Effects of river regulation on river-margin vegetation: A comparison of eight boreal rivers

Ecological Applications

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 203-224

  Jansson, Roland ^a   Nilsson, Christer ^a,b   Dynesius, Mats ^a   Andersson, Elisabet ^a  

^a UMEÅ UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Dams; Dispersal capacity of river margin plants; Disturbance; Fragmentation; Plant species richness vs. water level regime; Reservoirs; Riparian vegetation; River regulation, effects on vegetation; Seed dispersal; Sweden, northern; Vegetative dispersal

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; FLOW REGULATION; PLANT COMMUNITY; RIPARIAN ZONE;

SWEDEN;

ANIMALIA; RIPARIA; TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 0034141188     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0203:EORROR]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Aerts, R. 1995. The advantages of being evergreen. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:402-407.
2. Ångström, A. 1974. Sveriges klimat. Third edition. [In Swedish.] Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
3. Anonymous. 1979. Streamflow records of Sweden. Swedish Metereological and Hydrological Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
4. Arnqvist, G., and M. Dynesius. 1987. Råneälven. Naturinventering och bedömning av vetenskapliga naturvärden. [In Swedish.] Länsstyrelsen i Norrbottens Län, Luleå, Sweden.
5. Auerbach, M., and A. Shmida. 1987. Spatial scale and the determinants of plant species richness. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:238-242.
6. Barinaga, M. 1996. A recipe for river recovery? Science 273: 1648-1650.
7. Bartley, M. R., and D. H. N. Spence. 1987. Dormancy and propagation in helophytes and hydrophytes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Beihang 27:139-155.
8. Bégin, Y., and S. Payette. 1991. Population structure of lakeshore willows and ice-push events in subarctic Québec, Canada. Holarctic Ecology 14:9-17.
9. Bélanger, L., and J. Bédard. 1994. Role of ice scouring and goose grubbing in marsh plant dynamics. Journal of Ecology 82:437-445.
10. Bradley, C. E., and D. G. Smith. 1986. Plains cottonwood recruitment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain, Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1433-1442.
11. Bren, L. J. 1992. Tree invasion of an intermittent wetland in relation to changes in the flooding frequency of the River Murray, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 17:395-408.
12. Brock, J. H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (salt cedar), an invasive exotic woody plant in arid and semi-arid riparian habitats of western USA. Pages 27-44 in L. C. de Waal, L. E. Child, P. M. Wade, and J. H. Brook, editors. Ecology and management of invasive riverside plants. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
13. Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Brown. 1977. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effects of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58:445-449.
14. Busch, D. E., and S. D. Smith. 1995. Mechanisms associated with the decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern U.S. Ecological Monographs 65:347-370.
15. Chabot, B. F., and D. J. Hicks. 1982. The ecology of leaf life cycles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 229-259.
16. Chapin, F. S., III. 1980. The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11:233-260.
17. Chorley, R. J., S. A. Schumm, and D. E. Sugden. 1984. Geomorphology. Methuen, New York, New York, USA.
18. Church, M. 1995. Geomorphic responses to river flow regulation: case studies and time scales. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11:3-22.
19. Collier, M. P., R. H. Webb, and E. D. Andrews. 1997. "Experimental flooding in Grand Canyon." Scientific American, January 1997:82-89.
20. Connor, E. F., and E. D. McCoy. 1979. The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship. American Naturalist 113:791-833.
21. Cook, C. D. K. 1987. Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants. Pages 179-190 in R. M. M. Crawford, editor. Plant life in aquatic and amphibious habitats. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
22. Danvind, M., and C. Nilsson. 1997. Seed floating ability and distribution of alpine plants along a northern Swedish river. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:271-276.
23. Day, R. T., P. A. Keddy, J. McNeill, and T. Carleton. 1988. Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology 69:1044-1054.
24. Décamps, H., A. M. Planty-Tabacchi, and E. Tabacchi. 1995. Changes in the hydrological regime and invasions by plant species along riparian systems of the Adour River, France. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11:23-34.
25. Décamps, H., and E. Tabacchi. 1994. Species richness in vegetation along river margins. Pages 1-20 in P. S. Giller, A. G. Hildrew, and D. G. Raffaelli, editors. Aquatic ecology. Scale, pattern and process. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, UK.
26. DeFerrari, C. M., and R. J. Naiman. 1994. A multi-scale assessment of the occurrence of exotic plants on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:247-258.
27. de Waal, L. C., L. E. Child, P. M. Wade, and J. H. Brook, editors. 1994. Ecology and management of invasive riverside plants. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
28. Dynesius, M., and C. Nilsson. 1994. Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266:753-762.
29. Ekzertzev, V. A. 1979. The higher aquatic vegetation of the Volga. Monographiae Biologicae 33:271-294.
30. Fahrig, L. 1991. Simulation methods for developing general landscape-level hypotheses of single-species dynamics. Pages 417-442 in M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner, editors. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. Analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
31. Fenner, P., W. W. Brady, and D. R. Patton. 1985. Effects of regulated water flows on regeneration of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii). Journal of Range Management 38:135-138.
32. Friedman, J. M., M. L. Scott, and G. T. Auble. 1997. Water management and cottonwood forest dynamics along prairie streams. Pages 49-71 in F. J. Knopf and F. B. Samson, editors. Ecology and conservation of Great Plains vertebrates. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
33. Galay, V. J. 1983. Causes of river bed degradation. Water Resources Research 19:1057-1090.
34. Geladi, P., and B. R. Kowalski. 1986. Partial least squares regression: a tutorial. Analytica Chimica Acta 185:1-17.
35. Gill, A. M. 1981. Fire adaptive traits of vascular plants. Pages 208-230 in USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-WO-26.
36. Gregory, S. V., F. J. Swanson, W. A. McKee, and K. W. Cummins. 1991. An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones. BioScience 41:540-551.
37. Grelsson, G., and C. Nilsson. 1980. Colonization by Pinus sylvestris of a former middle-geolittoral habitat on the Umeälven river in northern Sweden, following river regulation for hydro-electric power. Holarctic Ecology 3:124-128.
38. Grelsson, G., and C. Nilsson. 1982. Förändringar i en älvdals vegetation belysta genom upprepad fotografering. [In Swedish.] Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 76:368-379.
39. Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
40. Guppy, H. B. 1891-1893. The River Thames as an agent in plant dispersal. Journal of the Linnean Society 29:333-346.
41. Hargrove, W. W., and J. Pickering. 1992. Pseudoreplication: a sine qua non for regional ecology. Landscape Ecology 6:251-258.
42. Hesse, L. W. 1995. Water allocation for ecosystem management of the Missouri River. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11:299-311.
43. Hjelmqvist, S. 1953. The bedrock of Sweden excluding the Caledonian mountain range. Maps 7 and 8 in M. Lundqvist, editor. National atlas of Sweden. Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
44. Holm, S. 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6:65-70.
45. Hughes, F. M. R. 1990. The influence of flooding regimes on forest distribution and composition in the Tana River floodplain, Kenya. Journal of Applied Ecology 27:475-491.
46. Hughes, F. M. R. 1994. Environmental change, disturbance and regeneration in semi-arid floodplain forests. Pages 321-345 in A. C. Millington and K. Pye, editors. Environmental change in drylands. Biogeographical and geomorphological perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
47. Hupp, C. R., and W. R. Osterkamp. 1985. Bottomland vegetation distribution along Passage Creek, Virginia, in relation to fluvial landforms. Ecology 66:670-681.
48. Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological diversity. The coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
49. Johansson, M. E., and C. Nilsson. 1993. Hydrochory, population dynamics and distribution of the clonal aquatic plant Ranunculus lingua. Journal of Ecology 81:81-91.
50. Johansson, M. E., C. Nilsson, and E. Nilsson. 1996. Do rivers function as corridors for plant dispersal? Journal of Vegetation Science 7:593-598.
51. Johnson, W. C. 1994. Woodland expansion in the Platte River, Nebraska: patterns and causes. Ecological Monographs 64:45-84.
52. Jones, R. H., R. R. Sharitz, P. D. Dixon, D. S. Segal, and R. L. Schneider. 1994. Woody plant regeneration in four floodplain forests. Ecological Monographs 64:345-367.
53. Julin, E. 1963. Den isgångsbetingade ängen vid Sundholmen i Torne älvs mynningsområde. [In Swedish.] Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 57:19-38.
54. Kalliola, R., and M. Puhakka. 1988. River dynamics and Vegetation mosaicism: a case study of the River Kamajohka, northernmost Finland. Journal of Biogeography 15: 703-719.
55. Kalliola, R., J. Salo, M. Puhakka, and M. Rajasilta. 1991. New site formation and colonizing vegetation in primary succession on the western Amazon floodplains. Journal of Ecology 79:877-901.
56. Keddy, P. A. 1983. Shoreline vegetation in Axe Lake, Ontario: effects of exposure on zonation patterns. Ecology 64: 331-344.
57. Keddy, P. A. 1989. Competition. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
58. Keddy, P. A., and P. Constabel. 1986. Germination of ten shoreline plants in relation to seed size, particle size and water level. Journal of Ecology 74:133-141.
59. Keddy, P. A., and A. A. Reznicek. 1986. Great Lakes vegetation dynamics: the role of fluctuating water levels and buried seeds. Journal of Great Lakes Research 12:25-36.
60. Krahulec, F., and J. Lepš. 1994. Establishment success of plant immigrants in a new water reservoir. Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 29:3-14.
61. Krok, T. O. B. N., and S. Almquist. 1984. Svensk flora. Fanerogamer och ormbunksväxter, Twenty-sixth edition. [In Swedish.] Esselte Studium, Uppsala, Sweden.
62. Kulling, O. 1953. Bedrock of the Caledonian range. Maps 7 and 8 in M. Lundqvist, editor. National atlas of Sweden. Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
63. Lepš, J., and V. Hadincová. 1992. How reliable are our vegetation analyses? Journal of Vegetation Science 3:119-124.
64. Lid, J. 1987. Norsk, svensk, finsk flora. Fifth edition. [In Norwegian.] Del Norske Samlaget, Oslo, Norway.
65. Lohammar, G. 1965. The vegetation of Swedish lakes. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 50:28-47.
66. Lundqvist, J. 1970. Botaniska data om norra Sveriges vattenområden. Meddelande nr. 1. [In Swedish.] Bio-Data-Gruppen, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden.
67. Lundqvist, M., editor. 1953-1971. National atlas of Sweden. Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
68. Malanson, G. P. 1982. The assembly of hanging gardens: effects of age, area, and location. American Naturalist 119: 145-150.
69. Malanson, G. P., and J. Kay. 1980. Flood frequency and the assemblage of dispersal types in hanging gardens of the Narrows, Zion National Park, Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 40:365-371.
70. Martens, H., and T. Naes. 1989. Multivariate calibration. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
71. Melin, R., and T. Gihl. 1957. Watercourses and drainage basins, territorial waters. Maps 37 and 38 in M. Lundqvist, editor. National atlas of Sweden. Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
72. Mossberg, B., L. Stenberg, and S. Ericsson. 1992. Den nordiska floran. [In Swedish.] Wahlström och Widstrand, Stockholm, Sweden.
73. Naiman, R. J., and H. Décamps. 1997. The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:621-658.
74. Naiman, R. J., H. Décamps, and M. Pollock. 1993. The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3:209-212.
75. Nilsson, C. 1979. Geolittoral extent of Vaccinium myrtillus and vegetational differentiation on a bank of the Muddusjokk River, North Sweden. Holarctic Ecology 2:137-143.
76. Nilsson, C. 1981. Dynamics of the shore vegetation of a north Swedish hydroelectric reservoir during a 5-year period. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 69:1-96.
77. Nilsson, C. 1983. Frequency distributions of vascular plants in the geolittoral vegetation along two rivers in northern Sweden. Journal of Biogeography 10:351-369.
78. Nilsson, C. 1987. Distribution of stream-edge vegetation along a gradient of current velocity. Journal of Ecology 75: 513-522.
79. Nilsson, C. 1992. Increasing the reliability of vegetation analyses by using a team of two investigators. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:565.
80. Nilsson, C., and J. E. Brittain. 1996. Remedial strategies in regulated rivers: introductory remarks. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12:347-351.
81. Nilsson, C., A. Ekblad, M. Gardfjell, and B. Carlberg. 1991a. Long-term effects of river regulation on river-margin vegetation. Journal of Applied Ecology 28:963-987.
82. Nilsson, C., M. Gardfjell, and G. Grelsson. 1991b. Importance of hydrochory in structuring plant communities along rivers. Canadian Journal of Botany 69:2631-2633.
83. Nilsson, C., and G. Grelsson. 1990. The effects of litter displacement on riverbank vegetation. Canadian Journal of Botany 68:735-741.
84. Nilsson, C., G. Grelsson, M. Johansson, and U. Sperens. 1989. Patterns of plant species richness along riverbanks. Ecology 70:77-84.
85. Nilsson, C., and R. Jansson. 1995. Floristic differences between riparian corridors of regulated and free-flowing boreal rivers. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11:55-66.
86. Nilsson, C., R. Jansson, and U. Zinko. 1997. Long-term responses of river-margin vegetation to water-level regulation. Science 276:798-800.
87. Nilsson, C., and P. A. Keddy. 1988. Predictability of change in shoreline vegetation in a hydroelectric reservoir, northern Sweden. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:1896-1904.
88. Nilsson, C., E. Nilsson, M. E. Johansson, M. Dynesius, G. Grelsson, S. Xiong, R. Jansson, and M. Danvind. 1993. Processes structuring riparian vegetation. Pages 419-431 in J. Menon, editor. Current Topics in Botanical Research 1. Council of Scientific Research Integration, Trivandrum, India.
89. Norušis, M. J. 1993. SPSS for Windows, version 6.0. SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
90. Pautou, G., J. Girel, and J.-L. Borel. 1992. Initial repercussions and hydroelectric developments in the French Upper Rhone Valley: a lesson for predictive scenarios propositions. Environmental Management 16:231-242.
91. Petts, G. E. 1984. Impounded rivers. Perspectives for ecological management. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
92. Petts, G. E. 1996. Water allocation to protect river ecosystems. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 12: 353-366.
93. Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White, editors. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
94. Planty-Tabacchi, A.-M., E. Tabacchi, R. J. Naiman, C. DeFerrari, and H. Décamps. 1996. Invasibility of species-rich communities in riparian zones. Conservation Biology 10:598-607.
95. Postel, S. L., G. C. Daily, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1996. Human appropriation of renewable fresh water. Science 271:785-788.
96. Primack, R. B., and S. L. Miao. 1992a. Dispersal can limit local plant distribution. Conservation Biology 6:513-519.
97. Primack, R. B., and S. L. Miao. 1992b. "Safe sites" for germination using Plantago seeds: a repetition of a thrice-published experiment. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 118:154-160.
98. Raab, G., and G. Zachrisson. 1984. Isproblem i Torneälven. [In Swedish.] Vannet i Norden 17:4-19.
99. Read, D. J. 1991. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Experientia 47:376-391.
100. Reed, R. A., R. K. Peet, M. W. Palmer, and P. S. White. 1993. Scale dependence of vegetation-environment correlations: a case study of a North Carolina piedmont woodland. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:329-340.
101. Renman, G. 1989. Distribution of littoral macrophytes in a north Swedish riverside lagoon in relation to bottom freezing. Aquatic Botany 33:243-256.
102. Richardson, D. M., I. A. W. Macdonald, P. M. Holmes, and R. M. Cowling. 1992. Plant and animal invasions. Pages 271-308 in R. M. Cowling, editor. The ecology of fynbos. Nutrients, fire and diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, South Africa.
103. Richter, B. D., J. V. Baumgartner, R. Wigington, and D. P. Braun. 1997. How much water does a river need? Freshwater Biology 37:231-249.
104. Romell, L.-G. 1938. Växternas spridningsmöjligheter. Pages 279-448 in C. Skottsberg, editor. Växternas liv IV. [In Swedish.] Nordisk Familjeboks Förlag Aktiebolag, Stockholm, Sweden.
105. Rood, S. B., and J. M. Mahoney. 1990. Collapse of riparian poplar forest downstream from dams in western prairies: probable causes and prospects for mitigation. Environmental Management 14:451-464.
106. Rood, S. B., J. M. Mahoney, D. E. Reid, and L. Zilm. 1995. Instream flows and the decline of riparian cottonwoods along the St. Mary River, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 73:1250-1260.
107. Root, R. B. 1967. The niche exploitation pattern of the Bluegrey Gnatcatcher. Ecological Monographs 37:317-350.
108. Rudberg, S. 1970. Geomorphology. Maps 5 and 6 in M. Lundqvist, editor. National Atlas of Sweden. Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Förlag, Stockholm, Sweden.
109. Salo, J., R. Kalliola, I. Häkkinen, Y. Mäkinen, P. Niemelä, M. Puhakka, and P. Coley. 1986. River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forest. Nature 322:254-258.
110. Schneider, R. L., and R. R. Sharitz. 1988. Hydrochory and regeneration in a bald cypress-water tupelo swamp forest. Ecology 69:1055-1063.
111. Scott, M. L., G. T. Auble, and J. M. Friedman. 1997. Flood dependency of cottonwood establishment along the Missouri River, Montana, USA. Ecological Applications 7: 677-690.
112. Shmida, A., and M. V. Wilson. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 12:1-20.
113. Shuman, J. R. 1995. Environmental considerations for assessing dam removal alternatives for river restoration. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 11:249-261.
114. Sjörs, H. 1973. Om botaniska skyddsvärden vid älvarna. [In Swedish.] Department of Ecological Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
115. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. Third edition. W. H. Freeman & Company, New York, New York, USA.
116. Sousa, W. P. 1984. The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 353-391.
117. Stevens, L. E., J. E. Schmidt, T. J. Ayers, and B. T. Brown. 1995. Flow regulation, geomorphology, and Colorado River marsh development in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ecological Applications 5:1025-1039.
118. Stromberg, J. C., and D. C. Patten. 1990. Riparian vegetation instream flow requirements: a case study from a diverted stream in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Environmental Management 14:185-194.
119. Sundborg, Å. 1977. Älv, kraft, miljö. Vattenkraftutbyggnadens miljöeffekter. [In Swedish.] Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden.
120. Thébaud, C., and M. Debussche. 1991. Rapid invasion of Fraxinus ornus L. along the Herault River in southern France: the importance of seed dispersal by water. Journal of Biogeography 18:7-12.
121. Tilman, D. 1988. Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plant communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
122. Tilman, D. 1997. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78:81-92.
123. van der Pijl, L. 1982. Principles of dispersal in higher plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, West Germany.
124. van der Valk, A. G. 1981. Succession in wetlands: a Gleasonian approach. Ecology 62:688-696.
125. van der Valk, A. G. 1986. The impact of litter and annual plants on recruitment from the seed bank of a lacustrine wetland. Aquatic Botany 24:13-26.
126. Walter, H. 1985. Vegetation of the earth and ecological systems of the geo-biosphere. Third edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, West Germany.
127. Ward, J. V., and J. A. Stanford. 1983. The serial discontinuity concept of lotic ecosystems. Pages 29-42 in T D. Fontaine III and S. M. Bartell, editors. Dynamics of lotic ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
128. Wassén, G. 1966. Gardiken. Vegetation und Flora eines lappländischen Seeufers. [In German.] Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Avhandlingar i Naturskyddsärenden 22:1-142.
129. White, P. S. 1979. Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation. Botanical Review 45:229-299.
130. Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21:213-251.
131. Williams, G. P., and M. G. Wolman. 1984. Downstream effects of dams on alluvial rivers. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1286:1-64.
132. Willson, M. F., B. L. Rice, and M. Westoby. 1990. Seed dispersal spectra: a comparison of temperate communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:547-560.
133. Wilson, S. D., P. A. Keddy, and D. L. Randall. 1985. The distribution of Xyris difformis along a gradient of exposure to waves: an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Botany 63:1226-1230.
134. Wold, S. 1978. Cross-validatory estimation of the number of components in factor and principal components models. Technometrics 20:397-405.
135. Wootton, J. T., M. S. Parker, and M. E. Power. 1996. Effects of disturbance on river food webs. Science 273:1558-1561.
136. Wright, J. F., D. Moss, P. D. Armitage, and M. T. Furse. 1984. A preliminary classification of running-water sites in Great Britain based on macro-invertebrate species and the prediction of community type using environmental data. Freshwater Biology 14:221-256.
137. Wuethrich, B. 1996. Deliberate flood renews habitats. Science 272:344-345.
138. Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Third edition. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
139. Zobel, M. 1997. The relative role of species pools in determining plant species richness: an alternative explanation of species coexistence? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:266-269.