Geology of the Chewore Inliers, Zimbabwe: Constraining the Mesoproterozoic to Palaeozoic evolution of the Zambezi Belt

Journal of African Earth Sciences

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 589-627

  Goscombe, B ^a   Armstrong, R ^b   Barton, J M ^c  

^a Geological Survey of Zimbabwe   (Zimbabwe)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; GEOCHRONOLOGY; INLIER; METAMORPHISM; RIFT ZONE; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TERRANE; THRUST;

ZIMBABWE;

EID: 0034210374     PISSN: 08995362     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00041-5     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (180)

1. Ahrendt, H., Behr, H.J., Clauer, N., Porada, H., Weber, K., 1983. K/Ar age determinations of the northern Damara Branch and their implications for the structural and metamorphic evolution of the Damara Orogen, Namibia. In: Miller, R.Mc.G. (Ed.) Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia. Geological Society South Africa Special Publication 11, pp 299-306.
2. Aldiss, D.T., Carney, J.N., 1992. The geology and regional correlation of the Proterozoic Okwa Inlier, western Botswana. Precambrian Research 56, 255-274.
3. Allsopp, H.L., Erlank, A.J., Hornung, G., 1973 Rb-Sr age measurements on the Umkondo dolerites of Rhodesia. In: Lister, L.E. (Ed.) Symposium on Granites, Gneisses and Related Rocks of South Africa, Special Publication 3, 217.
4. Allsopp, H.L., Kostlin, E.O., Welke, H.J., Burger, A.J., Kröner, A., Blignault, H.J., 1979. Rb-Sr and U-Pb geochronology of late Precambrian-Early Palæozoic Igneous Activity in the Richtersveld (South Africa) and Southern South West Africa. Unpublished manuscript lodged at Namibian Geological Survey.
5. Allsopp, H.L, Kramers, J.D., Jones, D.L., Erlank, A.J., 1989. The age of the Umkondo Group, eastern Zimbabwe, and implications for palaeomagnetic correlations. South African Journal Geology 92, 11-19.
6. Andreoli, M.A.G., 1981. The Amphibolite and Granulite Facies Rocks of Southern Malawi. Ph.D. dissertation. Witwatersrand University, South Africa.
7. Andreoli, M.A.G. 1984. Petrochemistry, tectonic evolution and metasomatic mineralisations of Mozambique belt granulites from S Malawi and Tete (Mozambique). Precambrian Research 25, 161-186.
8. Appel, P., Möller, A., Schenk, V., Muhongo, S., 1993. Granulite facies metamorphism in the Pan-African Mozambique belt of Tanzania. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Swaziland pp19-21.
9. Araujo, J.R., 1976. Mozambique Belt: Uma Interpretacao Geochronologica. Memorias e Noticias. Publicacoes do Museo (e Laboratorio) Mineralogico e Geologico de Universidade de Coimbra 81, 85-102.
10. Bailey, A.I., 1973. The geology of part of eastern Ruwenzori, Uganda. Annual Report Research Institute African Geology University Leeds 17, 19.
11. Barnes, J.F.H., 1981. Some Aspects of the Tectonic History of the Khan-Swakop Region of the Damara Belt, Namibia. University of Leeds, Department of Earth Science, 1.
12. Barr, M.W.C., 1970. Geological Map of the Rufunsa Area; Geological Survey Zambia, Scale 1:50 000.
13. Barr, M.W.C., Cahen, L., Ledent, D. 1978. Geochronology of syntectonic granites from Central Zambia: Lusaka Granite and granite, NE of Rufunsa. Annals Société Geologique de Belgique 100, 47-54.
14. Barton, C.M., Carney, J.N., Crow, M.J., Dunkley, P.N., Simango, S., 1991. The geology of the country around Rushinga and Nyamapanda. Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 92, pp 220.
15. Barton, C.M., Carney, J.N., Crow, M.J., Evans, J.A., Simango, S., 1993. Geology and structural framework of the Zambezi belt, northeastern Zimbabwe. In: Findlay, R. H., Unrug, R., Banks, M.R., Veevers, J.J. (Eds.) Gondwana Eight. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 55-67.
16. Barton, E.S., Burger, A.J., 1983. Reconnaissance isotopic investigations in the Namaqua Mobile Belt and implications for Proterozoic crystal evolution - Upington Geotraverse. Special Publication Geological Society South Africa 10, 173-191.
17. Barton, J.M., Jr., Fripp, R.E.P., Horrocks, P.C., McLean, N., 1979. The geology, age and tectonic setting of the Messina Layered Intrusion, Limpopo Mobile Belt, South Africa. American Journal Science 279, 1108-1134.
18. Behr, H.J., Horn, E.E., Porada, H., 1983. Fluid inclusions and Genetic Aspects of the Damara Orogen. In: Martin, H., Eder, F.W. (Eds.), Intracontinental Fold Belts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 611-654.
19. Bickle, M.J., Archibald, N.J., 1984. Chloritoid and staurolite stability: Implications for metamorphism in the Archæan Yilgarn Block, Western Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2, 179-203.
20. Blaxland, A., Gohn, E., Haack, U., Hoffer, E., 1979. Rb/Sr ages of late-tectonic granites in the Damara Orogen, Namibia. Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie Monatschefte 11, 498-508.
21. Bloomfield, K., 1968. The pre-Karoo geology of Malawi. Memoir Geological Survey Department Malawi. 5.
22. Bohlen, S.R., Dollase, W.A., 1983. Calibration of hercynite-quartz stability. American Geological Survey Bulletin 15, 529.
23. Brewer, M.S., Haslam, H.W., Darbyshire, D.P.F., Davis, A.E., 1979. The petrology and geochronology of hypersthene granites in the Mchinji area, Malawi. Report Institute Geological Science London 79/1.
24. Brown, R.W., Gleadow, A.J.W., Summerfield, M.A., Rust, D., 1990. The morphotectonic development of the continental margin of South Western Africa: New evidence from fission track analysis. De Beers Report August 1988.
25. Bühn, B., Häussinger, H., Kramm, U., Kukla, C., Kukla, P. A., Stanistreet, I. G. 1994. Tectonometamorphic patterns developed during Pan-African continental collision in the Damara Inland Belt, Namibia. Chemische Erde, 54, 329-354.
26. Bühn, B., Okrusch, M., Woermann, E., Hoernes, S., 1993. Petrology and P-T-D evolution of highly metamorphosed manganese formations: An example from the Damara Oregon at Otjosondu, Namibia. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Swaziland pp 59-60.
27. Burger, A.J., 1978. The geochronology of the Luderitz "granites". Annual Report Precambrian Research Unit University Capetown, 14th and 15th for 1976 and 1977, 141-144.
28. Burger, A.J., Coertze, F.J., 1973. Radiometrie age measurements on rocks from Southern Africa to the end of 1971. Bulletin Geological Survey South Africa 58.
29. Burger, A.J., Coertze, F.J., 1975. Age determinations - April 1972 to March 1974. Annals Geological Survey South Africa 58.
30. Burger, A.J., Coertze, F.J., 1976. Summary of age determinations carried out during the period April 1974 to March 1975. Annals Geological Survey South Africa 11, 317-321.
31. Cahen, L., Ledent, D., 1979. Precisions surl'age, la petrogenese et la position stratigraphique des "granites a etain": De l'est de l'Afrique centrale. Bulletin Société Geologique de Belgique 88, 33-49.
32. Cahen, L., Snelling, N.J., 1966. The Geochronology of Equitorial Africa. North Holland, Amsterdam.
33. Cahen, L., Snelling, N.J., 1971. Donnees radiometriques nouvelles par la methode potassium-argon. Existence d'une importante elevation post-tectonique de la temperature dans les couches katangiennes du Sud du Katanga et du Copperbelt de la Zambia. Annals Société Geologique de Belgique 94, 199-209.
34. Cahen, L., Snelling, N.L., Delhal, J., Vail, J.R., 1984. The Geochronology and Evolution of Africa. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
35. Carney, J.N., Treloar, P.J., Barton, C.M., Crow, M.J., Evans, J.A., Simango, S., 1991. Deep-crustal granulites with migmatitic and mylonitic fabrics from the Zambezi Belt, northeastern Zimbabwe. Journal Metamorphic Geology 9, 461-479.
36. Charlton, S., 1973. Limitations of the Argon-39 method on Precambrian dolerites. Annual Report Research Institute African Geology University Leeds, 17, 45-47.
37. 39Ar analysis. In: Berggren, W.A. et al. (Eds.) Geochronology, Time Scales, and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. Society Sedimentary Geology Special Publication, 54, pp 3-21.
38. Clauer, N., Kröner, A., 1979. Strontium and argon isotopic homogenization of pelitic sediments during low-grade regional metamorphism: The Pan-African Upper Damara Sequence of Northern Namibia. Earth Planetary Science Letters 43, 117-131.
39. Clifford, T.N., 1974. Review of African granulites and related rocks. Special Paper Geological Society America 156.
40. Clifford, T.N., Rex, D.C., Snelling, N.J., 1967. Radiometric age data for the Urungwe and Miami granites of Rhodesia. Earth Planetary Science Letters 2, 5-12.
41. Compston, W., Williams, I.S., Kirschvink, J.L., Zhang Z., Guogan, M.A., 1992. Zircon U-Pb ages for the Early Cambrian time-scale. Journal of the Geological Society of London 149, 171-184.
42. Condie, K.C., 1996. Terrane collisions in Southern India, Sri Lanka and East Antarctica during the Neoproterozoic. Gondwana Newsletter 6, V-VI.
43. Coney, P.J., 1987. The regional tectonic setting and possible causes of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera. In: Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., Hancock, P.L. (Eds.) Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society London Special Publication 28, pp 177-186.
44. Coolen, J.J.M., 1982. Possible U-Pb evidence for Pan-African granulite facies metamorphism in the Mozambique belt of Southern Tanzania. Precambrian Research 17, 31-40.
45. Cornell, D.H., Kroner, A., Humphreys, H.C., Griffin, G., 1990. Age of origin of the polymetamorphosed Copperton Formation, Namaqua-Natal Province, determined by single grain zircon Pb-Pb dating. South African Journal Geology 93, 709-716.
46. Cornell, D.H., Humphreys, H.C., Theart, H.F.J., Scheepers, D.J., 1992. A collision-related pressure-temperature-time path for Prieska Copper Mine, Namaqua-Natal tectonic Province, South Africa. Precambrian Research 59, 43-71.
47. Costa, M., Casati, C., di Bartolomeo, G., 1983. Cartografia Geologica e Prospeccao Mineira e Geoquimica nas Provincias de Nampula e da Zambezia, Area de Alto Ligonha. Open file Report AQUATER SpA, Instituto Nacional de Geologia, Maputo.
48. Cumming, G.L., Richards, J.R. 1975. Ore lead isotope ratios in a continuously changing earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 28, 155-171.
49. Daly, M.C. 1986. The intracratonic Irumide Belt of Zambia and its bearing on collision orogeny during the Proterozoic of Africa. In: Coward, M.P., Ries, A.C. (Eds.) Collision Tectonics. Geological Society London Special Publication 19, pp 321-328.
50. Darnley, A.G., Horne, J.E.T., Smith, G.H., Chandler, T.R.D., Dance, D.F., Preece, E.R., 1961. Ages of some uranium and thorium minerals from east and central Africa. Mineralogogical Magazine 32, 716-724.
51. DeWit, M., Jeffery, M., Bergh, H., Nicolaysen, L. 1988 Geological Map of Sectors of Gondwana. American Association of Petroleum Geologists and University of the Witswatersrand.
52. Dewey, J.F., 1988. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 7, 1123-139.
53. Dingeldey, D.P., Okrusch, M., Franz, L., Ghildiyal, H., Gruner, B., Seth, B., 1997. Metamorphic evolution of the Pan-African Kaoko Belt, NW Namibia. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, pp 11
54. Dirks, P.H.G.M., Kröner, A., Jelsma, H.A., Vinyu, M.L. 1997. The Makuti Group (NW Zimbabwe): A suture zone in the Zambezi Belt. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, pp 12-13
55. Dirks, P.H.G.M., Sithole, T.A., 1997. The Zambezi Belt in NW Zimbabwe: The Makuti Group. In: Geological Society of Zimbabwe Field Trip No. 6., Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe.
56. Dodson, M.H., 1979. Theory of cooling ages. In: Jager, E. Hunziker, J.C. (Eds.) Lectures in Isotope Geology Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 194-202.
57. Eglington, B.M., Thomas, R.J., 1990. A Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and U-Pb zircon isotopic study of the Mzumbe Suite, the oldest intrusive granitoid in Southern Natal, South Africa. South African Journal Geology 93, 761-765.
58. Eglington, B.M., Harmer, R.E., Kerr, A., 1989. Isotope and geochemical constraints on Proterozoic crustal evolution in South-Eastern Africa. Precambrian Research 45, 159-174.
59. Fey, P., Broderick, T.J., 1990. Explanation of the geological map of the country east of Makuti, Hurungwe District. Zimbabwe Geological Survey Short Report 47, pp 84.
60. 39Ar age spectrum methods. Geological Society South Africa Special Publication 13, 247-266.
61. Fraser, G., Ellis, D.J., Eggins, S., 1996. Zircon ages from high-grade metamorphic rocks: Progress towards a more rigorous interpretation. In: Abstracts, Evolution of Metamorphic Belts. Melbourne, Australia. Geological Society Australia Abstracts 42, p 24.
62. Gerards, J., Ledent, D. 1976. Les rehomogeneisations isotopiques d'âge lufilien dans les granites du Rwanda. Rapport Annuel Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Tervuren (Belgique), Departement de géologie et de meneralogie. 1975, 91-103.
63. Goscombe, B., Armstrong, R., Barton, J.M., 1996. Tectonothermal evolution of high-grade basement incorporated within metamorphic belts: Proterozoic Zambezi Mobile Belt and the eastern Himalaya modern analog. In: Abstracts, Evolution of Metamorphic Belts Melbourne, Australia. Geological Society Australia Abstracts 42, p 25.
64. Goscombe, B., Armstrong, R., Barton, J.M. 1997. Partial reequilibration of high-grade basement during the Zambezi/Mozambique orogeny and new SHRIMP data from the Chewore Inliers, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe. p 16
65. Goscombe, B., Armstrong, R., Barton, J.M., 1998. Tectonometamorphic evolution of the Chewore Inliers: Partial re-equilibration of high-grade basement during the Pan-African Orogeny. Journal Petrology 39(7).
66. Goscombe, B., Fey, P., Both, F., 1994. Structural evolution of the Chewore Inliers, Zambezi Mobile Belt, Zimbabwe. Journal African Earth Sciences 19, 199-224.
67. Goscombe, B., Trouw, R., 1998. The geometry of folded tectonic shear sense. Journal Structural Geology (submitted).
68. Graham, C.M., Powell, R., 1984. A garnet-hornblende geothermometer: Calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California. Journal Metamorphic Geology 2, 13-31.
69. Grant, J.A., 1985. Phase equilibria in partial melting of pelitic rocks. In: Ashworth, J.R. (Ed.) Migmatites. Blackie, London. pp 86-144.
70. Grantham, G.H., Thomas, R.J., Mendonides, P. 1993. Comparison of P-T-t loops from east Africa, east Antarctica and Southeastern Africa. In: Abstracts, International Geological Correlation Program Project (IGCP 348) Field Meeting in Zambia pp 13.
71. Grantham, G.H., Thomas, R.J., Mendonidis, P. 1994. Contrasting P-T-t loops from Southern East Africa, Natal and East Antarctica. Journal African Earth Sciences 19, 225-235.
72. Haack, U., Hoffer, E., 1976. K/Ar ages of biotites from the Damara-Orogen, Namibia. Transactions Geological Society South Africa 79, 213-216.
73. 18O data. In: Martin, H., Eder, F.W. (Eds.) Intracontinental Fold Belts, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 848-872.
74. Hahn, L., Höhndorf, A., Kruezer, H., Resch, M., 1992. New geochronological data from the Zimbabwe Craton. Geologisches Jahrbuch. 522-552.
75. Hanson, R.E., Wilson, T.J., Brueckner, H.K., Onstott, T.C., Wardlaw, M.S., Johns, C.C., Hardcastle, K.C., 1988b. Reconnaissance geochronology, tectonothermal evolution, and regional significance of the middle proterozoic Choma-Kalomo Block, Southern Zambia. Precambrian Research 42, 39-61.
76. Hanson, R.E., Wilson, T.J., Munyanyiwa, H., 1994. Geological evolution of the Neoproterozoic Zambezi Orogenic Belt in Zambia. Journal African Earth Sciences, 18, 135-150.
77. Hanson, R.E., Wilson, T.J., Wardlow, M.S., 1988a. Deformed batholiths in the Pan-African Zambezi belt, Zambia: Age and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics. Geology 16, 1134-1137.
78. Harley, S. L. 1992. Proterozoic granulite terranes. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.) Proterozoic Crustal Evolution, Developments in Precambrian Geology 10, Elsevier, pp 301-359.
79. Haslam, H. W., Brewer, M. S., Darbyshire, D. P. F. and Davis, A. E. 1983. Irumide and post-Mozambiquian plutonism in Malawi. Geological Magazine 120, 21-35.
80. Haslam, H.W., Rundle, C.C., Brewer, M.S., 1986. Rb-Sr studies of metamorphic and igneous event in eastern Zambia. Journal of African Earth Sciences 5, 447-453.
81. Hegenberger, W., Burger, A.J., 1985. The Oorlogsende Porphyry Member, Namibia: Its age and regional setting. Communications Geological Survey Namibia 1, 23-29.
82. Hoal, B.G., Heaman, L.M., 1995. The Sinclair Sequence: U-Pb age constraints from the Awasib Mountain area. Communications Geological Survey Namibia 10, 83-92.
83. Hoal, B.G., Harmer, R.E, Eglington, B.M., 1989. Isotopic evolution of the Middle to Late Proterozoic Awasib Mountain terrain in Southern Namibia. Precambrian Research 45, 175-189.
84. Hoffman, P.F., Hawkins, D.P., Isachsen, C.E., Bowring, S.A., 1996. Precise U-Pb zircon ages for early Damaran magmatism in the Summas Mountains and Welwitschia Inlier, northern Damara belt, Namibia. Communications Geological Survey Namibia 11, 47-52.
85. Holdaway, M.J., 1971. Stability of andalusite and the alumino-silicate phase diagram. American Journal of Science 271, 97-131.
86. Hugo, P.J., Schalk, K.E.L., 1972. The isotopic ages of certain granites and acid lavas in the Rehoboth and Maltahohe districts, South West Africa. Annals Geological Survey South Africa 9, 103-105.
87. Jackson, M.P.A., 1976. High-grade metamorphism and migmatization of the Namaqua metamorphic complex around Aus in the Southern Namib Desert, South West Africa. Chamber of Mines Precambrian Research Unit, Bulletin 18, 120-299.
88. Jackson, C., Harris, P.D., Armstrong, R.A. and Fanning, C.M., 1997. The tectonic framework of the mesoneoproterozoic Kirwanveggen Terrain, Maud orogenic province, Antarctica: Recent insights from shrimp U-Pb zircon geochronology. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, pp 23-24.
89. Jacobs, J., Falter, M., Thomas, R. J., Kunz, J. and Jebberger, E. K. 1997. 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological constraints on the structural evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Natal Metamorphic Province, SE Africa. Precambrian Research 86, 71-92.
90. Johns, C. C., Liyungu, K., Mabuku, G., Mwale, G., Sakungo, F., Tembo, D. and Vallance, G. 1989. The stratigraphic and structural framework of eastern Zambia: Results of a geotraverse. Journal African Earth Science 9, 123-136.
91. Johnson, S.P., Oliver, G.J.H. 1997. Relict 1.4 Ga oceanic crust in the Zambezi valley. Northern Zimbabwe: Evidence for mid-Proterozoic fragmentation. Abstract in program and poster. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe pp 22. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe.
92. Johnson, S.P., Oliver, G.J.H., Williams, I.S., 1996. Evidence for early Grenvillian Oceanic crust and suture zone in the Zambezi valley of Northern Zimbabwe. In: Abstracts, Tectonic Studies Group Meeting, Birmingham, December 1996 p. 25.
93. Jourde, G., Wolff, J.P., 1974. Geologie et Mineralisation des Degrès Carrés 13-39,40; 14-37,38,39,40; 15-36; 15-39,40; 16-39,40. 11 Cartas 1;250000 com Noticias Explicativas. Open-file Report BRGM, Instituto Nacional de Geologia, Maputo.
94. Kamona, A. F. 1993. Mineralization types in the Mozambique Belt of eastern Zambia. Journal African Earth Science 19, 237-243.
95. Kampunzu, A.B., 1997. The Kibaran orogenic cycle (ca 1400-1000 Ma): Review and new perspectives in the framework of Rodinia reconstruction. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, p 25.
96. Kampunzu, A.B., Cailteux, J., 1997. Tectonic evolution of the Lufilian Arc (Central Africa copperbelt) during the Neoproterozoic Pan African Orogenisis. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, pp 25-26.
97. Kasch, K.W., 1983. Regional P-T variations in the Damara Orogen with particular reference to early high-pressure metamorphism along the southern margin. In: Miller R.Mc.G. (Ed.), Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia Special Publication 11, Geological Society South Africa, pp 243-253.
98. Kemp, J., 1973. The Precambrian Geology of Two Areas in Malawi: Its Significance for the Mozambique and Ubendian Belts. Ph.D. dissertation, Leeds University, UK.
99. Kohn, M.J., Spear, F.S., 1990. Two new geobarometers for garnet amphibolites, with applications to southeastern Vermont. American Mineralogist 75, 89-96.
100. Kröner, A., 1975. Late precambrian formations in the western Richtersveld, Northern Cape Province. Transactions Royal Society South Africa 41, 375-433.
101. Kröner, A., 1980, Pan African crustal evolution. Episodes. 1980/2, 3-5.
102. Kröner, A., 1982. Rb-Sr geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Pan-African belt of Namibia. American Journal Science 282, 1471-1507.
103. Kröner, A., Sacchi, R., Jaeckel, P., Costa, M. 1997. Kibaran magmatism and Pan-African granulite metamorphism in Northern Mozambique: Single zircon ages and regional implications. Journal African Earth Science 25, 467-484.
104. Ledent, D., 1979. Resultats U:Pb et Rb:Sr obtenus sur des gneiss anterieurs au Burundien au Rwanda et au Burundi. Rapport Annuel Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale Tervuren (Belgique), Departement de géologie et de meneralogie. 1978, 97-99.
105. Loney, P.E., 1969. The Geology of the Kariba District, Rhodesia, with Special Reference to Geochronology and Amphibole Petrochemistry. Ph. D. dissertation. Leeds University, U.K.
106. Lulin, J.M., 1984. Un Nouveau Dite a Nb, Ta, U, REE d'Origine Magmatique en Afrique Orientale: Le Complexe Alcalin Tectonisé de Meponda, Précambrien, Prov. de Niassa, Mozambique. Ph.D. dissertation. University Orleans, France.
107. Maboko, M.A.H, Boelrijk, N.A.I.M., Priem, H.N.A, Verdurmen, E.A.Th., 1985. Zircon U-Pb and biotite Rb-Sr dating of the Wami River Granulites, eastern Granulites, Tanzania. Precambrian Research 30, 361-378.
108. Manton, W.I., Siedner, G., 1967. Age of the Paresis Complex, South West Africa. Nature 216, 1197-1198.
109. Master, S., 1991. Early Proterozoic stratabound sediment-hosted Cu-Ag-Au-Pt-Pd-U mineralisation at Mangula Mine, Zimbabwe. In: Abstracts, First International Symposium on the Geology and Mineral Resources of the Central and Southern African Subcontinent. Lubumbashi, Zaire.
110. Miller, R.Mc.G., 1983. The Pan-African Damara Orogen of Namibia. In: Miller R.Mc.G. (Ed.), Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia, Special Publication 11, Geological Society South Africa, pp 431-515.
111. Miller, R.Mc.G., Burger, A.J., 1983. U-Pb zircon age of the early Damaran Naauwpoort Formation. In: Miller R.Mc.G. (Ed.) Evolution of the Damara Orogen of South West Africa/Namibia, Special Publication 11, Geological Society South Africa, pp 267-272.
112. Miller R.Mc.G., Schalk K.E.L., 1980. Geological Map of Namibia, Geological Survey Namibia, Scale 1:1000000.
113. Milner, S.C., Le Roex, A.P., Watkins, R.T., 1993. Rb-Sr age determinations of rocks from the Okenyenya igneous complex, northwestern Namibia. Geological Magazine 130, 335-343.
114. Möller, A., Appel, P., Mezger, K., Schenk, V., 1996. High-pressure granulite metamorphism prior to continental collision: P-T-t history of the Pan-African Belt in eastern Tanzania. In: Abstracts, Evolution of Metamorphic Belts Melbourne, Australia. Geological Society Australia Abstracts 42, pp 36-37.
115. Muhongo, S., 1993. The Proterozoic granulite terrains in eastern Tanzania: Deformation, metamorphism and geochronology. In: Abstracts, International Geological Correlation Program Project 348 (IGCP 348), Zambia pp. 34-40.
116. Munyanyiwa H., Blenkinsop T.G., 1993. The relationship between Magondi Mobile Belt (Ubendian) and the Zambezi Mobile Belt (Pan-African) in Northern Zimbabwe. In: Abstracts, 16th Colloquium of African Geology. Geological Survey and Mines Swaziland pp 224-226.
117. Munyanyiwa, H., Hanson, R.E., Blenkinsop, T.G., Treloar, P.J., 1997. Geochemistry of amphibolites and quartzofeldspathic gneisses in the Pan-African Zambezi Belt, northwest Zimbabwe: Evidence for bimodal magmatism in a continental rift setting. Precambrian Research 81, 179-196.
118. Naeser, C.W., Faul, H., 1969. Fission track annealing in apatite and sphene. Journal Geophysical Research 74, 705-710.
119. N'gambi, O., Boelrijk, N.A.I.M., Priem, H.N.A., 1986. Geochronology of the Mkushi Gneiss Complex, central Zambia. Precambrian Research 32, 279-295.
120. Noble, W.P., 1998. Post Pan-African Tetonothermal Evolution of Eastern Africa: A Fission Track Study. PhD Thesis (unpubl.), Latrobe University.
121. Noble, W.P., Foster, D.A., Gleadow A.J.W., 1993. Apatite fission track thermochronology of the Ulugura Mountains, Eastern Tanzania. In: Abstracts, International Geological Correlation Program 348 (IGCP 348), Zambia.
122. Nyamai, C.M., Opiyo-Akech, N., Gaciri, S.J., 1997. Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonomagmatic affinities of the Mozambique Belt intrusive rocks in Matuu-Masinga Area, Central Kenya. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, pp 37-38
123. Oliver, G.J.H., Johnson, S.P., Williams, I.S., Herd, D.A. 1998. Relict 1.4 Ga oceanic crust in the Zambezi Valley, Northern Zimbabwe: Evidence for Mesoproterozoic supercontinental fragmentation. Geology 26, 571-573.
124. Paces, J.B., Miller, J.D., 1989. Precise U-Pb ages of Duluth Complex and related mafic intrusions, Northeastern Minnesota: Geochronological insights to physical, petrogenic, paleomagnetic and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga midcontinent rift system. Journal Geophysical Research 98B, 13997-14013.
125. Pfurr, N., Ahrendt, H., Hansen, B.T., Weber, K., 1991. U-Pb and Rb-Sr isotopic study of granitic gneisses and associated metavolcanic rocks from the Rostock massifs, southern margin of the Damara Orogen: Implications for lithostratigraphy of this crustal segment. Communications Geological Survey Namibia 7, 35-48.
126. Pinna, P., 1983. On the dual nature of the Mozambique Belt, Mozambique to Kenya. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium of African Geology. Geological Survey and Mines Swaziland, pp, 283-285.
127. Pinna, P., Jourde, G., Calvez, J.Y., Mroz, J.P., Marques, J.M., 1993. The Mozambique Belt in Northern Mozambique: Neoproterozoic (1100-850 Ma) crustal growth and tectogenesis, and superimposed Pan-African (800-550 Ma) tectonism. Precambrian Research. 62, 1-59.
128. Piper, D.P., 1996. The Geotectonic Evolution of the Crystalline Rocks of Central Malawi. Ph.D. dissertation, Aberystwyth University of Wales., UK.
129. Piper, D.P., Fitches, W.R., 1997. 1000 Ma magmatism in Central Malawi: A transition from Arc to intraplate plutonism. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, pp. 40.
130. Pires C.C., Ferreira M.P., 1993. A tectonometamorphic and geochronological picture for some units of the Limpopo and Mozambique Belts superimposed in central Mozambique. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium of African Geology. Geological Survey and Mines Swaziland, pp. 286-288.
131. Powell, R., Holland, T.J.B., 1988. An internally consistent dataset with uncertainties and correlations: 3. Applications to geobarometry, worked examples and a computer program. Journal Metamorphic Geology 6, 173-204.
132. 2O). American Mineralogist. 75, 367-380.
133. Purdy, J.W., Jager, E. 1976. K-Ar ages on rock forming minerals from the Central Alps. Memorie Istituto Geologia Mineralogia, Padova 300.
134. Ramsay, C.R., Ridgeway, J., 1977. Metamorphic patterns in Zambia and their bearing on problems of Zambian tectonic history. Precambrian Research 4, 321-337.
135. Reid, D.L., Malling, S., Allsopp, H.L., 1988. Rb-Sr ages of granitoids in the Rehoboth-Nauchas area, Namibia. Communications Geological Survey Namibia 4, 19-27.
136. Reid, D.L, Ransome, I.G.D., Onstott, T.C., Adams, C.J., 1991. Time of emplacement and metamorphism of Late Precambrian mafic dykes associated with the Pan-African Gariep orogeny, Southern Africa: Implications for the age of the Nama Group. Journal African Earth Sciences 13, 531-541.
137. Reid, D.L., Welke, H.J., Erlank, A.J., Betton, J., 1987. Composition, age and tectonic setting of amphibolites in the central Bushmanland Group, western Namaqua Province, Southern Africa. Precambrian Research 36, 99-126.
138. Ring, U., Kroner, A., Toulkeridis, T. 1993. The geodynamic evolution of the Proterozoic mobile belts of Northern Malawi and Southern Tanzania. In: Abstracts, 16th Colloquium of African Geology. Geological Survey and Mines Swaziland pp 297-298.
139. Roddick, J.C., van Breemen, O., 1994. U-Pb zircon dating: A comparison of ion microprobe and single grain conventional analyses. In: Radiogenic Age Isotopic Studies pp 1-9. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 1994-F, Report 8.
140. Sandiford, M. and Powell, R. 1986. Deep crustal metamorphism during continental extension: Modern and ancient examples. Earth Planetary Science Letters 79, 151-158.
141. Schenk, V., Möller, A., Appel, P., Muhongo, S. 1993a. Metamorphic conditions and the P-T path of high-pressure rocks from the Usagaran Mountains in Tanzania. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Swaziland pp 311-313.
142. Schenk, V., Möller, A., Appel, P., Muhongo, S. 1993b. Metamorphic conditions and the P-T path of high pressure rocks from the Usagaran Mountains in Tanzania. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Swaziland pp 314-316.
143. Schwartz, M.O., Kwok, Y.Y., Davis, D.W., Akanyang, P., 1996. Geology, geochronology and regional correlation of the Ghanzi Ridge, Botswana. South African Journal Geology 99, 245-250.
144. Shibata, K., 1975. Preliminary geochronological study on metamorphic rocks from Taita Hills, Southern Kenya. First Preliminary Report on African Studies Department Earth Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan, 72-75.
145. Siedner, G., Mitchell, J.G., 1976. Episodic Mesozoic volcanism in Namibia and Brazil: A K-Ar isochron study bearing on the opening of the south Atlantic. Earth Planetary Science Letters 30, 292-302.
146. Sithole, T.A., Dirks, P.G.H.M., Passchier, C.W., 1997. The Makuti Group - A Neoproterozoic Supracrustal sequence or crustal scale shear zone within the Zambezi Mobile Belt?. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe. pp 46-47.
147. Snelling, N.J., 1963. Age determination unit. Annual Report Overseas Geological Survey London (1962), pp 30-39.
148. Snelling, N.J., 1965. Age determination unit. Annual Report Overseas Geological Survey London (1964), pp 28-38.
149. Snelling, N.J., Hamilton, E.I., Drysdall, A.R., Stillman, C.J., 1964. A review of age determinations from Northern Rhodesia. Economic Geology 59, 961-981.
150. Snelling, N.J., Johnson, R.L., Drysdall, A.R., 1972. The geochronology of Zambia. Records Geological Survey Zambia 12, 19-30.
151. Spear, F.S., 1981. Amphibole-plagioclase equilibria: An empirical model for the relation albite + tremolite = edenite + 4 quartz. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 77, 355-364.
152. Spooner, C.M., Hepworth, J.V., Fairbairn, H.W., 1970. Whole rock Rb-Sr isotopic investigation of some East African granulites. Geological Magazine 107, 511-521.
153. Stagman, J.G., 1962. The geology of Southern Urungwe district. Bulletin Geological Survey South Rhodesia 55.
154. Steiger, R.H., Jager, E., 1977. Subcommission on geochronology: Convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36, 359-362.
155. Stowe, C.W., Hartnady, C.J.H., Joubert, P., 1984. Proterozoic tectonic provinces of Southern Africa. Precambrian Research 25, 229-231.
156. Tack, L., Deblond, A., Duchesne, J.C., Liègeois, J.P., 1997. The Kibaran type belt of central and eastern Africa: Constraints and models. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, p 48.
157. Tack, L., Duchese, J.C., Liègeois, J.P., Deblond, A., 1993. Two successive mantle-derived A-type granitoids in Burundi: Kibaran late-orogenic extensional collapse and lateral shear along the edge of the Tanzanian Craton. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Swaziland pp 353-355.
158. Tera, F., Wasserburg, G.J., 1972. U-Th-Pb systematics in three Apollo 14 basalts and the problem of initial Pb in lunar rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 14, 281-304.
159. Thomas, R.J., 1993. Magmatic evolution of the Mzumbe and Margate terranes. Natal metamorphic province. In: Abstracts 16th Colloquium on African Geology, Swaziland pp 342-344.
160. Thomas, R.J., Eglington, B.M., Kerr, A., 1990. The geology and geochronology of the Belmont pluton and microgranite dykes from the Margate area - The search for Pan-African magmatism in Southern Natal. South African Journal Geology 93, 766-775.
161. 39Ar dating of the Natal Group, Southeast Africa: A post Pan-African Molasse. Journal African Earth Sciences 15, 453-471.
162. Thomas, R.J., Grantham, G.H., Mendonidis, P., 1993. The Proterozoic granulites of Natal, South Africa. In: Abstracts, International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP 348) Field Meeting in Zambia pp 41-44.
163. Thomas, R.J., Cornell, D.H., Moore, J.M., Jacobs, J., 1994. Crustal evolution of the Namaqua-Natal metamorphic province, Southern Africa. Southern African Journal Geology 97, 8-14.
164. Treloar, P.J., Kramers, J.D., 1989. Metamorphism and geochronology of granulites and migmatitic granulites from the Magondi Mobile Belt, Zimbabwe. Precambrian Research 45, 277-289.
165. Vail, J.R., 1965. An outline of the geochronology of the late Precambrian formations of eastern central Africa. Proceedings Royal Society London A284, 354-369.
166. Vail, J.R., Dodson, M.H., 1969. Geochronology of Rhodesia. Transactions Geological Society South Africa 72, 79-113.
167. Vail, J.R., Snelling, N.J., 1971. Isotopic age measurements for the Zambezi orogenic belt and the Urungwe Klippe, Rhodesia. Geologische Rundschau 60, 619-630.
168. Vail, J.R., Snelling, N.J., Rex, D.C., 1968. Pre-Katangan geochronology of Zambia and adjacent parts of Central Africa. Canadian Journal Earth Science 5, 621-628.
169. Van Niekerk, C.B., Burger, A.J., 1969. The uranium-lead isotopic dating of South African lavas. Bulletin Volcanologique 32, 481-498.
170. Vinyu, M.L., Jelsma, H.A., 1997. The Zambezi Belt in NE Zimbabwe: The geology of the Rushinga area. In: Geological Society of Zimbabwe Field Trip No. 6., Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe. Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe.
171. Vinyu, M.L., Martin, M.W., Bowring, S., Hanson, R., Jelsma, H.A., Dirks, P., 1997. Tectonothermal evolution of the polymetamorphic Zambezi belt in NE Zimbabwe: Constrains from U-Pb single grain zircon data. In: Abstract Volume, Intraplate Magmatism and Tectonics of Southern Africa and the 17th Colloquium on African Geology, Harare, Zimbabwe, Geological Society of Zimbabwe and Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, p52.
172. Vrana, S., Prasad, R., Fediukova, E., 1975. Metamorphic kyanite eclogites in the Lufilian Arc of Zambia. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 51, 139-160.
173. Wagner, G.A., Reimer, G.M., Jaeger, E., 1977. Cooling ages derived by apatite fission track, mica Rb-Sr and K-Ar dating: The uplift and cooling history of the Central Alps. Memorie Degli Istituto Geologia Mineralogia, Padova 300.
174. Waters, D.J., 1990. Thermal history and tectonic setting of the Namaqualand granulites. Southern Africa: Clues to Proterozoic crustal development. In: Vielzeuf, D., Vidal, Ph. (Eds.) Granulites and Crustal Evolution Kluwer, Dordrecht. pp 243-256.
175. Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L. And Chappell, B.W. 1987. A-type granites: Geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 95, 407-419.
176. Wickham, S.M., Oxburgh, E.R., 1985. Continental rifts as a setting for regional metamorphism. Nature 318, 330-333.
177. Williams, I.S., Claesson, S., 1987. Isotopic evidence for the Precambrian provenance and Caledonian metamorphism of high grade paragneisses from the Seve Nappes, Scandinavian Caledonides. II. Ion microprobe zircon U-Th-Pb. Contributions Mineralogy Petrology 97, 205-217.
178. Willner, A.P., 1995. Pressure-temperature evolution of a low-pressure amphibolite facies terrane in central Bushmanland (Namaqua Mobile Belt; South Africa). Communications Geological Survey Namibia 10, 5-20.
179. Wilson, T.J., Hanson, R.E., Wardlaw, M.S., 1993. Late Proterozoic evolution of the Zambezi belt, Zambia: Implications for regional Pan-African tectonics and shear displacements in Gondwana. In: Findlay, R.H., Unrug, R., Banks, M.R., Veevers, J.J. (Eds.) Gondwana Eight Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 69-79.
180. York, D., 1966. Least squares fitting of a straight line. Canadian Journal Earth Sciences 44, 1079-1086.