Breslow thickness and Clark level in melanoma: Support for including level in Pathology Reports and in American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging

Cancer

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 589-595

  Marghoob, Ashfaq A ^a   Koenig, Karen ^b   Bittencourt, Flavia V ^b   Kopf, Alfred W ^b   Bart, Robert S ^b  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Breslow thickness; Clark level; Cutaneous melanoma; Multivariate analysis; Survival

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER INVASION; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MELANOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; SKIN ULCER; THICKNESS; TUMOR LOCALIZATION;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CAUSE OF DEATH; DATABASES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MELANOMA; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SKIN ULCER; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0034141956     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<589::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-I     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts and figures. Document 97-300M, no. 5008.97. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 1997.
2. Rigel DS, Sober AJ, Friedman RJ. Prognostic factors influencing survival in persons with cutaneous malignant melanoma. In: Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW, Harris MN, Baker D, editors. Cancer of the skin. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1991:198-206.
3. Stadelmann WK, Rapaport DP, Soong SJ, Reintgen DS, Buzaid AC, Balch CM. Prognostic clinical and pathologic features. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong S, editors. Cutaneous melanoma. 3rd edition. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., 1998:11-35.
4. Soong SJ, Weiss HL. Predicting outcome in patients with localized melanoma. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong SJ, editors. Cutaneous melanoma. 3rd edition. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., 1998:51-61.
5. Sahin S, Rao B, Kopf AW, Lee E, Rigel DS, Nossa R, et al. Predicting ten-year survival of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: corroboration of a prognostic model. Cancer 1997;80:1426-31.
6. Halpern AC, Schuchter LM. Prognostic models in melanoma. Semin Oncol 1997;S4-2-7.
7. Barnhill RL, Fine JA, Roush GC, Berwick M. Predicting five-year outcome for patients with cutaneous melanoma in a population-based study. Cancer 1996;78:427-32.
8. Schuchter L, Schultz DJ, Synnestvedt M, Trock BJ, Guerry D, Elder DE, et al. A prognostic model for predicting 10-year survival in patients with primary melanoma. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:369-75.
9. Aitchison TC, Sirel JM, Watt DC, MacKie RM. Prognostic trees to aid prognosis in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. BMJ 1995;311:1536-9.
10. Clark WH Jr., Elder DE, Guerry D, Braitman LE, Trock BJ, Schultz D, et al. Model predicting survival in Stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81:1893-904.
11. Rigel DS, Rogers GS, Friedman RJ. Prognosis of malignant melanoma. Dermatol Clin 1985;3:309-14.
12. Karakousis CP, Emrich LJ, Rao U. Tumor thickness and prognosis in clinical Stage I malignant melanoma. Cancer 1989;64:1432-6.
13. Mackie RM, Carfrae DC, Cochran AJ. Assessment of prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Lancet 1972;2: 455-6.
14. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1970;172:902-8.
15. Clark WH Jr., From L, Bernardino EA, Mihm MC. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res 1969;29:705-26.
16. Huang X, Soong SJ, McCarthy WH, Urist MM, Balch CM. Classification of localized melanoma by the exponential survival trees method. Cancer 1997;79:1122-8.
17. Vollmer RT. Malignant melanoma. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. Pathol Annu 1989;24:383-407.
18. Berdeaux DH, Meyskens FL Jr., Parks B, Tong T, Loescher L, Moon TE. Cutaneous malignant melanoma. II. The natural history and prognostic factors influencing the development of Stage II disease. Cancer 1989;63:1430-6.
19. Meyskens FL Jr., Berdeaux DH, Parks B, Tong T, Loescher L, Moon TE. Cutaneous malignant melanoma (Arizona Cancer Center experience). I. Natural history and prognostic factors influencing survival in patients with Stage I disease. Cancer 1988;62:1207-14.
20. Cascinelli N, Marubini E, Morabito A, Bufalino R. Prognostic factors for Stage I melanoma of the skin: a review. Stat Med 1985;4:265-78.
21. Breslow A. Prognostic factors in treatment of cutaneous melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 1979;6:208-12.
22. Prade M, Bognel C, Charpentier P, Gadenne C, Duvillard P, Sancho-Garnier H, et al. Malignant melanoma of the skin. Prognostic factors derived from a multifactorial analysis of 239 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1982;4:411-2.
23. Day CL Jr., Lew RA, Mihm MC, Sober AJ, Harris MN, Kopf AW, et al. A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for melanoma patients with lesions ≥3.65 mm in thickness. Ann Surg 1982;195:44-9.
24. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Bufalino R, Van Der Esch EP, Preda F, Vaglini M, et al. Int J Cancer 1980;26:733-9.
25. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Murad TM, Ingalls AL, Maddox WA. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma. II. Prognostic factors in patients with Stage I (localized) melanoma. Surgery 1979;86: 343-51.
26. Balch CM, Murad TM, Soong SJ, Ingalls AL, Halpern NB, Maddox WA. A multifactorial analysis of melanoma. Prognostic histopathological features comparing Clark's and Breslow's staging methods. Ann Surg 1978;188:732-42.
27. Ross M. Modifying the criteria of the American Joint Commission on Cancer staging system in melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol 1998;10:153-61.
28. Buzaid AC, Ross MI, Balch CM, Soong SJ, McCarthy WH, Tinoco L, et al. Critical analysis of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma and proposal of a new staging system. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1039-51.
29. Fleming ID, Cooper JS, Henson DE, Hutter RVP, Kennedy BJ, Murphy GP, et al., editors. American Joint Committee on Cancer staging manual. 5th edition. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1997.
30. Kopf AW, Welkovich B, Frankel RE, Stoppelmann EJ, Bart RS, Rogers GS, et al. Thickness of malignant melanoma: global analysis of related factors. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987;13:345-420.
31. Thorn M, Bergstrom R, Hedblad M, Lagerlof B, Ringborg U, Adami HO. Predictors of late mortality in cutaneous malignant melanoma - a population-based study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1996;67:38-44.
32. Garbe C, Büttner P, Bertz J, Burg G, Hoedt B, Drepper H, et al. Primary cutaneous melanoma. Identification of prognostic groups and estimation of individual prognosis for 5093 patients. Cancer 1995;75:2484-91.
33. Mansson-Brahme E, Carstensen J, Erhardt K, Lagerlöf B, Ringborg U, Rutqvist LE. Prognostic factors in thin cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer 1994;73:2324-32.
34. Morton DL, Davtyan DG, Wanek LA, Foshag LJ, Cochran AJ. Multivariate analysis of the relationship between survival and the microstage of primary melanoma by Clark level and Breslow thickness. Cancer 1993;71:3737-43.
35. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Milton GW, Shaw HM, McGovern VJ, Murad TM, et al. A comparison of prognostic factors and surgical results in 1,786 patients with localized (Stage I) melanoma treated in Alabama, USA, and New South Wales, Australia. Ann Surg 1982;196:677-84.
36. Day CL Jr., Mihm MC, Sober AJ, Harris MN, Kopf AW, Fitzpatrick TB, et al. Prognostic factors for melanoma patients with lesions 0.76-1.69 mm in thickness. Ann Surg 1982;195:30-4.
37. Lawless JF. Statistical models and methods for lifetime data. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1982.
38. Masback A, Westerdahl J, Ingvar C, Olsson H, Jonsson N. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Southern Sweden 1965, 1975, and 1985. Prognostic factors and histologic correlations. Cancer 1997;79:275-83.
39. Mackie RM, Aitchison T, Sirel JM, McLaren K, Watt DC. Prognostic models for subgroups of melanoma patients from the Scottish Melanoma Group database 1979-86, and their subsequent validation. Br J Cancer 1995;71:173-6.
40. Büttner P, Garbe C, Bertz J, Burg G, Hoedt B, Drepper H, et al. Primary cutaneous melanoma. Optimized cutoff points of tumor thickness and importance of Clark's level for prognostic classification. Cancer 1995;75:2499-506.
41. Slingluff CL, Seigler HF. "Thin" malignant melanoma: risk factors and clinical management. Ann Plast Surg 1992;28: 89-94.
42. Pontikes LA, Temple WJ, Cassar SL, Lafreniére R, Huchcroft SA, Jerry LM, et al. Influence of level and depth on recurrence rate in thin melanomas. Am J Surg 1993;165:225-8.
43. Häffner AC, Garbe C, Burg G, Büttner P, Orfanos CE, Rassner G. The prognosis of primary and metastasising melanoma. An evaluation of the TNM classification in 2,495 patients. Br J Cancer 1992;66:856-61.
44. Slingluff CL, Vollmer RT, Reintgen DS, Seigler HF. Lethal "thin" malignant melanoma. Identifying patients at risk. Ann Surg 1988;208:150-61.
45. Kelly JW, Sagebiel RW, Clyman S, Blois MS. Thin level IV malignant melanoma. A subset in which level is the major prognostic indicator. Cancer 1985;202:98-103.
46. Barnhill RL, Mihm MC. Histopathology and precursor lesions. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong SJ, editors. Cutaneous melanoma. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc., 1998:103-33.
47. Shaw HM, McCarthy WH, McCarthy SW, Milton GW. Thin malignant melanomas and recurrence potential. Arch Surg 1987,122:1147-50.
48. Briggs JC, Ibrahim NBN, Hastings AG, Griffiths RW. Experience of thin cutaneous melanomas (<0.76 mm and <0.85 mm thick) in a large plastic surgery unit: a 5 to 17 year follow-up. Br J Plast Surg 1984;37:501-6.
49. McCarthy WH, Shaw HM, McCarthy SW, Rivers JK, Thompson JF. Cutaneous melanomas that defy conventional prognostic indicators. Semin Oncol 1996;23:709-13.
50. Naruns PL, Nizze JA, Cochran AJ, Lee MB, Morton DL. Recurrence potential of thin primary melanomas. Cancer 1986;57:545-8.
51. Vilmer C, BaillyC, Le Doussal V, Lasry S, Guerin P, Delaunay MM, et al. Thin melanomas with unusual aggressive behavior: a report on nine cases. Melanoma group of French Federation of Cancer Center. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34: 439-44.
52. Salman SM, Rogers GS. Prognostic factors in thin cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990;16:413-8.
53. Tsao H, Cosimi AB, Sober AJ. Ultra-late recurrence (15 years or longer) of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1997;79:2361-70.
54. Elwood JM. Recent developments in melanoma epidemiology, 1993. Melanoma Res 1993;3:149-156.
55. Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Kopf AW, Grin CM, Heilman E, Bart RS, et al. Volume of malignant melanoma is superior to thickness as a prognostic indicator: preliminary observation. Dermatol Clin 1991;9:643-8.
56. Clark WH Jr., Ainsworth AM, Bernardino EA, Yang CH, Mihm CM Jr., Reed RJ. The developmental biology of primary human malignant melanomas. Semin Oncol 1975;2: 83-103.
57. Barnhill LR, Piepkorn MW, Cochran AJ, Flynn E, Karaoli T, Folkman J. Tumor vascularity, proliferation, and apoptosis in human melanoma micrometastases and macrometastases. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:991-4.
58. Arbiser JL. Melanoma. Lessons from metastases. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1027-8.
59. Saxby PJ, Griffiths RW, Corbishley CM, Briggs JC. A study of the thickness of uninvolved dermis beneath cutaneous malignant melanoma: the ratio of uninvolved dermis to tumor thickness (DT:TT) as a prognostic index. Br J Plast Surg 1984;37:496-500.