The Dutch temperament and character inventory (TCI): Dimensional structure, reliability and validity in a normal and psychiatric outpatient sample

Personality and Individual Differences

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 487-499

  Duijsens, Inge J ^a   Spinhoven, Philip ^a   Goekoop, Jaap G ^a   Spermon, Tonny ^b   Eurelings Bontekoe, Elisabeth H M ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b Riagg OZL   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034148534     PISSN: 01918869     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00114-2     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Battaglia, M., Przybeck, T. R., Bellodi, L., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Temperament dimensions explain comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37, 292-298.
3. Bayon, C., Hill, K., Svrakic, D. M., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Dimensional assessment of personality in an outpatient sample: Relations of the systems of Millon and Cloninger. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30, 341-352.
4. Black, K. J., & Sheline, Y. I. (1997). Personality disorder scores improve with effective pharmacotherapy of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 43, 11-18.
5. Brewerton, T. D., Hand, L. D., & Bishop Jr, E. R. (1993). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in eating disorder patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 213-218.
6. Brown, S. L., Svrakic, D. M., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1992). The relationship of personality to mood, and anxiety states: A dimensional approach. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 26, 197-211.
7. Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Weltzin, T. E., & Kaye, W. H. (1995). Temperament in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 251-261.
8. Chien, A. J., & Dunner, D. L. (1996). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in depression: State vs trait issues. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30, 21-27.
9. Cloninger, C. R. (1987a). Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science, 235, 410-416.
10. Cloninger, C. R. (1987b). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-588.
11. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 977-991.
12. Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A Guide to its Development and Use. St Louis, Missouri, USA: Center for Psychobiology of Personality.
13. Cowley, D. S., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Greenblatt, D. J., & Hommer, D. W. (1993). Personality and benzodiazepine sensitivity in anxious patients and control subjects? Psychiatric Research, 47, 151-162.
14. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
15. Gray, J. A. (1982). The Neuropsychology of Anxiety. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
16. Heath, A. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Martin, N. G. (1994). Testing a model for the genetic structure of personality: A comparison of the personality systems of Cloninger and Eysenck. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 762-775.
17. Joffe, R. T., Bagby, R. M., Levitt, A. J., Regan, J. J., & Parker, J. D. (1993). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire in major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 959-960.
18. Joyce, P. R., Mulder, R. T., & Cloninger, C. R. (1994). Temperament predicts clomipramine and desipramine response in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 30, 35-46.
19. Kleifield, E. I., Sunday, S. R., Hurt, S., & Halmi, K. A. (1993). Psychometric validation of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Application to subgroups of eating disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 249-253.
20. Kleifield, E. I., Sunday, S. R., Hurt, S., & Halmi, K. A. (1994). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: An exploration of personality traits in eating disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 28, 413-423.
21. Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., Jackson, D. N., & Jang, K. L. (1994). Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: Implications for classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 6-17.
22. Nelson, E. L., Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., & Csernansky, J. G. (1996). Platelet serotonergic markers and Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire measures in a clinical sample. Biological Psychiatry, 40, 271-278.
23. Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Osher, Y., Cloninger, C. R., & Belmaker, R. H. (1996). TPQ in euthymic manic depressive patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30, 353-357.
25. Otter, C., Huber, J., & Bonner, A. (1995). Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Reliability in an English sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 471-480.
26. Perna, G., Bernardeschi, L., Caldirola, D., & Garberi, A. (1992). Personality dimensions in panic disorder: State vs trait issues. New Trends in Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 8, 49-54.
27. Pfohl, B., Black, D. W., Noyes, R., Kelley, M., & Blum, N. A. (1990). A test of the tridimensional personality theory: Association with diagnosis and platelet imipramine binding in obsessive compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 41-46.
28. de la Rie, S. M., Duijsens, I. J., & Cloninger, C. R. (1998). Temperament, character and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 12, 362-372.
29. Saviotti, F. M., Grandi, S., Savron, G., Ermentini, R., Bartolucci, G., Conti, S., & Fava, G. A. (1991). Characterological traits of recovered patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 23, 113-117.
30. Stallings, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., Cloninger, C. R., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1996). Genetic and environmental structure of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: Three or four temperament dimensions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 127-140.
31. Starcevic, V., Uhlenhuth, E. H., Fallon, S., & Pathok, D. (1996). Personality dimensions in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 37, 75-79.
32. Strakowski, S. M., Stoll, A. L., Tohen, M. C., Faedda, G. L., & Goodwin, D. C. (1993). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire as a predictor of six month outcome in first episode mania. Psychiatric Research, 48, 1-8.
33. Svrakic, D. M., Whitehead, C., Przybeck, T. R., & Cloninger, C. R. (1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 991-999.
34. Vukov, M., Babamilkic, N., Lecic, D., Mijalkovic, S., & Marinkovic, J. (1995). Personality dimensions of opiate addicts. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 91, 103-107.
35. Waller, D. A., Gullion, C. M., Petty, F., Hardy, B. W., Murdock, M. V., & Rush, A. J. (1993). Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and serotonin in bulimia nervosa? Psychiatric Research, 48, 9-15.
36. Weyers, P., Krebs, H., & Janke, W. (1995). Reliability and construct validity of the German version of Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 853-861.
37. Zuckermann, M., & Cloninger, C. R. (1996). Relationships between Cloninger's, Zuckerman's and Eysenck's dimensions of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 283-285.