Havelock Ellis, Eonism and the patient's discourse; or, writing a book about sex

History of Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue 42, 2000, Pages 125-154

  Crozier, Ivan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BOOK; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; HISTORY; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED KINGDOM; WRITING;

BOOKS; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; WRITING;

EID: 0034202562     PISSN: 0957154X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0957154X0001104201     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. John Forrester, 'If p, then what? Thinking in cases', History of the Human Sciences, xi (3) (1996), 1-25.
2. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
3. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
4. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
5. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
6. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
7. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
8. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
9. See, for some examples of the history of sexology, Vern Bullough, Sex, Society and History (New York, 1976); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London, 1981); L. A. Hall, 'From Self Preservation to Love Without Fear, medical and lay writers of sex advice from William Acton to Eustace Chesser', Bulletin for the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1986), 20-3; Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desires (Ithaca NY, 1988); Gen Hekma, 'A history of sexology: social and historical aspects of sexuality', in Jan Bremmer, From Sappho to De Sade: Moments in the History of Sexuality (New York, 1989), 173-93; Vern Bullough, Science in the Bedroom (New York, 1994); Roy Porter and Lesley Hall, The Facts of Life (New Haven, CT, 1995); Jonathan Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995). This list is far from exhaustive.
10. Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, 1990); idem, Dispatches from the Freud Wars (Cambridge, MA, 1997).
11. Forrester, The Seductions of Psychoanalysis (Cambridge, 1990); idem, Dispatches from the Freud Wars (Cambridge, MA, 1997).
12. Forrester, 'If p, then what? Thinking in cases', 3-4; idem, Seductions of Psychoanalysis, 11. Another appropriate work which considers the doctor/patient relationship in clinical medicine in terms of case histories is Kathryn Montgomery Hunter, Doctor's Stories (Princeton, 1991).
13. Forrester, 'If p, then what? Thinking in cases', 3-4; idem, Seductions of Psychoanalysis, 11. Another appropriate work which considers the doctor/patient relationship in clinical medicine in terms of case histories is Kathryn Montgomery Hunter, Doctor's Stories (Princeton, 1991).
14. Forrester, 'If p, then what? Thinking in cases', 3-4; idem, Seductions of Psychoanalysis, 11. Another appropriate work which considers the doctor/patient relationship in clinical medicine in terms of case histories is Kathryn Montgomery Hunter, Doctor's Stories (Princeton, 1991).
15. Foucault, M., Discipline and Punish (Harmondsworth, 1991), 191-2.
16. Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol. 7, Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies (Philadelphia, 1928). I am using the 1936 four volume collection of Studies in the Psychology of Sex published by Random House, NY. This edition was neither revised nor repaginated. When I refer to Eonism, I mean the first chapter of this work, pp. 1-110. Ellis devised the term Eonism to categorize people who either dress up in the clothes of the opposite gender, or maintain the psychological state of wishing to be a member of the opposite gender. The name was derived from the Chevalier d'Éon, a famous cross-dresser. Nowadays it is referred to as transvestism.
17. Cf., Ellis's 'History of Florrie and the Mechanism of Sexual Deviation', chapter three of Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies, where Ellis re-wrote the case material from Florae's letters, thus reducing the autobiographical content of this work. 'Florrie' herself commended Ellis on his reconstruction after it appeared; see British Library Add MS 70539, 'Florrie' to Ellis, 24/7/1921, where she wrote 'I think it is perfectly marvellous how you have done this, + I know it was all so mixed up in my letters, + you have managed to produce order out of chaos.' Florrie's case is one of the few where we can get direct access to what Ellis did with the contributions from people with sexual peculiarities in his sexological writings. Generally, Ellis included a good many quotations from the letters of his subjects, although as we shall see in the discussion below relating to the obtaining of accounts for Sexual Inversion, these letters were entirely rewritten by Ellis, usually to protect identity, as homosexual acts were illegal when this work was written. Further, it should be noted that Ellis relied heavily on the patient's contribution, something which should be considered as typical of the mode of practice of the field of sexology, which was somewhat different to regular medical practice. Kathryn Hunter, Doctor's Stories, describes this 'double narrative' structure in terms of clinical medicine. Also, sexology differed from regular medicine in that it drew heavily on other ethnological, anthropological, biological, zoological and historical studies, as well as those in its own field.
18. However, other sexologists, such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing, did use a certain amount of autobiographical material, especially in the later editions of his Psychopathia Sexualis. On this issue a contemporary, Marc Raffalovich, 'Uranism, congenital sexual inversion: observations and recommendation', trans. C. Judson Herrick, Journal of Comparative Neurology, v (1895), 33-65, wrote, 'Krafft-Ebing seems to me to put too much confidence in the protestations of his patients', 38. Raffalovich also stated that 'the tales and confessions of inverts are ... worthy of little credence. Inverts, as I have said before and shall repeat again, are liars, and in speaking of their childhood they seek to exculpate themselves or to make themselves interesting by virtue of their passion and ignominy', 46. For an important discussion of Krafft-Ebing's use of these autobiographical accounts (but one with a different focus to that of this essay), see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature:" psychiatry and the making of homosexual identity,' in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities (London and New York, 1997), 67-89; see also Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Gert Hekma, in 'A female soul in a male body' (in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York, Zone, 1994)), looks at the difference between medical ideas of homosexuality and real lives of inverts, finding that 'very few men led life in the manner described by the German physicians Fränkel and Westphal', 233.
19. However, other sexologists, such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing, did use a certain amount of autobiographical material, especially in the later editions of his Psychopathia Sexualis. On this issue a contemporary, Marc Raffalovich, 'Uranism, congenital sexual inversion: observations and recommendation', trans. C. Judson Herrick, Journal of Comparative Neurology, v (1895), 33-65, wrote, 'Krafft-Ebing seems to me to put too much confidence in the protestations of his patients', 38. Raffalovich also stated that 'the tales and confessions of inverts are ... worthy of little credence. Inverts, as I have said before and shall repeat again, are liars, and in speaking of their childhood they seek to exculpate themselves or to make themselves interesting by virtue of their passion and ignominy', 46. For an important discussion of Krafft-Ebing's use of these autobiographical accounts (but one with a different focus to that of this essay), see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature:" psychiatry and the making of homosexual identity,' in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities (London and New York, 1997), 67-89; see also Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Gert Hekma, in 'A female soul in a male body' (in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York, Zone, 1994)), looks at the difference between medical ideas of homosexuality and real lives of inverts, finding that 'very few men led life in the manner described by the German physicians Fränkel and Westphal', 233.
20. However, other sexologists, such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing, did use a certain amount of autobiographical material, especially in the later editions of his Psychopathia Sexualis. On this issue a contemporary, Marc Raffalovich, 'Uranism, congenital sexual inversion: observations and recommendation', trans. C. Judson Herrick, Journal of Comparative Neurology, v (1895), 33-65, wrote, 'Krafft-Ebing seems to me to put too much confidence in the protestations of his patients', 38. Raffalovich also stated that 'the tales and confessions of inverts are ... worthy of little credence. Inverts, as I have said before and shall repeat again, are liars, and in speaking of their childhood they seek to exculpate themselves or to make themselves interesting by virtue of their passion and ignominy', 46. For an important discussion of Krafft-Ebing's use of these autobiographical accounts (but one with a different focus to that of this essay), see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature:" psychiatry and the making of homosexual identity,' in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities (London and New York, 1997), 67-89; see also Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Gert Hekma, in 'A female soul in a male body' (in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York, Zone, 1994)), looks at the difference between medical ideas of homosexuality and real lives of inverts, finding that 'very few men led life in the manner described by the German physicians Fränkel and Westphal', 233.
21. However, other sexologists, such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing, did use a certain amount of autobiographical material, especially in the later editions of his Psychopathia Sexualis. On this issue a contemporary, Marc Raffalovich, 'Uranism, congenital sexual inversion: observations and recommendation', trans. C. Judson Herrick, Journal of Comparative Neurology, v (1895), 33-65, wrote, 'Krafft-Ebing seems to me to put too much confidence in the protestations of his patients', 38. Raffalovich also stated that 'the tales and confessions of inverts are ... worthy of little credence. Inverts, as I have said before and shall repeat again, are liars, and in speaking of their childhood they seek to exculpate themselves or to make themselves interesting by virtue of their passion and ignominy', 46. For an important discussion of Krafft-Ebing's use of these autobiographical accounts (but one with a different focus to that of this essay), see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature:" psychiatry and the making of homosexual identity,' in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities (London and New York, 1997), 67-89; see also Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Gert Hekma, in 'A female soul in a male body' (in Gilbert Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York, Zone, 1994)), looks at the difference between medical ideas of homosexuality and real lives of inverts, finding that 'very few men led life in the manner described by the German physicians Fränkel and Westphal', 233.
22. The use of this pronoun relates to the cases being studied here, where all contributions are from male Eonists.
23. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
24. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
25. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
26. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
27. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
28. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
29. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
30. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
31. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
32. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
33. The common way to consider the issue of the patient and his/her relationship to the hegemonic text is 'the history from below'. One of the earliest proponents of this type of historiography was Carlo Ginzburg, The Cheese and the Worms (London, 1980); idem, 'Witchcraft and popular piety: notes on a Modenese trial of 1519', in Ginzburg, Clues, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore and London, 1989), 1-17 and idem, The Night Battles (London, 1983). In the history of medicine, Barbara Duden performs a similar analysis to Ginzburg, based on a doctor's casebook (The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1991)). Roy and Dorothy Porter pioneered this approach in In Sickness and in Health (New York, 1988) and Patient's Progress: Doctors and Doctoring in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford, 1989), following the axiomatic programme set out by Roy Porter in 'The patient's view: doing the history of medicine from below', Theory and Society, xiv (1985), 175-98. In the history of sexology, attention to the patients' discourses comes from Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step Children of Nature"'; Alice D. Dreger, 'Hermaphrodites in love: the truth of the gonads', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 46-66; and Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, ch.2. Also of particular interest in the capacity of reading a case history in one of Ellis's texts is Joy Dixon, 'Sexology and the occult: sexuality and subjectivity in theosophy's new age', Journal of the History of Sexuality, vii (3) (1997), 409-33. Dixon uses the discourses of T.S. (a different one to the T.S. analysed below), which Ellis included in Sexual Inversion, to argue for the place of spirituality in sexuality, especially in terms of Theosophical thinking; see esp. 409-14.
34. 'Normal practice' here denotes the non-revolutionary, even routine, varieties of action as found in a field of discourse. It is developed from Barry Barnes's work on Thomas Kuhn (see T. S. Kuhn and Social Science (London, 1982)). This is akin to understanding the 'grammar' of a discursive field, as conceived by Foucault, Archaeology of Knowledge (New York, 1972).
35. 'Normal practice' here denotes the non-revolutionary, even routine, varieties of action as found in a field of discourse. It is developed from Barry Barnes's work on Thomas Kuhn (see T. S. Kuhn and Social Science (London, 1982)). This is akin to understanding the 'grammar' of a discursive field, as conceived by Foucault, Archaeology of Knowledge (New York, 1972).
36. Pierre Bourdieu developed the concept of 'symbolic capital', a useful heuristic for explaining the use of certain elements in a field, in 'The peculiar history of scientific reason', Sociological Forum, ix (1991), 3-26; and idem, 'The specificity of a scientific field and the social conditions for the progress of reason', Social Sciences Information, xiv (6) (1975), 19-47.
37. Pierre Bourdieu developed the concept of 'symbolic capital', a useful heuristic for explaining the use of certain elements in a field, in 'The peculiar history of scientific reason', Sociological Forum, ix (1991), 3-26; and idem, 'The specificity of a scientific field and the social conditions for the progress of reason', Social Sciences Information, xiv (6) (1975), 19-47.
38. Certain sociologists of scientific knowledge, notably Steven Shapin, have produced some important work on the notion of credibility in science. See Shapin, 'Cordelia's love: credibility and the social studies of science', Perspectives on Science, iii (3) (1995), 255-75.
39. Schrenck-Notzing, A. von, Therapeutic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis (Pathological Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct) with Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, Trans. Charles G. Chaddock, (Philadelphia, PA, London, 1895), viii, italics in original.
40. As Ellis was using this same technique whilst writing the first English text-book on transvestism, he was perhaps following Schrenck-Notzing's approach more than he would have liked to admit. Ellis was highly critical of Schrenck-Notzing's approach to the question suggestion in the aetiology of inversion in the 1897 Sexual Inversion, written with J. A. Symonds, and in the 1897 and 1898 editions re-written without Symonds. By the third edition of Sexual Inversion (as Vol. 2 of Studies in the Psychology of Sex (Philadelphia, PA, 1915), Ellis had stopped considering Schrenck-Notzing's work as an important contribution for the understanding of homosexuality, and therefore stopped referring to him especially.
41. Symonds explained his intentions of co-authoring with Ellis in a letter to Arthur Symons (13/6/1892, in H. M. Schueller and R. L. Peters (eds), The Letters of John Addington Symonds, Vol. III, Detroit, 1969) which does much to undermine the analysis of the literary partnership between Ellis and Symonds presented by Wayne Koestenbaum, Double Talk: The Erotics of Male Literary Collaboration (1989). Here Koestenbaum suggests that Ellis was using Symonds's expertise more than the other way around, although Symonds - as his letter to Symons illustrates - had his own agenda as well. Besides, Ellis agrees that he would have written the text without Symonds anyway. See BL Add MS 70524, Ellis to Symonds, 18/6/1892.
42. Symonds explained his intentions of co-authoring with Ellis in a letter to Arthur Symons (13/6/1892, in H. M. Schueller and R. L. Peters (eds), The Letters of John Addington Symonds, Vol. III, Detroit, 1969) which does much to undermine the analysis of the literary partnership between Ellis and Symonds presented by Wayne Koestenbaum, Double Talk: The Erotics of Male Literary Collaboration (1989). Here Koestenbaum suggests that Ellis was using Symonds's expertise more than the other way around, although Symonds - as his letter to Symons illustrates - had his own agenda as well. Besides, Ellis agrees that he would have written the text without Symonds anyway. See BL Add MS 70524, Ellis to Symonds, 18/6/1892.
43. Symonds to Ellis, 20/6/1892, 693-4.
44. Symonds to Ellis, 12/2/1893,816-17.
45. Many other sexologists, notably Krafft-Ebing, Kiernan, Moll and Schrenck-Notzing were fortunate in being able to gain access to suitable cases from their positions of psychiatrists in asylums. Ellis did not have this access, and instead got cases from friends of his own, friends and acquaintances of theirs, and acquaintances of his lesbian wife, Edith Lees; see Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis (London, 1980).
46. Symonds to Ellis, 12/2/1893, 816-17. One should compare this with the methods of gaining material used later by Norman Haire. Cf Haire's 137 part questionnaire reprinted (with a few changes) in Magnus Hirschfeld, Sex in Human Relationships (London, 1935), 90-110 in MS form in Norman Haire Papers, Fisher Library, Univ. of Sydney, box 3: I am presently analysing the material in this collection. Additionally, Ellis asked Edward Carpenter to rewrite his contribution in terms of the set of questions which Symonds had used. See BL Add MS 70534, Ellis to Carpenter, 22/4/94. See also BL Add MS 70524, Ellis to Symonds, 18/1/93 and 19/2/93.
47. See particularly the ethnomethodological sociologists of scientific knowledge, especially Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, Frames of Meaning (London, 1982); and Steve Woolgar and Bruno Latour, Laboratory Life (Beverley Hills, CA, 1979).
48. See particularly the ethnomethodological sociologists of scientific knowledge, especially Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, Frames of Meaning (London, 1982); and Steve Woolgar and Bruno Latour, Laboratory Life (Beverley Hills, CA, 1979).
49. I am partially influenced by Lytton Strachey here, who wrote 'The most lasting utterances of a man are his studied writings; the least are his conversations. His letters hover midway between these two extremes.' Strachey, Characters and Commentaries (London, 1936), 3.
50. Symonds to Ellis, 22/2/1893, 820-1. All copies of this questionnaire have been lost.
51. Ellis to Haire, 19/6/23. Unless otherwise noted, all Ellis/Haire correspondence is held in the Norman Haire Papers, Rare Books Department, Fisher Library, University of Sydney.
52. Ellis to Haire, 3/5/25.
53. Haire to Ellis, 5/6/25.
54. Westphal ('Die conträre Sexualempfindung', Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankenheit, 1869), writes 'N., it is said, suffers since her eighth year, with a passion to love women, and, besides kissing and joking with them, to masturbate. She states that she has never had intercourse and never any inclination to it. Playing with them gave her such a sensual delight that she had actual orgasm. When a child she liked to play boys' games and dress like a boy. She had experienced sexual excitement since puberty in kissing girls.' However, Westphal did not differentiate between cross-dressing and the development of homosexuality (or, 'contrary sexual instinct'). Additionally, Westphal can be seen to apply the 'glossing over' of the original account (from a letter or an interview), of which I wrote above. Ellis also noted (Eonism, 8) that Westphal wrote about two cases of cross-dressing in Archiv für Psychologie, 1876.
55. Westphal ('Die conträre Sexualempfindung', Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankenheit, 1869), writes 'N., it is said, suffers since her eighth year, with a passion to love women, and, besides kissing and joking with them, to masturbate. She states that she has never had intercourse and never any inclination to it. Playing with them gave her such a sensual delight that she had actual orgasm. When a child she liked to play boys' games and dress like a boy. She had experienced sexual excitement since puberty in kissing girls.' However, Westphal did not differentiate between cross-dressing and the development of homosexuality (or, 'contrary sexual instinct'). Additionally, Westphal can be seen to apply the 'glossing over' of the original account (from a letter or an interview), of which I wrote above. Ellis also noted (Eonism, 8) that Westphal wrote about two cases of cross-dressing in Archiv für Psychologie, 1876.
56. See Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis. A number of cases of inversion in this text include the person's early desires to dress as members of the opposite sex. Actually, Krafft-Ebing did not, except in one case with which I deal below, include people whose sole sexual perversion was cross-dressing, whereas, in both homosexual men and women, he emphasized cross-dressing in the early development of this 'sexual anomaly'. Krafft-Ebing was not thinking about Eonism, but about the aetiology of homosexuality.
57. Ellis to Haire, 14/6/25.
58. Haire wrote to Ellis (12/1/1932), 'I enclose herewith a history of an Honist, as I remember that some time ago you told me that you would be interested to receive some. When I asked the patient to write his history, I suggested that he should do it in duplicate, so that I could let you have a copy, and I received them yesterday. In the last year I have come across a number of Eonists and it is quite possible that since you published your volume 7, you may have received a number of historys [sic] too. The patient is a very intelligent man and apparently completely heterosexual. He is very anxious to meet you, and if you would be interested enough to see him he would be delighted.' This is not, however, to suggest, that Haire was not interested in publishing schemes of his own. To Magnus Hirschfeld, Haire wrote: 'I read a paper on "transvestism" before the British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology last night - I believe it is the first time such a paper has ever been read in England, and when published it will be the first work in English except for a small number of references in Havelock Ellis's "Psychology of Sex". I did not, of course, forget to acknowledge my indebtedness to you and your writings.' Haire to Hirschfeld, 13/6/24. First work in England, perhaps, as Ellis had already told Haire of his paper in the American journal Alienist and Neurologist.
59. Cf Ellis's request to Haire for 'non-homosexual' cases.
60. Ellis, 'Sexo-aesthetic inversion', Alienist and Neurologist, xxiv (May and August, 1913), 156-67, pp.249-79; idem, 'Eonism', Medical Review of Reviews (1920), 3-12.
61. Ellis, 'Sexo-aesthetic inversion', Alienist and Neurologist, xxiv (May and August, 1913), 156-67, pp.249-79; idem, 'Eonism', Medical Review of Reviews (1920), 3-12.
62. Particularly, this sort of analysis would involve subjecting Ellis's discourses to the kinds of analysis offered by the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), or even by Bourdieuian 'field sociology'. In both cases, attention would be paid to the weighing of the symbolic capital afforded Ellis by his acceptance of certain resources gained from some writers, while at the same time he was able to criticize other authors by evaluating their work in terms of selected cases in the literature of the field. For SSK, see, for example, Latour and Woolgar, Laboratory Life, chapter 'Cycles of production'. Another important SSK-styled paper, but one with different aims, which deals with positioning rhetoric is Schuster and Yeo, 'Introduction', to Schuster and Yeo, The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method (Dordrecht, 1986). To consider the pedagogic elements of the field (as contained in the types of textbooks which Ellis was analysing) from an SSK perspective, see Barnes, T. S. Kuhn and Social Science. For 'field sociology', see Bourdieu, 'The specificity of a scientific field and the social conditions for the progress of reason' and 'The peculiar history of scientific reason'. In conjunction with these historiographical methods, I am (implicitly) suggesting that the work of Ellis should be considered as a part of the field of sexology, and should be analysed from the theoretical standpoints which the above 'field based' models afford. This matter will not, however, be thrashed out in the present paper.
63. Particularly, this sort of analysis would involve subjecting Ellis's discourses to the kinds of analysis offered by the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), or even by Bourdieuian 'field sociology'. In both cases, attention would be paid to the weighing of the symbolic capital afforded Ellis by his acceptance of certain resources gained from some writers, while at the same time he was able to criticize other authors by evaluating their work in terms of selected cases in the literature of the field. For SSK, see, for example, Latour and Woolgar, Laboratory Life, chapter 'Cycles of production'. Another important SSK-styled paper, but one with different aims, which deals with positioning rhetoric is Schuster and Yeo, 'Introduction', to Schuster and Yeo, The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method (Dordrecht, 1986). To consider the pedagogic elements of the field (as contained in the types of textbooks which Ellis was analysing) from an SSK perspective, see Barnes, T. S. Kuhn and Social Science. For 'field sociology', see Bourdieu, 'The specificity of a scientific field and the social conditions for the progress of reason' and 'The peculiar history of scientific reason'. In conjunction with these historiographical methods, I am (implicitly) suggesting that the work of Ellis should be considered as a part of the field of sexology, and should be analysed from the theoretical standpoints which the above 'field based' models afford. This matter will not, however, be thrashed out in the present paper.
64. Particularly, this sort of analysis would involve subjecting Ellis's discourses to the kinds of analysis offered by the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), or even by Bourdieuian 'field sociology'. In both cases, attention would be paid to the weighing of the symbolic capital afforded Ellis by his acceptance of certain resources gained from some writers, while at the same time he was able to criticize other authors by evaluating their work in terms of selected cases in the literature of the field. For SSK, see, for example, Latour and Woolgar, Laboratory Life, chapter 'Cycles of production'. Another important SSK-styled paper, but one with different aims, which deals with positioning rhetoric is Schuster and Yeo, 'Introduction', to Schuster and Yeo, The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method (Dordrecht, 1986). To consider the pedagogic elements of the field (as contained in the types of textbooks which Ellis was analysing) from an SSK perspective, see Barnes, T. S. Kuhn and Social Science. For 'field sociology', see Bourdieu, 'The specificity of a scientific field and the social conditions for the progress of reason' and 'The peculiar history of scientific reason'. In conjunction with these historiographical methods, I am (implicitly) suggesting that the work of Ellis should be considered as a part of the field of sexology, and should be analysed from the theoretical standpoints which the above 'field based' models afford. This matter will not, however, be thrashed out in the present paper.
65. See Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 12th edn (New York, 1965), case 129, 327-46. For some reason Ellis ignored Benjamin Tarnowski, The Sexual Instinct and its Morbid Manifestations from the Double Standpoint of Jurisprudence and Medicine, Trans. W. C. Costello and Alfred Allinson (Paris, Charles Carrington, 1898) (orig. 1885 in Russian, then 1886 in German), who cites and comments on Eulenburg, Vierteljahrschrift für gerichtliche Medizin, 1878, Bd 28, on a case of Eonism, where sexual desire for women was absent. This might have changed Ellis's opinion of Krafft-Ebing's primacy in this matter.
66. See Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 12th edn (New York, 1965), case 129, 327-46. For some reason Ellis ignored Benjamin Tarnowski, The Sexual Instinct and its Morbid Manifestations from the Double Standpoint of Jurisprudence and Medicine, Trans. W. C. Costello and Alfred Allinson (Paris, Charles Carrington, 1898) (orig. 1885 in Russian, then 1886 in German), who cites and comments on Eulenburg, Vierteljahrschrift für gerichtliche Medizin, 1878, Bd 28, on a case of Eonism, where sexual desire for women was absent. This might have changed Ellis's opinion of Krafft-Ebing's primacy in this matter.
67. Eonism, 8-9, referring to Krafft-Ebing (ed. Moll), Psychopathia Sexualis, 17th edn (1924), 595-610. For an incisive study of Krafft-Ebing, see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step children of nature'", and also Renate Hauser, 'Krafft-Ebing's psychological understanding of sexual behaviour', in Porter and Teich, Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: the History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cambridge, 1994).
68. Eonism, 8-9, referring to Krafft-Ebing (ed. Moll), Psychopathia Sexualis, 17th edn (1924), 595-610. For an incisive study of Krafft-Ebing, see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step children of nature'", and also Renate Hauser, 'Krafft-Ebing's psychological understanding of sexual behaviour', in Porter and Teich, Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: the History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cambridge, 1994).
69. Eonism, 8-9, referring to Krafft-Ebing (ed. Moll), Psychopathia Sexualis, 17th edn (1924), 595-610. For an incisive study of Krafft-Ebing, see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step children of nature'", and also Renate Hauser, 'Krafft-Ebing's psychological understanding of sexual behaviour', in Porter and Teich, Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: the History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cambridge, 1994).
70. Eonism, 8-9, referring to Krafft-Ebing (ed. Moll), Psychopathia Sexualis, 17th edn (1924), 595-610. For an incisive study of Krafft-Ebing, see Harry Oosterhuis, 'Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Step children of nature'", and also Renate Hauser, 'Krafft-Ebing's psychological understanding of sexual behaviour', in Porter and Teich, Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: the History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cambridge, 1994).
71. Eonism, 9. Note that Ellis is renegotiating KrafFt-Ebing's discourses (by calling them unacceptable), something which lends itself to an SSK analysis.
72. Archivio di Psichiatria (1896), fasc. 1-2, p. 163, cited in Ellis, Eonism, 9.
73. 'A case of sexual inversion, probably with complete sexual anasthesia', New York Medical Journal, 2 December 1911, cited in Ellis, Eonism, 10.
74. Eonism, 10.
75. Eonism, 10. Ellis always spells fetishism as 'fetichism'. I maintain this spelling throughout when citing Ellis.
76. For an interpretation of the importance of Hirschfeld to early twentieth-century sexology, see James Steakley, 'Per scientiam ad justiniam: Magnus Hirschfeld and the sexual politics of innate homosexuality', in Rosario (ed.), Science and Homosexualities, 133-55.
77. Eonism, 11-12.
78. Cited in Eonism, 13. The notion of 'bisexuality' (2nd category) was studied by Otto Weininger in Sex and Character, a work which Ellis does cite in his Studies ..., but not in relation to Eonism. Instead Ellis used Weininger's work in chapters on 'Prostitution' and on 'The psychic state in pregnancy'. In fact, Ellis does not seem to have found Weininger particularly useful according to his letters: Ellis to Carpenter, BL Add MS 70536, 12/11/1916, 'I should not myself have been inclined to recommend Weininger's book, a brilliant piece of fireworks which is already taken too seriously by too many.' It seems that this letter was not sent but was a draft, for another letter from Ellis to Carpenter, also of the same date, expresses a milder sentiment concerning Weininger (that is, he omitted the two 'toos'). This second letter may be found in the Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, Edward Carpenter Papers, MSS 357/28, and is cited in Porter and Hall, Facts of Life, 164-5. For more on Otto Weininger, see Chandak Sengoopta, 'Science, sexuality, and gender in the fin de siècle: Otto Weininger as Baedecker', History of Science, xxx (1992), 249-79.
79. Cited in Eonism, 13. The notion of 'bisexuality' (2nd category) was studied by Otto Weininger in Sex and Character, a work which Ellis does cite in his Studies ..., but not in relation to Eonism. Instead Ellis used Weininger's work in chapters on 'Prostitution' and on 'The psychic state in pregnancy'. In fact, Ellis does not seem to have found Weininger particularly useful according to his letters: Ellis to Carpenter, BL Add MS 70536, 12/11/1916, 'I should not myself have been inclined to recommend Weininger's book, a brilliant piece of fireworks which is already taken too seriously by too many.' It seems that this letter was not sent but was a draft, for another letter from Ellis to Carpenter, also of the same date, expresses a milder sentiment concerning Weininger (that is, he omitted the two 'toos'). This second letter may be found in the Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, Edward Carpenter Papers, MSS 357/28, and is cited in Porter and Hall, Facts of Life, 164-5. For more on Otto Weininger, see Chandak Sengoopta, 'Science, sexuality, and gender in the fin de siècle: Otto Weininger as Baedecker', History of Science, xxx (1992), 249-79.
80. Cited in Eonism, 13. The notion of 'bisexuality' (2nd category) was studied by Otto Weininger in Sex and Character, a work which Ellis does cite in his Studies ..., but not in relation to Eonism. Instead Ellis used Weininger's
81. Cited in Eonism, 13. The notion of 'bisexuality' (2nd category) was studied by Otto Weininger in Sex and Character, a work which Ellis does cite in his Studies ..., but not in relation to Eonism. Instead Ellis used Weininger's work in chapters on 'Prostitution' and on 'The psychic state in pregnancy'. In fact, Ellis does not seem to have found Weininger particularly useful according to his letters: Ellis to Carpenter, BL Add MS 70536, 12/11/1916, 'I should not myself have been inclined to recommend Weininger's book, a brilliant piece of fireworks which is already taken too seriously by too many.' It seems that this letter was not sent but was a draft, for another letter from Ellis to Carpenter, also of the same date, expresses a milder sentiment concerning Weininger (that is, he omitted the two 'toos'). This second letter may be found in the Sheffield City Archives, Sheffield, Edward Carpenter Papers, MSS 357/28, and is cited in Porter and Hall, Facts of Life, 164-5. For more on Otto Weininger, see Chandak Sengoopta, 'Science, sexuality, and gender in the fin de siècle: Otto Weininger as Baedecker', History of Science, xxx (1992), 249-79.
82. Eonism, 15, citing Moll. The Ellis paper to which Moll is referring is 'Sexo-aesesthetic inversion'. The term 'contrary sexual psychic state' refers to the state of a sexual anomaly, in this case transvestism.
83. Eonism, 15. Ellis commended Moll for agreeing with his own, previous findings. Indeed, it should be mentioned that Moll was the most cited authority in Ellis's entire Studies in the Psychology of Sex, and is one whose ideas had an enormous impact on Ellis's thinking, particularly concerning the all-important consideration of the sexual impulse (which should be considered Ellis's major achievement, as it is central to all of his works on sexuality). See Ellis, 'The Sexual Impulse', Vol. 1 of Studies. ...See also Frank Sulloway's comments on Ellis's relation to Moll in Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York, 1979). Sulloway implies that more work should be done on Albert Moll, as he was also of great importance to the development of Sigmund Freud's ideas.
84. Eonism, 15. Ellis commended Moll for agreeing with his own, previous findings. Indeed, it should be mentioned that Moll was the most cited authority in Ellis's entire Studies in the Psychology of Sex, and is one whose ideas had an enormous impact on Ellis's thinking, particularly concerning the all-important consideration of the sexual impulse (which should be considered Ellis's major achievement, as it is central to all of his works on sexuality). See Ellis, 'The Sexual Impulse', Vol. 1 of Studies. ...See also Frank Sulloway's comments on Ellis's relation to Moll in Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York, 1979). Sulloway implies that more work should be done on Albert Moll, as he was also of great importance to the development of Sigmund Freud's ideas.
85. Eonism, 15. Ellis commended Moll for agreeing with his own, previous findings. Indeed, it should be mentioned that Moll was the most cited authority in Ellis's entire Studies in the Psychology of Sex, and is one whose ideas had an enormous impact on Ellis's thinking, particularly concerning the all-important consideration of the sexual impulse (which should be considered Ellis's major achievement, as it is central to all of his works on sexuality). See Ellis, 'The Sexual Impulse', Vol. 1 of Studies. ...See also Frank Sulloway's comments on Ellis's relation to Moll in Freud, Biologist of the Mind (New York, 1979). Sulloway implies that more work should be done on Albert Moll, as he was also of great importance to the development of Sigmund Freud's ideas.
86. Eonism, 16.
87. Eonism, 26.
88. See Foucault, Discipline and Punish, and Bryan Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987); idem, Regulating Bodies: Essays in Medical Sociology (London, 1992); and idem, The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory (Oxford, 1984).
89. See Foucault, Discipline and Punish, and Bryan Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987); idem, Regulating Bodies: Essays in Medical Sociology (London, 1992); and idem, The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory (Oxford, 1984).
90. See Foucault, Discipline and Punish, and Bryan Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987); idem, Regulating Bodies: Essays in Medical Sociology (London, 1992); and idem, The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory (Oxford, 1984).
91. See Foucault, Discipline and Punish, and Bryan Turner, Medical Power and Social Knowledge (London, 1987); idem, Regulating Bodies: Essays in Medical Sociology (London, 1992); and idem, The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory (Oxford, 1984).
92. Particularly in the sense of objectivity emphasized by Schrenck-Notzing above.
93. In this section, page references are parenthetical.
94. As mentioned previously, I can find no evidence that Eonism was based on a questionnaire, although I can find no contrary evidence either. I would also add that Ellis's work, like that of many other sexologists, had a restricted sale to the medical and legal professions.
95. After Westphal, sexologists commonly considered sexual behaviour to be (at least partially) a congenital phenomenon. This view was more current in the pre-Freudian period, with writings such as Krafft-Ebing, Moll and certainly in Ellis's writings (see esp. Sexual Inversion, where this question is treated more fully), although Freud also considered the congenital side of sexuality important. Schrenck-Notzing was the major challenge to the 'congenital' viewpoint, as he reconsidered many of the case histories provided by Krafft-Ebing (particularly) and other sexologists in terms of 'suggestion'. Although Ellis was unimpressed by Schrenck-Notzing's work, it was considered so important as to have it translated into English by Charles Gilbert Chaddock (he who has had the first English use of the word 'homosexuality' attributed to him by the OED, as well as by David Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality (New York, 1990)) within three years of its publication. See introduction to Schrenck-Notzing by Chaddock.
96. Ellis makes this point in The Sexual Impulse, Vol. 1 of Studies ... See also Albert Moll's important The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. Eden Paul (London, 1912, orig. 1909).
97. Ellis makes this point in The Sexual Impulse, Vol. 1 of Studies ... See also Albert Moll's important The Sexual Life of the Child, trans. Eden Paul (London, 1912, orig. 1909).
98. This is main thrust of the arguments presented by Oosterhuis and by Dixon, considered above.
99. This makes a powerful claim for the sense of sexual activity to be found in young women of the 1920s who were not comfortable, for whatever reasons, with indulgence in sexual intercourse proper.
100. It could be argued (and I probably will argue this in a later work) that the patient's autobiographical discourse in the sexological text commands essentially the same role as the result achieved by experimentation in harder sciences. See Trevor Pinch, 'Towards an analysis of scientific observation: the externality and evidence significance of observational reports in physics', Social Studies of Science, xv (1985), 3-36; Steven Shapin, 'Cordelia's love' for an analysis of how experiments do proceed in these harder sciences.
101. It could be argued (and I probably will argue this in a later work) that the patient's autobiographical discourse in the sexological text commands essentially the same role as the result achieved by experimentation in harder sciences. See Trevor Pinch, 'Towards an analysis of scientific observation: the externality and evidence significance of observational reports in physics', Social Studies of Science, xv (1985), 3-36; Steven Shapin, 'Cordelia's love' for an analysis of how experiments do proceed in these harder sciences.
102. Eonism, 100. The rest of the field did not emphasize this notion, but rather analysed cases of cross-dressing; Ellis did not play up this fact, as it could have led to heavy criticism.
103. Eonism, 100. Ellis is here following the psychological argument presented by Moll. See above.
104. Eonism, 90.
105. Eonism, 90.
106. Eonism, 90-1.
107. Eonism, 109.
108. Eonism, 52-3.
109. These cases follow on, from T.S. to C.T., and are treated as similar by Ellis.
110. Eonism, 104.
111. Eonism, 108.
112. Eonism, 100. The theory of bisexuality was a development of sexological/psychoanalytical literature and was relied upon heavily by Freud in Three Contributions to a Theory of Sex (1905, repr. NY, 1962). One should also remember Weininger's contribution, considered above.
113. Eonism, 100. The theory of bisexuality was a development of sexological/psychoanalytical literature and was relied upon heavily by Freud in Three Contributions to a Theory of Sex (1905, repr. NY, 1962). One should also remember Weininger's contribution, considered above.
114. Eonism, 100.
115. Eonism, 101.
116. Eonism, 103.
117. Eonism, 102.
118. Eonism, 102.
119. Eonism, 102-3.
120. Eonism, 104.
121. Eonism, 104.
122. Eonism, 106.
123. Eonism, 108.
124. Eonism, 108-9.
125. Eonism, 109.
126. Eonism, 110.
127. Eonism, 110.
128. Eonism, 110.
129. Eonism, 110.
130. Eonism, 110. Cf. Georges Canguilhem (On The Normal and Pathological (New York, 1989)) who discusses the process of medicine normalizing types of pathology in a way which is remarkably similar to what we are seeing in Havelock Ellis's treatment of an aberration.
131. Eonism, 110. Cf. Georges Canguilhem (On The Normal and Pathological (New York, 1989)) who discusses the process of medicine normalizing types of pathology in a way which is remarkably similar to what we are seeing in Havelock Ellis's treatment of an aberration.
132. Thus partially fulfilling the function of the historical development of a particular science which T. S. Kuhn highlighted in Structures of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1970) and more especially in 'The historical structure of scientific discovery', in Kuhn, The Essential Tension (Chicago, 1977).
133. Thus partially fulfilling the function of the historical development of a particular science which T. S. Kuhn highlighted in Structures of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1970) and more especially in 'The historical structure of scientific discovery', in Kuhn, The Essential Tension (Chicago, 1977).
134. Compare this with Foucault's analysis of the development of the 'gaze' of clinical medicine, whereby a normative understanding of disease entered the ideology of medical practice during the Enlightenment (Birth of the Clinic (London, 1973)). This kind of' 'panoptic' procedure is similar to the normative analyses of peoples behaviour's being carried out by Ellis and the other sexologists. Also see Bryan Turner's analyses of medicine as the creator of normative types (above), as well as Georges Canguilhem's analysis (above).
135. I should note that Ellis did not consider R.L.'s condition a mental problem either, but rather examined it as a case of a sexual impulse with a different focus to that of heterosexuality. This was typical of the almost non-committal approach which Ellis employed, casting very few judgements over other people's lives, or even other scholars' works, perhaps in fear that he would offend. Phyllis Grosskurth documents a number of cases when Ellis was himself roasted over certain ideas of his own (such as his run-ins with Karl Pearson). This might be one of the sources of Ellis's distaste for politics(?) See Grosskurth, Havelock Ellis.
136. But nor is it to assume that the Eonist's discourse is truer than the medical one. Rather, it serves to show us how a medical discourse is constructed out of a 'confession'.
137. See Pierre Bourdieu, 'Symbolic power', Critique of Anthropology, trans. Richard Nice, Vol. 4 (Summer, 1979), 77-85: 'The dominant culture produces its specific ideological effect by concealing its function of division (or distinction) under its function of communication: the culture which unites (a medium of communication) separates (an instrument of distinction), and legitimates distinctions by defining all cultures (designated as sub-cultures) in terms of their distance from the dominant culture (i.e. in terms of privation), identifying the latter with culture (i.e. excellence)', 80.