Short-term training: When do repeated bouts of resistance exercise become training?

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 185-193

  Phillips, Stuart M ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Hypertrophy; Muscle protein breakdown; Muscle protein synthesis; Myofibrillar protein strength

Indexed keywords

MUSCLE PROTEIN;

ADAPTATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; ENDURANCE; FITNESS; HUMAN; HYPERTROPHY; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; HUMANS; HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE PROTEINS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; PHYSICAL FITNESS;

EID: 0034200744     PISSN: 10667814     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/h00-014     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Akima, H., Takahashi, H., Kuno, S.Y., Masuda, K., Masuda, T., Shimojo, H., Anno, I., Itai, Y., and Katsuta, S. (1999). Early phase adaptations of muscle use and strength to isokinetic training. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 31: 588-594.
2. Alway, S.E., Grumbt, W.H., Stray-Gundersen, J., and Gonyea, W.J. (1992). Effects of resistance training on elbow flexors of highly competitive bodybuilders. J. Appl. Physiol. 72: 1512-1521.
3. Alway, S.E., MacDougall, J.D., Sale, D.G., Sutton, J.R., and McComas, A.J. (1988). Functional and structural adaptations in skeletal muscle of trained athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 1114-1120.
4. Berg, H.E., Larsson, L., and Tesch, P.A. (1997). Lower limb skeletal muscle function after 6 wk of bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 182-188.
5. Biolo, G., Maggi, S.P., Williams, B.D., Tipton, K.D., and Wolfe, R.R. (1995). Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 268: E514-E520.
6. Biolo, G., Tipton, K.D., Klein, S., and Wolfe, R.R. (1997). An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E122-E129.
7. Chesley, A., MacDougall, J.D., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Atkinson, S.A., and Smith, K. (1992). Changes in human muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 1383-1388.
8. Chilibeck, P.D., Calder, A.W., Sale, D.G., and Webber, C.E. (1998). A comparison of strength and muscle mass increases during resistance training in young women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 77: 170-175.
9. Chilibeck, P.D., Syrotuik, D.G., and Bell, G.J. (1999). The effect of strength training on estimates of mitochondrial density and distribution throughout muscle fibres. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 604-609.
10. Conley, M.S., Stone, M.H., Nimmons, M., and Dudley, G.A. (1997). Specificity of resistance training responses in neck muscle size and strength. Eur. J. Appl. Physurt. 75: 443-448.
11. Enoka, R.M. (1998). Neural adaptations with chronic physical activity. J. Biomech. 30: 447-455.
12. Garfinkel, S. and Cafarelli, E. (1992). Relative changes in maximal force, EMG, and muscle cross-sectional area after isometric training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24: 1220-1227.
13. Goreham, C., Green, H.J., Ball-Burnett, M., and Ranney, D. (1999). High-resistance training and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 276: E489-E496.
14. Green, H., Goreham, C., Ouyang, J., Ball-Burnett, M., and Ranney, D. (1999). Regulation of fiber size, oxidative potential, and capillarization in human muscle by resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 276: R591-R596.
15. Hakkinen, K., Newton, R.U., Gordon, S.E., McCormick, M., Volek, J.S., Nindl, B.C., Gotshalk, L.A., Campbell, W.W., Evans, W.J., Hakkinen, A., Humphries, B.J., and Kraemer, W.J. (1998). Changes in muscle morphology, electromyographic activity, and force production characteristics during progressive strength training in young and older men. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 53: B415-B423.
16. Hakkinen, K., Pastinen, U.M., Karsikas, R., and Linnamo, V. (1995). Neuromuscular performance in voluntary bilatera and unilateral contraction and during electrical stimulation in men at different ages. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 518-527.
17. Hather, B.M., Tesch, P.A., Buchanan, P., and Dudley, G.A. (1991). Influence of eccentric action on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training. Acta Physiol. Scand. 143: 177-185.
18. Higbie, E.J., Cureton, K.J., Warren, G.L., and Prior, B.M. (1996). Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 2173-2181.
19. Hisaeda, H., Miyagawa, K., Kuno, S., Fukunaga, T., and Muraoka, I. (1996). Influence of two different modes of resistance training in female subjects. Ergonomics 39: 842-852.
20. Hortobagyi, T., Hill, J.P., Houmard, J.A., Fraser, D.D., Lambert, N.J., and Israel, R.G. (1996). Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 765-772.
21. MacDougall, J.D., Sale, D.G., Moroz, J.R., Elder, G.C., Sutton, J.R., and Howald, H. (1979). Mitochondrial volume density in human skeletal muscle following heavy resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports 11: 164-166.
22. McCall, G.E., Byrnes, W.C., Dickinson, A., Pattany, P.M., and Fleck, S.J. (1996). Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistence training. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 2004-2012.
23. Narici, M.V., Hoppeler, H., Kayser, B., Landoni, L., Claassen, H., Gavardi, C., Conti, M., and Cerretelli, P. (1996). Human quadriceps cross-sectional area, torque and neural activation during 6 months strength training. Acta Physiol. Scand. 157: 175-186.
24. Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Aarsland, A., Wolf, S.E., and Wolfe, R.R., (1997). Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown following resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E99-E107.
25. Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Ferrando, A.A., and Wolfe, R.R. (1999). Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. Am. J. Physiol. 276: E118-E124.
26. Rennie, M.J. and Millward, D.J. (1983). 3-Methylhistidine excretion and the urinary 3-methylhistidine/creatinine ratio are poor indicators of skeletal muscle protein break-down. Clin. Sci. 65: 217-225.
27. Sale, D.G. (1992). Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 20: Suppl-45.
28. Sale, D.G., Martin, J.E., and Moroz, D.E. (1992). Hypertrophy without increased isometric strength after weight training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 51-55.
29. Staron, R.S., Karapondo, D.L., Kraemer, W.J., Fry, A.C., Gordon, S.E., Falkel, J.E., Hagerman, F.C., and Hikida, R.S. (1994) Skeletal muscle adaptations during the early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 1247-1253.
30. Svanberg, E., Jefferson, L.S., Lundholm, K., and Kimball, S.R. (1997). Postprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis is independent of changes in insulin. Am. J. Physiol. 272: E841-E847.
31. Svanberg, E., Möller-Loswick, A.-C., Matthews, D.E., Korner, U., Andersson, M., and Lundholm, K. (1996). Effects of amino acids on synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle proteins in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 271: E718-E724.
32. Svanberg, E., Moller-Loswick, A.C., Matthews, D.E., Korner, U., Andersson, M., and Lundholm, K. (1999). The role of glucose, long-chain triglycerides and amino acids for promotion of amino acid balance across peripheral tissues in man. Clin. Physiol. 19: 311-320.
33. Tipton, K.D., Ferrando, A.A., Phillips, S.M., Doyle, D.J., and Wolfe, R.R. (1999). Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am. J. Physiol. 276: E628-E634.
34. Walker, P.M., Brunotte, F., Rouhier-Marcer, I., Cottin, Y., Casillas, J.M., Gras, P., and Didier, J.P. (1998). Nuclear magnetic resonance evidence of different muscular adaptations after resistance training. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 79: 1391-1398.
35. Wang, N., Hikida, R.S., Staron, R.S., and Simoneau, J.A. (1993). Muscle fiber types of women after resistance training - quantitative ultrastructure and enzyme activity. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 424: 494-502.
36. Welle, S., Thornton, C., Jozefowicz, R., and Statt, M. (1993). Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old men. Am. J. Physiol. 264: E693-E698.
37. Welle, S., Totterman, S., and Thornton, C. (1996). Effect of age on muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 51: M270-M275.
38. Widrick, J.J., Knuth, S.T., Norenberg, K.M., Romatowski, J.G., Bain, J.L., Riley, D.A., Karhanek, M., Trappe, S.W., Trappe, T.A., Costill, D.L., Fitts, R.H. (1999). Effect of a 17 day spaceflight on contractile properties of human soleus muscle fibres. J. Gerontol. 516: 915-930.
39. Yarasheski, K.E., Pak-Loduca, J., Hasten, D.L., Obert, K.A., Brown, M.B., and Sinacore, D.R. (1999). Resistance exercise training increases mixed muscle protein synthesis rate in frail women and men >76 yr old. Am. J. Physiol. 277: E118-E125.
40. Yarasheski, K.E., Zachwieja, J.F., and Bier, D.M. (1993). Acute effects of resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis rate in young and elderly men and women. Am. J. Physiol. 265: E210-E214.