Effects of disturbance on river food webs

Science

Volumn 273, Issue 5281, 1996, Pages 1558-1561

  Wootton, J Timothy ^a   Parker, Michael S ^a   Power, Mary E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ECOLOGY; FOOD CHAIN; INSECT; PREDATION; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIVER; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

EID: 0029760651     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5281.1558     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. J. T. Wootton and M. E. Power, Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 1384 (1992).
2. M. L. Rosenzweig, Science 171, 385 (1971); L. Oksanen, S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, P. Niemela, Am. Nat. 118, 240 (1981); S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman and Hall, London, 1982); D. Tilman, Am. Nat. 129, 769 (1987); S. L. Pimm and R. L. Kitching, Oikos 50, 302 (1987); P. A. Abrams, Am. Nat. 141, 351 (1993).
3. M. L. Rosenzweig, Science 171, 385 (1971); L. Oksanen, S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, P. Niemela, Am. Nat. 118, 240 (1981); S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman and Hall, London, 1982); D. Tilman, Am. Nat. 129, 769 (1987); S. L. Pimm and R. L. Kitching, Oikos 50, 302 (1987); P. A. Abrams, Am. Nat. 141, 351 (1993).
4. M. L. Rosenzweig, Science 171, 385 (1971); L. Oksanen, S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, P. Niemela, Am. Nat. 118, 240 (1981); S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman and Hall, London, 1982); D. Tilman, Am. Nat. 129, 769 (1987); S. L. Pimm and R. L. Kitching, Oikos 50, 302 (1987); P. A. Abrams, Am. Nat. 141, 351 (1993).
5. M. L. Rosenzweig, Science 171, 385 (1971); L. Oksanen, S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, P. Niemela, Am. Nat. 118, 240 (1981); S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman and Hall, London, 1982); D. Tilman, Am. Nat. 129, 769 (1987); S. L. Pimm and R. L. Kitching, Oikos 50, 302 (1987); P. A. Abrams, Am. Nat. 141, 351 (1993).
6. M. L. Rosenzweig, Science 171, 385 (1971); L. Oksanen, S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, P. Niemela, Am. Nat. 118, 240 (1981); S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman and Hall, London, 1982); D. Tilman, Am. Nat. 129, 769 (1987); S. L. Pimm and R. L. Kitching, Oikos 50, 302 (1987); P. A. Abrams, Am. Nat. 141, 351 (1993).
7. M. L. Rosenzweig, Science 171, 385 (1971); L. Oksanen, S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, P. Niemela, Am. Nat. 118, 240 (1981); S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman and Hall, London, 1982); D. Tilman, Am. Nat. 129, 769 (1987); S. L. Pimm and R. L. Kitching, Oikos 50, 302 (1987); P. A. Abrams, Am. Nat. 141, 351 (1993).
8. M. E. Power, Science 250, 811 (1990).
9. R. T. Paine, Am. Nat. 100, 65 (1966); J. H. Connell, Science 199, 1302 (1978); D. L. DeAngelis, Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs (Chapman and Hall. London, 1992); J. T. Wootton, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 443 (1994).
10. R. T. Paine, Am. Nat. 100, 65 (1966); J. H. Connell, Science 199, 1302 (1978); D. L. DeAngelis, Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs (Chapman and Hall. London, 1992); J. T. Wootton, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 443 (1994).
11. R. T. Paine, Am. Nat. 100, 65 (1966); J. H. Connell, Science 199, 1302 (1978); D. L. DeAngelis, Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs (Chapman and Hall. London, 1992); J. T. Wootton, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 443 (1994).
12. R. T. Paine, Am. Nat. 100, 65 (1966); J. H. Connell, Science 199, 1302 (1978); D. L. DeAngelis, Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs (Chapman and Hall. London, 1992); J. T. Wootton, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 25, 443 (1994).
13. M. E. Power, M. S. Parker, J. T. Wootton, in Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics, G. A. Polis and K. O. Winemiller, Eds. (Chapman and Hall, New York. 1995), pp. 286-297.
14. M. E. Power, Arch. Hydrobiol. 125, 385 (1992).
15. Dicosmoecus exposed to seven predator species in 12.6-liter tubs (six replicates per predator species; 10 grazers and one predator per tub) experienced no mortality over 24 hours, whereas a representative grazer, the mayfly Centroptilum, experienced 50.7 ± 24.5% (SD) mortality due to predation pooled across all replicates of all predator species.
16. J. H. Connell, Am. Nat. 122, 661 (1983); T. W. Schoener. ibid, p. 240.
17. J. H. Connell, Am. Nat. 122, 661 (1983); T. W. Schoener. ibid, p. 240.
18. We visually counted all fish (Hesperoleucas symmetricus and Gasterosteus aculeatus) and odonates (primarily Aeshna californica and Archilestes californica) in the entire channel and counted all grazing insects [predominantly Centroptilum, Nixe, and Paroleptophlebia (Ephemeroptera); Mysticides, Lepidosoma, Tinodes, and Gumaga (Trichoptera); Ferrisse and Physella (Pulmonata); and Eubrianix (Psephenidae)], except for midge (Chironomidae) larvae, on the top and bottom of each tile. Midges were counted on only one tile because of their high abundance. We collected benthic algae (largely a mixture of Cladophora glomerata, Nostoc spp., and Epithemia spp.) from one randomly selected tile in each treatment by scraping the tile with a razor blade and measuring ash-free dry weight in the laboratory. All floating algal mats in a channel were collected with an aquarium net, spun in a salad spinner for a standard 50 turns to remove excess water, and weighed. Sub-samples of floating algae were collected, dried, weighed, and analyzed through measurement of ash-free dry weight to calibrate wet mass with ash-free dry weight. We used a blocked, two-way MANOVA to test for community-wide differences among treatments, and then tested for the specific differences predicted a priori by the model, using one-tailed paired t tests.
19. L. B. Crowder and W. E. Cooper, Ecology 63, 1802 (1982); M. E. Power, Oikos 58, 67 (1990).
20. L. B. Crowder and W. E. Cooper, Ecology 63, 1802 (1982); M. E. Power, Oikos 58, 67 (1990).
21. J. T. Wootton, Am. Nat. 141, 71 (1993).
22. Methods are described in (6). Data were taken from survey locations described in (6) and from surveys of reaches of the Mad River (regulated) and Van Duzen River (unregulated) in Six Rivers National Forest, CA, conducted throughout the summer of 1994. All variables except algal occurrence were log-transformed before analysis to stabilize the variance.
23. M. Waldichuk, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 226, 295 (1993); A. G. Maule, C. B. Schreck, C. S. Bradford, B. A. Barton, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 117, 245 (1988); H. L. Raymond, N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 8, 1 (1988).
24. M. Waldichuk, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 226, 295 (1993); A. G. Maule, C. B. Schreck, C. S. Bradford, B. A. Barton, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 117, 245 (1988); H. L. Raymond, N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 8, 1 (1988).
25. M. Waldichuk, Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 226, 295 (1993); A. G. Maule, C. B. Schreck, C. S. Bradford, B. A. Barton, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 117, 245 (1988); H. L. Raymond, N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 8, 1 (1988).
26. R. W. Nelson, J. R. Dwyer, W. E. Greenberg, Environ. Manage. 11, 479 (1987).
27. F. K. Ligon, W. E. Dietrich, W. J. Trush, Bioscience 45, 183 (1995); M. E. Power, A. Sun, G. Parker, W. E. Dietrich, J. T. Wootton, ibid., p. 159; C. S. Holling and G. K. Meffe, Conserv. Biol. 10, 328 (1996).
28. F. K. Ligon, W. E. Dietrich, W. J. Trush, Bioscience 45, 183 (1995); M. E. Power, A. Sun, G. Parker, W. E. Dietrich, J. T. Wootton, ibid., p. 159; C. S. Holling and G. K. Meffe, Conserv. Biol. 10, 328 (1996).
29. F. K. Ligon, W. E. Dietrich, W. J. Trush, Bioscience 45, 183 (1995); M. E. Power, A. Sun, G. Parker, W. E. Dietrich, J. T. Wootton, ibid., p. 159; C. S. Holling and G. K. Meffe, Conserv. Biol. 10, 328 (1996).
30. We thank B. Amerson, C. Bailey, J. Chase, M. Eskridge, D. Gordon, N. Guthrie, S. Kupferburg, S. Lane, M. Liu, J. Lyons, J. Marks, S. McGuire, K. Meier, E. Noonberg, C. Pfister, M. Pizer, W. Roberts, M. Salzer, A. Sun, C. Wang, and J. Wootton for field assistance and P. Steel for logistical support. Funded in part by NSF, the California State Water Resources Center, the Miller Institute for Basic Research, and the University of Chicago Block Fund.