1995) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae , pp. 79-122
    • Havenhand, J.N.1
  • 63
    • 0002423370 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive periodicity of ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) on the atlantic and pacific coasts of Panama
    • S. Stancyk, ed. Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press
    • Hendler G. 1979. Reproductive periodicity of ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Panama. In S. Stancyk, ed. Reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates. Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press, pp. 145-156.
    • (1979) Reproductive Ecology of Marine Invertebrates , pp. 145-156
    • Hendler, G.1
  • 64
    • 0000115596 scopus 로고
    • Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea
    • AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press
    • Hendler G. 1991. Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. In AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Reproduction of marine invertebrates. 6. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press, pp. 355-511.
    • (1991) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates , vol.6 , pp. 355-511
    • Hendler, G.1
  • 65
    • 0002422592 scopus 로고
    • The biology of a brooding seastar, Leptasterias tenera, in Block island sound
    • Hendler G, DR Franz. 1982. The biology of a brooding seastar, Leptasterias tenera, in Block Island Sound. Biol. Bull. 162: 273-289.
    • (1982) Biol. Bull. , vol.162 , pp. 273-289
    • Hendler, G.1    Franz, D.R.2
  • 66
    • 0001807134 scopus 로고
    • The ploys of sex: Relationships among the mode of reproduction, body size and habitats of coral-reef brittlestars
    • Hendler G, BS Littman. 1986. The ploys of sex: relationships among the mode of reproduction, body size and habitats of coral-reef brittlestars. Coral Reefs 5: 31-42.
    • (1986) Coral Reefs , vol.5 , pp. 31-42
    • Hendler, G.1    Littman, B.S.2
  • 68
    • 0002816249 scopus 로고
    • Ophiuroids off the deep end: Fauna of the Belizean fore-reef slope
    • RD Burke, PV Mladenov, P Lambert, RL Parsley, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Hendler G, RW Peck. 1988. Ophiuroids off the deep end: fauna of the Belizean fore-reef slope. In RD Burke, PV Mladenov, P Lambert, RL Parsley, eds. Echinoderm biology. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp. 411-419.
    • (1988) Echinoderm Biology , pp. 411-419
    • Hendler, G.1    Peck, R.W.2
  • 70
    • 0029769490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of energetic strategies among echinoid larvae and the transition from feeding to nonfeeding development
    • Herrera JC, SK McWeeney, LR McEdward. 1996. Diversity of energetic strategies among echinoid larvae and the transition from feeding to nonfeeding development. Oceanol. Acta 19: 313-321.
    • (1996) Oceanol. Acta , vol.19 , pp. 313-321
    • Herrera, J.C.1    McWeeney, S.K.2    McEdward, L.R.3
  • 71
    • 0002246364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Larvae in invertebrate development and evolution
    • BK Hall, MH Wake. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Hickman CS. 1999. Larvae in invertebrate development and evolution. In BK Hall, MH Wake. The origin and evolution of larval forms. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 22-59
    • (1999) The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms , pp. 22-59
    • Hickman, C.S.1
  • 72
    • 0026283449 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, population structure and feeding of subtidal seastars in the northern gulf of St. Lawrence
    • Himmelman JH, C Dutil. 1991. Distribution, population structure and feeding of subtidal seastars in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76: 61-72.
    • (1991) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.76 , pp. 61-72
    • Himmelman, J.H.1    Dutil, C.2
  • 75
    • 0000120403 scopus 로고
    • Echinodermata: Crinoidea
    • AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press
    • Holland ND. 1991. Echinodermata: Crinoidea. In AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Reproduction of marine invertebrates. 6. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press, pp. 247-299.
    • (1991) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates , vol.6 , pp. 247-299
    • Holland, N.D.1
  • 77
    • 0022879226 scopus 로고
    • Larval ecology and macro-evolution in marine invertebrates
    • Jablonski D. 1986. Larval ecology and macro-evolution in marine invertebrates. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39: 565-587.
    • (1986) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 565-587
    • Jablonski, D.1
  • 78
    • 0021060221 scopus 로고
    • Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: Paleobiological implications
    • Jablonski D, RA Lutz. 1983. Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol. Rev. 58: 21-89.
    • (1983) Biol. Rev. , vol.58 , pp. 21-89
    • Jablonski, D.1    Lutz, R.A.2
  • 79
    • 0028066269 scopus 로고
    • Multiple modes of asexual reproduction by tropical and subtropical sea star larvae: An unusual adaptation for genetic dispersal and survival
    • Jaeckle WB. 1994. Multiple modes of asexual reproduction by tropical and subtropical sea star larvae: an unusual adaptation for genetic dispersal and survival. Biol. Bull. 1868: 62-71.
    • (1994) Biol. Bull. , vol.1868 , pp. 62-71
    • Jaeckle, W.B.1
  • 81
    • 0002326739 scopus 로고
    • Echinoderms from the gulf of Suez and the northern Red sea
    • James DB, JS Pearse. 1969. Echinoderms from the Gulf of Suez and the northern Red Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India 11: 78-125.
    • (1969) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India , vol.11 , pp. 78-125
    • James, D.B.1    Pearse, J.S.2
  • 82
    • 0031412177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dawn of echinoid nonplanktotrophy: Coordinated shifts in development indicate environmental instability prior to the K-T boundary
    • Jeffery CH. 1997. Dawn of echinoid nonplanktotrophy: Coordinated shifts in development indicate environmental instability prior to the K-T boundary. Geology 25: 991-994.
    • (1997) Geology , vol.25 , pp. 991-994
    • Jeffery, C.H.1
  • 83
    • 0002679427 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary trends and their functional significance in the post-paleozoic echinoids
    • Kier PM. 1974. Evolutionary trends and their functional significance in the post-Paleozoic echinoids. Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 5.
    • (1974) Paleontol. Soc. Mem. , pp. 5
    • Kier, P.M.1
  • 84
    • 0025665921 scopus 로고
    • Development of a true ovoviviparous sea star, Asterina pseudoexigua pacifica Hayashi
    • Komatsu M, YT Kano, C Oguro 1990. Development of a true ovoviviparous sea star, Asterina pseudoexigua pacifica Hayashi. Biol. Bull. 179: 254-263.
    • (1990) Biol. Bull. , vol.179 , pp. 254-263
    • Komatsu, M.1    Kano, Y.T.2    Oguro, C.3
  • 86
    • 0002534926 scopus 로고
    • Dynamique de population, crossance et longevité de la comatule Antedon bifida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
    • C De Ridder, P Dubois, M Lahaye, M Jangoux, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Lahaye MC, P Buteel, M Jangoux. 1990. Dynamique de population, crossance et longevité de la comatule Antedon bifida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). In C De Ridder, P Dubois, M Lahaye, M Jangoux, eds. Echinoderm research. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp. 177-188.
    • (1990) Echinoderm Research , pp. 177-188
    • Lahaye, M.C.1    Buteel, P.2    Jangoux, M.3
  • 88
    • 84873007607 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration in Holothuria atra
    • Lawrence JM. 1981. Regeneration in Holothuria atra. Fla. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 15.
    • (1981) Fla. Sci. , vol.44 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 15
    • Lawrence, J.M.1
  • 89
    • 0001501386 scopus 로고
    • Echinodermata
    • TJ Pandian, FJ Vernberg, eds. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Lawrence JM. 1987. Echinodermata. In TJ Pandian, FJ Vernberg, eds. Animal energetics. 2. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 229-321.
    • (1987) Animal Energetics , vol.2 , pp. 229-321
    • Lawrence, J.M.1
  • 90
    • 0020409282 scopus 로고
    • The utilization of nutrients by post-metamorphic echinoderms
    • M Jangoux, JM Lawrence, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Lawrence JM, JM Lane. 1982. The utilization of nutrients by post-metamorphic echinoderms. In M Jangoux, JM Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm nutrition. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp. 331-371.
    • (1982) Echinoderm Nutrition , pp. 331-371
    • Lawrence, J.M.1    Lane, J.M.2
  • 91
    • 0025247387 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg size in echinoderms from the two sides of the isthmus of Panama
    • Lessios HA. 1990. Adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg size in echinoderms from the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Am. Nat. 135: 1-13.
    • (1990) Am. Nat. , vol.135 , pp. 1-13
    • Lessios, H.A.1
  • 92
    • 0001514353 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development
    • LR McEdward, ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Levin LA, TS Bridges. 1995. Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development. In LR McEdward, ed. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 1-48.
    • (1995) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae , pp. 1-48
    • Levin, L.A.1    Bridges, T.S.2
  • 94
    • 0030427760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palatability and chemical defense of marine invertebrate larvae
    • Lindquist N, ME Hay. 1996. Palatability and chemical defense of marine invertebrate larvae. Ecol. Monogr. 66: 431-450.
    • (1996) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.66 , pp. 431-450
    • Lindquist, N.1    Hay, M.E.2
  • 95
    • 0030746467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interrelationships of the echinoderm classes: Morphological and molecular evidence
    • Littlewood DTJ, AB Smith, KA Clough, RH Emson. 1997. The interrelationships of the echinoderm classes: morphological and molecular evidence. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 61: 409-438.
    • (1997) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.61 , pp. 409-438
    • Littlewood, D.T.J.1    Smith, A.B.2    Clough, K.A.3    Emson, R.H.4
  • 96
    • 0002508472 scopus 로고
    • Echinoidea, asteroidea, and ophiuroidea from depths exceeding 6000 meters
    • Madsen FJ. 1956. Echinoidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Rep. 2: 23-32.
    • (1956) Galathea Rep. , vol.2 , pp. 23-32
    • Madsen, F.J.1
  • 97
    • 0001401887 scopus 로고
    • On the zoogeography and origin of the abyssal fauna in view of the knowledge of the porcellanasteridae
    • Madsen FJ. 1961. On the zoogeography and origin of the abyssal fauna in view of the knowledge of the Porcellanasteridae. Galathea Rep. 4: 177-218.
    • (1961) Galathea Rep. , vol.4 , pp. 177-218
    • Madsen, F.J.1
  • 98
    • 77957217955 scopus 로고
    • Adaptations by invertebrate larvae for nutrient acquisition from seawater
    • Manahan DT. 1990. Adaptations by invertebrate larvae for nutrient acquisition from seawater. Am. Zool. 30: 147-160.
    • (1990) Am. Zool. , vol.30 , pp. 147-160
    • Manahan, D.T.1
  • 99
    • 0018386244 scopus 로고
    • Developmental aberrations associated with twinning in laboratory-reared sea urchins
    • Marcus NH. 1979. Developmental aberrations associated with twinning in laboratory-reared sea urchins. Develop. Biol. 70: 274-277.
    • (1979) Develop. Biol. , vol.70 , pp. 274-277
    • Marcus, N.H.1
  • 100
    • 0020378029 scopus 로고
    • Food and feeding mechanisms: Holothuroidea
    • M Jangoux, JM Lawrence, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Massin C. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms: Holothuroidea. In M Jangoux, JM Lawrence, eds. Echinoderm nutrition. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, pp. 43-55.
    • (1982) Echinoderm Nutrition , pp. 43-55
    • Massin, C.1
  • 101
    • 0001023042 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and feeding of epibenthic holothuroids on the reef flat of Laing island (Papua New Guinea)
    • Massin C, C Doumen. 1986. Distribution and feeding of epibenthic holothuroids on the reef flat of Laing Island (Papua New Guinea). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 31: 185-195.
    • (1986) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.31 , pp. 185-195
    • Massin, C.1    Doumen, C.2
  • 102
    • 0000459544 scopus 로고
    • Feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the Puget sound region
    • Mauzey KP, C Birkeland, PK Dayton. 1968. Feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the Puget Sound region. Ecology 49: 603-619.
    • (1968) Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 603-619
    • Mauzey, K.P.1    Birkeland, C.2    Dayton, P.K.3
  • 103
    • 0002506162 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology of the common Antarctic crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
    • McClintock JB, JS Pearse. 1987. Reproductive biology of the common Antarctic crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Mar. Biol. 96: 375-383.
    • (1987) Mar. Biol. , vol.96 , pp. 375-383
    • McClintock, J.B.1    Pearse, J.S.2
  • 104
    • 0025000461 scopus 로고
    • Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata)
    • McClintock JB, JD Vernon. 1990. Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata). Mar. Biol. 105: 491-495.
    • (1990) Mar. Biol. , vol.105 , pp. 491-495
    • McClintock, J.B.1    Vernon, J.D.2
  • 105
    • 0002134241 scopus 로고
    • Energetic content of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of Florometra serratissima and the implications for the evolution of crinoid life histories
    • McEdward LF, SF Carson, FS Chia. 1988. Energetic content of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of Florometra serratissima and the implications for the evolution of crinoid life histories. Intl. J. Invert. Reprod. Develop. 13: 9-22.
    • (1988) Intl. J. Invert. Reprod. Develop. , vol.13 , pp. 9-22
    • McEdward, L.F.1    Carson, S.F.2    Chia, F.S.3
  • 106
    • 0030865811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive strategies of marine benthic invertebrates revisited: Facultative feeding by planktotrophic larvae
    • McEdward LR. 1997. Reproductive strategies of marine benthic invertebrates revisited: facultative feeding by planktotrophic larvae. Am. Nat. 150: 4-72.
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.150 , pp. 4-72
    • McEdward, L.R.1
  • 107
    • 0027796090 scopus 로고
    • Life cycle evolution in asteroids, what is a larva?
    • McEdward LR, DA Janies. 1993. Life cycle evolution in Asteroids, What is a larva? Biol. Bull. 184: 255-268.
    • (1993) Biol. Bull. , vol.184 , pp. 255-268
    • McEdward, L.R.1    Janies, D.A.2
  • 108
    • 0030738747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among development, ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and life cycles
    • McEdward LR, DA Janies. 1997. Relationships among development, ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and life cycles. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 60: 381-400.
    • (1997) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.60 , pp. 381-400
    • McEdward, L.R.1    Janies, D.A.2
  • 109
    • 0000168256 scopus 로고
    • Population genetic consequences of developmental evolution in sea urchins (Heliocidaris)
    • McMillan WO, RA Raff, SR Palumbi. 1992. Population genetic consequences of developmental evolution in sea urchins (Heliocidaris). Evolution 46: 1299-1312.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 1299-1312
    • McMillan, W.O.1    Raff, R.A.2    Palumbi, S.R.3
  • 110
    • 0000849960 scopus 로고
    • Competition for food between two intertidal starfish species and its effect on body size and feeding
    • Menge BA. 1972. Competition for food between two intertidal starfish species and its effect on body size and feeding. Ecology 53: 635-644.
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 635-644
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 111
    • 34250400581 scopus 로고
    • Brood or broadcast? the adaptive significance of different reproductive strategies in the two intertidal sea stars Leptasterias hexactis and Pisaster ochraceus
    • Menge BA. 1975. Brood or broadcast? The adaptive significance of different reproductive strategies in the two intertidal sea stars Leptasterias hexactis and Pisaster ochraceus. Mar. Biol. 31: 87-100.
    • (1975) Mar. Biol. , vol.31 , pp. 87-100
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 112
    • 0002891907 scopus 로고
    • Brooding and paedomorphosis in the deepwater feather star Comatilia iridometriformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
    • Messing CG. 1984. Brooding and paedomorphosis in the deepwater feather star Comatilia iridometriformis (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Mar. Biol. 80: 83-91.
    • (1984) Mar. Biol. , vol.80 , pp. 83-91
    • Messing, C.G.1
  • 113
    • 7344256840 scopus 로고
    • Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance: A re-evaluation
    • Mileikovsky SA. 1971. Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance: a re-evaluation. Mar. Biol. 10: 193-213.
    • (1971) Mar. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 193-213
    • Mileikovsky, S.A.1
  • 114
    • 0021028192 scopus 로고
    • Breeding patterns of three species of caribbean brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
    • Mladenov PV. 1983. Breeding patterns of three species of Caribbean brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Bull. Mar. Sci. 33: 363-372.
    • (1983) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 363-372
    • Mladenov, P.V.1
  • 115
    • 0002490337 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology of the feather star florometra serratissima: Gonadal structure, breeding pattern, and periodicity of ovulation
    • Mladenov PV. 1986. Reproductive biology of the feather star Florometra serratissima: gonadal structure, breeding pattern, and periodicity of ovulation. Can. J. Zool. 64: 1642-1651.
    • (1986) Can. J. Zool. , vol.64 , pp. 1642-1651
    • Mladenov, P.V.1
  • 116
    • 0029809975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors influencing asexual reproductive processes in echinoderms
    • Mladenov PV. 1996. Environmental factors influencing asexual reproductive processes in echinoderms. Oceanol. Acta 19: 227-235.
    • (1996) Oceanol. Acta , vol.19 , pp. 227-235
    • Mladenov, P.V.1
  • 117
    • 84872997817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological and genetic relations among fissiparous and non-fissiparous populations of the sea star Asterina burtoni from the Red and Mediterranean seas
    • MD Candia Carnevali, F. Bonasoro, eds. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
    • Mladenov PV, Y Achituv. 1999. Morphological and genetic relations among fissiparous and non-fissiparous populations of the sea star Asterina burtoni from the Red and Mediterranean seas. In MD Candia Carnevali, F. Bonasoro, eds. Echinoderm research 1998. Rotterdam: AA Balkema, p. 152.
    • (1999) Echinoderm Research 1998 , pp. 152
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Achituv, Y.2
  • 118
    • 0000929166 scopus 로고
    • Echinodermata: Asexual reproduction
    • KG Adiyodi, RG Adiyodi, eds. Chichester, UK: Wiley
    • Mladenov PV, RD Burke. 1994. Echinodermata: asexual reproduction. In KG Adiyodi, RG Adiyodi, eds. Reproductive biology of invertebrates. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 339-382.
    • (1994) Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates , pp. 339-382
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Burke, R.D.2
  • 119
    • 38249038712 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive ecology of an obligately fissiparous population of the sea star Stephnasterias albula
    • Mladenov PV, SF Carson, CW Walker. 1986. Reproductive ecology of an obligately fissiparous population of the sea star Stephnasterias albula. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 96: 155-175.
    • (1986) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.96 , pp. 155-175
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Carson, S.F.2    Walker, C.W.3
  • 120
    • 0000463272 scopus 로고
    • Divide and broadcast: Sexual reproduction in the West Indian brittle star Ophiocomella ophiactoides and its relationship to fissiparity
    • Mladenov PV, RH Emson. 1984. Divide and broadcast: sexual reproduction in the West Indian brittle star Ophiocomella ophiactoides and its relationship to fissiparity. Mar. Biol. 81: 273-282.
    • (1984) Mar. Biol. , vol.81 , pp. 273-282
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Emson, R.H.2
  • 121
    • 0002042383 scopus 로고
    • Density, size structure and reproductive characteristics of fissiparous brittle stars in algae and sponges: Evidence for interpopulational variation in levels of sexual and asexual reproduction
    • Mladenov PV, RH Emson. 1988. Density, size structure and reproductive characteristics of fissiparous brittle stars in algae and sponges: evidence for interpopulational variation in levels of sexual and asexual reproduction. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 42: 181-194.
    • (1988) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.42 , pp. 181-194
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Emson, R.H.2
  • 122
    • 0025344121 scopus 로고
    • Genetic structure of populations of two closely related brittle stars with contrasting sexual and asexual life histories, with observations on the genetic structure of a second asexual species
    • Mladenov PV, RH Emson. 1990. Genetic structure of populations of two closely related brittle stars with contrasting sexual and asexual life histories, with observations on the genetic structure of a second asexual species. Mar Biol. 104: 265-274.
    • (1990) Mar Biol. , vol.104 , pp. 265-274
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Emson, R.H.2
  • 123
    • 0002636633 scopus 로고
    • Asexual reproduction in the West Indian brittlestar Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H.L. Clark) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
    • Mladenov PV, RH Emson, LV Colpit, IC Wilkie. 1983. Asexual reproduction in the West Indian brittlestar Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H.L. Clark) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 72: 1-23.
    • (1983) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.72 , pp. 1-23
    • Mladenov, P.V.1    Emson, R.H.2    Colpit, L.V.3    Wilkie, I.C.4
  • 124
    • 0002507901 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary note on the remarkable, shortened development of an Australian sea-urchin Toxocidaris erythrogrammus
    • Mortensen T. 1915. Preliminary note on the remarkable, shortened development of an Australian sea-urchin Toxocidaris erythrogrammus. Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 40: 203-206.
    • (1915) Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW , vol.40 , pp. 203-206
    • Mortensen, T.1
  • 127
    • 0000001013 scopus 로고
    • Echinoidea and ophiuroidea
    • Mortensen T. 1936. Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea. Discov. Rep. 12: 199-348.
    • (1936) Discov. Rep. , vol.12 , pp. 199-348
    • Mortensen, T.1
  • 130
    • 0031949426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin and evolution of life cycles
    • Nielsen C. 1998. Origin and evolution of life cycles. Biol. Rev. 73: 125-155.
    • (1998) Biol. Rev. , vol.73 , pp. 125-155
    • Nielsen, C.1
  • 131
    • 0024894802 scopus 로고
    • Food limitation of planktotrophic marine invertebrate larvae: Does it control recruitment success?
    • Olson RR, MH Olson. 1989. Food limitation of planktotrophic marine invertebrate larvae: does it control recruitment success? Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 225-247.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.20 , pp. 225-247
    • Olson, R.R.1    Olson, M.H.2
  • 132
    • 84959600643 scopus 로고
    • Sea temperature, breeding, and distribution in marine animals
    • Orton JH. 1920. Sea temperature, breeding, and distribution in marine animals. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 12: 339-366.
    • (1920) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK , vol.12 , pp. 339-366
    • Orton, J.H.1
  • 133
    • 0000960723 scopus 로고
    • Divide or broadcast: Interrelation of asexual and sexual reproduction in a population of the fissiparous hermaphroditic sea star Nepanthia belcheri (Asteroidea: Asterinidae)
    • Ottesen PO, JS Lucas. 1982. Divide or broadcast: interrelation of asexual and sexual reproduction in a population of the fissiparous hermaphroditic sea star Nepanthia belcheri (Asteroidea: Asterinidae). Mar. Biol. 69: 223-233.
    • (1982) Mar. Biol. , vol.69 , pp. 223-233
    • Ottesen, P.O.1    Lucas, J.S.2
  • 134
    • 0003120026 scopus 로고
    • Food limited growth and development of larvae: Experiments with natural seawater
    • Pauley G, L Boring, RR Strathmann. 1985. Food limited growth and development of larvae: experiments with natural seawater. J. Exptl. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 93: 1-10.
    • (1985) J. Exptl. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.93 , pp. 1-10
    • Pauley, G.1    Boring, L.2    Strathmann, R.R.3
  • 135
    • 35348884203 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of reproductive periodicities in four species of Indo-Pacific echinoderms
    • Pearse JS. 1968. Patterns of reproductive periodicities in four species of Indo-Pacific echinoderms. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 68: 247-279.
    • (1968) Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 247-279
    • Pearse, J.S.1
  • 136
    • 0002507233 scopus 로고
    • The gulf of Suez: Signs of stress on a tropical biota
    • Pearse JS. 1983. The Gulf of Suez: signs of stress on a tropical biota. Bull. Inst. Oceangr. Fish. 9: 148-159.
    • (1983) Bull. Inst. Oceangr. Fish. , vol.9 , pp. 148-159
    • Pearse, J.S.1
  • 137
    • 0001891329 scopus 로고
    • Cold-water echinoderms break "Thorson's rule"
    • CM Young, KJ Eckelbarger, eds. New York, Columbia Univ. Press
    • Pearse JS. 1994. Cold-water echinoderms break "Thorson's Rule". In CM Young, KJ Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, pp. 26-43.
    • (1994) Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos , pp. 26-43
    • Pearse, J.S.1
  • 138
    • 0026273702 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of antarctic benthic marine invertebrates: Tempos, modes, and timing
    • Pearse JS, JB McClintock, I Bosch. 1991. Reproduction of Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates: tempos, modes, and timing. Am. Zool. 31: 65-80.
    • (1991) Am. Zool. , vol.31 , pp. 65-80
    • Pearse, J.S.1    McClintock, J.B.2    Bosch, I.3
  • 139
    • 0033545424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles
    • Pechenik JA. 1999. On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 177: 269-297.
    • (1999) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , vol.177 , pp. 269-297
    • Pechenik, J.A.1
  • 140
    • 0001039411 scopus 로고
    • Marsupiate tertiary echinoids from south-eastern Australia and their zoogeographic significance
    • Philip GM, RJ Foster. 1971. Marsupiate Tertiary echinoids from south-eastern Australia and their zoogeographic significance. Palaeontology 14: 666-695.
    • (1971) Palaeontology , vol.14 , pp. 666-695
    • Philip, G.M.1    Foster, R.J.2
  • 141
    • 0002507903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell lineages in larval development and evolution of echinoderms
    • BK Hall, MH Wake. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Raff R. 1999. Cell lineages in larval development and evolution of echinoderms. In BK Hall, MH Wake. The origin and evolution of larval forms. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 255-273.
    • (1999) The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms , pp. 255-273
    • Raff, R.1
  • 142
    • 0029947657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postembryonic segregation of the germ line in sea urchins in relation to indirect development
    • Ransick A, RA Cameron, EH Cameron. 1996. Postembryonic segregation of the germ line in sea urchins in relation to indirect development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 6758-6763.
    • (1996) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 6758-6763
    • Ransick, A.1    Cameron, R.A.2    Cameron, E.H.3
  • 143
    • 0001456143 scopus 로고
    • A rare condition of budding in bipinnaria larva (Asteroidea)
    • Rao PS, KH Rao, K Shyamasundari. 1993. A rare condition of budding in bipinnaria larva (Asteroidea). Curr. Sci. 65: 792-793.
    • (1993) Curr. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 792-793
    • Rao, P.S.1    Rao, K.H.2    Shyamasundari, K.3
  • 146
    • 0002557936 scopus 로고
    • Adaptations for reproduction among deep-sea benthic molluscs: An appraisal of the existing evidence
    • CM Young, KJ Eckelbarger, eds. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    • Scheltema RS. 1994. Adaptations for reproduction among deep-sea benthic molluscs: an appraisal of the existing evidence. In CM Young, KJ Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, pp. 44-75.
    • (1994) Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos , pp. 44-75
    • Scheltema, R.S.1
  • 147
    • 0027974371 scopus 로고
    • Small size, brooding, and protandy in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki
    • Sewell MA. 1994. Small size, brooding, and protandy in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki. Biol. Bull. 187: 112-123.
    • (1994) Biol. Bull. , vol.187 , pp. 112-123
    • Sewell, M.A.1
  • 148
    • 17544363652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of pentactulae during intraovarian brooding in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki
    • Sewell MA. 1996. Mortality of pentactulae during intraovarian brooding in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki. Biol. Bull. 190: 188-194.
    • (1996) Biol. Bull. , vol.190 , pp. 188-194
    • Sewell, M.A.1
  • 149
    • 0028165127 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of the intraovarian brooding apodid Leptosynapta clarki (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in British Columbia
    • Sewell MA, F-S Chia. 1994. Reproduction of the intraovarian brooding apodid Leptosynapta clarki (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in British Columbia. Mar. Biol. 121: 285-300.
    • (1994) Mar. Biol. , vol.121 , pp. 285-300
    • Sewell, M.A.1    Chia, F.-S.2
  • 151
    • 0022189750 scopus 로고
    • Niche separation in three species of ophiocoma (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Jamaica, West Indies
    • Sides EM, JD Woodley. 1985. Niche separation in three species of Ophiocoma (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in Jamaica, West Indies. Bull. Mar. Sci. 36: 701-715.
    • (1985) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 701-715
    • Sides, E.M.1    Woodley, J.D.2
  • 152
    • 0000090738 scopus 로고
    • Developmental consequences of an evolutionary change in egg size: An experimental test
    • Sinervo B, LR McEdward. 1988. Developmental consequences of an evolutionary change in egg size: an experimental test. Evolution 42: 885-890.
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 885-890
    • Sinervo, B.1    McEdward, L.R.2
  • 153
    • 0000139597 scopus 로고
    • Echinodermata: Holothuroidea
    • AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press
    • Smiley S, FS McEuen, C Chaffee, S Krishnan. 1991. Echinodermata: Holothuroidea. In AC Giese, JS Pearse, VB Pearse, eds. Reproduction of marine invertebrates. 6. Pacific Grove, CA: Boxwood Press, pp. 663-750.
    • (1991) Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates , vol.6 , pp. 663-750
    • Smiley, S.1    McEuen, F.S.2    Chaffee, C.3    Krishnan, S.4
  • 155
    • 0001051373 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationship, divergence times, and rates of molecular evolution for camarodont sea urchins
    • Smith AB. 1988. Phylogenetic relationship, divergence times, and rates of molecular evolution for camarodont sea urchins. Mol. Biol. Evol. 5: 345-365.
    • (1988) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 345-365
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 156
    • 0032485369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selectivity of extinction among sea urchins at the end of the cretaceous period
    • Smith AB, CH Jeffery. 1998. Selectivity of extinction among sea urchins at the end of the Cretaceous period. Nature 392: 69-71.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 69-71
    • Smith, A.B.1    Jeffery, C.H.2
  • 157
    • 0027129017 scopus 로고
    • Comparative variation of morphological and molecular evolution through geologic time: 28s ribosomal RNA versus morphology in echinoids
    • Smith AB, B LaFay, R Christen. 1992. Comparative variation of morphological and molecular evolution through geologic time: 28S ribosomal RNA versus morphology in echinoids. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 338: 365-382.
    • (1992) Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B , vol.338 , pp. 365-382
    • Smith, A.B.1    LaFay, B.2    Christen, R.3
  • 160
    • 0001095073 scopus 로고
    • The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates
    • Strathmann RR. 1978. The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32: 894-914.
    • (1978) Evolution , vol.32 , pp. 894-914
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 161
    • 0001182970 scopus 로고
    • Why does a larva swim so long?
    • Strathmann RR. 1980. Why does a larva swim so long? Paleobiology 6: 373-376.
    • (1980) Paleobiology , vol.6 , pp. 373-376
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 162
    • 77957217186 scopus 로고
    • Why life histories evolve differently in the sea
    • Strathmann RR. 1990. Why life histories evolve differently in the sea. Am. Zool. 30: 197-207.
    • (1990) Am. Zool. , vol.30 , pp. 197-207
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 163
    • 0027333469 scopus 로고
    • Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae
    • Strathmann RR. 1993. Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 89-117.
    • (1993) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.24 , pp. 89-117
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 164
    • 0002907087 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates
    • Strathmann RR, MF Strathmann. 1982. The relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. Am. Nat. 119: 91-101.
    • (1982) Am. Nat. , vol.119 , pp. 91-101
    • Strathmann, R.R.1    Strathmann, M.F.2
  • 165
    • 0021584367 scopus 로고
    • Does limited brood capacity link adult size, brooding, and simultaneous hermaphroditism? A test with the starfish Asterina phylactica
    • Strathmann RR, MF Strathmann, RH Emson. 1984. Does limited brood capacity link adult size, brooding, and simultaneous hermaphroditism? A test with the starfish Asterina phylactica. Am. Nat. 123: 796-818.
    • (1984) Am. Nat. , vol.123 , pp. 796-818
    • Strathmann, R.R.1    Strathmann, M.F.2    Emson, R.H.3
  • 166
    • 0002797207 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction and larval development of danish marine bottom invertebrates
    • Thorson G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Medd. Komm. Danm. Fisk. Of Havunders., Ser. Plankton 4: 1-523.
    • (1946) Medd. Komm. Danm. Fisk. of Havunders., Ser. Plankton , vol.4 , pp. 1-523
    • Thorson, G.1
  • 167
    • 84924921603 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and larval of ecology of marine bottom invertebrates
    • Thorson G. 1950. Reproductive and larval of ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 25: 1-45.
    • (1950) Biol. Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 1-45
    • Thorson, G.1
  • 168
    • 0000755795 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation and ecology of gametogenesis in the genus ophiura (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) from the Bristol channel
    • Tyler PA. 1977. Seasonal variation and ecology of gametogenesis in the genus Ophiura (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) from the Bristol Channel. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 30: 185-197.
    • (1977) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.30 , pp. 185-197
    • Tyler, P.A.1
  • 170
    • 0000569094 scopus 로고
    • Studies of a benthic time series: Reproductive biology of benthic invertebrates in the rockall trough
    • Tyler PA. 1986. Studies of a benthic time series: reproductive biology of benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 88B: 175-190.
    • (1986) Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh , vol.88 B , pp. 175-190
    • Tyler, P.A.1
  • 172
    • 0001862108 scopus 로고
    • Environmental control of quasi-continuous and seasonal reproduction in deep-sea benthic invertebrates
    • CM Young, KJ Eckelbarger, eds. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
    • Tyler PA, LS Campos-Creasy, LA Giles. 1994. Environmental control of quasi-continuous and seasonal reproduction in deep-sea benthic invertebrates. In CM Young, KJ Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, pp. 158-178.
    • (1994) Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos , pp. 158-178
    • Tyler, P.A.1    Campos-Creasy, L.S.2    Giles, L.A.3
  • 173
    • 0000536924 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction and growth of the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman)
    • Tyler PA, JD Gage. 1980. Reproduction and growth of the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman). Oceanol. Acta 3: 177-185.
    • (1980) Oceanol. Acta , vol.3 , pp. 177-185
    • Tyler, P.A.1    Gage, J.D.2
  • 174
    • 0015879938 scopus 로고
    • On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates
    • Vance RR. 1973. On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Am. Nat. 107: 339-352.
    • (1973) Am. Nat. , vol.107 , pp. 339-352
    • Vance, R.R.1
  • 175
    • 0032500020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneration in metazoan larvae
    • Vickery MS, JB McClintock. 1998. Regeneration in metazoan larvae. Nature 394: 140.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 140
    • Vickery, M.S.1    McClintock, J.B.2
  • 176
    • 84970599987 scopus 로고
    • The reproductive system, embryonic development, larval development and metamorphosis of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma
    • Williams DHC, DT Anderson. 1975. The reproductive system, embryonic development, larval development and metamorphosis of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Aust. J. Zool. 23: 371-403.
    • (1975) Aust. J. Zool. , vol.23 , pp. 371-403
    • Williams, D.H.C.1    Anderson, D.T.2
  • 177
    • 0002884206 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of larvae and developmental modes
    • LR McEdward, ed. Baca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Wray GA. 1995. Evolution of larvae and developmental modes. In LR McEdward, ed. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. Baca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 413-447.
    • (1995) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae , pp. 413-447
    • Wray, G.A.1
  • 178
    • 0002371333 scopus 로고
    • A tale of two dogmas: The early history of deep-sea reproductive biology
    • CM Young and KJ Eckelbarger, eds. New York: Colulmbia Univ. Press
    • Young CM. 1994. A tale of two dogmas: the early history of deep-sea reproductive biology. In CM Young and KJ Eckelbarger, eds. Reproduction, larval biology, and recruitment of the deep-sea benthos. New York: Colulmbia Univ. Press, pp 1-25.
    • (1994) Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos , pp. 1-25
    • Young, C.M.1
  • 179
    • 0032076846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermal tolerances of embryos and planktotrophic larvae of Archaeopneustes hystrix (A. Agassiz) (Spatango,dea) and Stylocidaris lineata (Mortensen) (Cidaroidea) bathyal echionids from the Bahamian slope
    • Young CM, SLJK Ekaratne, JL Cameron. 1998. Thermal tolerances of embryos and planktotrophic larvae of Archaeopneustes hystrix (A. Agassiz) (Spatango,dea) and Stylocidaris lineata (Mortensen) (Cidaroidea) bathyal echionids from the Bahamian Slope. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 223: 65-76.
    • (1998) J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.223 , pp. 65-76
    • Young, C.M.1    Ekaratne, S.L.J.K.2    Cameron, J.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.