Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 132, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 391-402

  Mermel, Leonard A ^a,b   Mermel, Leonard ^a   Hudson, Barbara ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RHODE ISLAND HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACITRACIN; CHLORHEXIDINE; HEPARIN; MINOCYCLINE; NEOMYCIN; POLYMYXIN; POVIDONE IODINE; PSEUDOMONIC ACID; RIFAMPICIN; SULFADIAZINE SILVER; TEICOPLANIN; VANCOMYCIN; WARFARIN;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTISEPSIS; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BLOOD CULTURE; CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CLINICAL TRIAL; FEMORAL VEIN; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION RATE; INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN; INTRAVASCULAR CATHETER; MICROBIAL GROWTH; OINTMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPONGE; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION;

EID: 0034090864     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00009     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Collignon PJ. Intravascular catheter associated sepsis: a common problem. The Australian Study on Intravascular Catheter Associated Sepsis. Med J Aust. 1994;161:374-8.
2. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from October 1986-April 1998, issued June 1998. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26:522-33.
3. Heiselman D. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in the critically ill. JAMA. 1994;272:1819-20.
4. Byers K, Adal K, Anglim A, Farr B. Case fatality rate for catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI): a meta-analysis [Abstract], Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995; 16(2 Suppl):23.
5. Arnow PM, Quimosing EM, Beach M. Consequences of intravascular catheter sepsis. Clin Infect Dis. 1993; 16:778-84.
6. Mermel LA, McCormick RD, Springman SR, Maki DG. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery SwanGanz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping. Am J Med. 1991 ;91:1975-2055.
7. Maki DG, Stolz S, Wheeler S, Mermel LA. A prospective, randomized trial of gauze and two polyurethane dressings for site care of pulmonary artery catheters: implications for catheter management. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:1729-37.
8. Maki DG, Stolz SM. Wheeler S, Mermel LA. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:257-66.
9. Pearson ML Guidelines for prevention of intravascular device-related infections. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996;17:438-73.
10. Maki DG, Mermel LA. Infections due to infusion therapy. In: Bennett JV, Brachman PS, eds. Hospital Infections. 4th ed. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven; 1998:689-724.
11. Jansen B. Current approaches to the prevention of catheter-related infections. In: Scifert H, Jansen B, Farr BM, eds. Catheter-Related Infections. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997:411-46.
12. Gross PA, Bar re 11TL, Dellinger EP, Krause PJ, Marione WJ, McGowan JE, et al. Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases [Abstract]. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:421.
13. McKee R, Dunsmuir R, Whitby M, Garden OJ. Does antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion reduce the incidence of catheterrelated sepsis in intravenous nutrition? J Hosp Infect. 1985:6:419-25.
14. Pellizzer G, Nicolin R, D'Emilio A, Figoli G, Bragagnolo L, Merlo F, et al. Teicoplanin (T) prophylaxis in tunneled central venous catheter CTCVC) [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 17-20 September 1995, San Francisco, California. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1995:26.
15. Ljungman P, Hagglund H, Bjorkstrand B, Lonnqvist B, Ringden O. Perioperative teicoplanin for prevention of gram-positive infections in neutropenic patients with indwelling central venous catheters: a randomized, controlled study. Support Care Cancer. 1997;5:485-8.
16. Spafford PS, Sinkin RA, Cox C, Reubens L, Powell KR. Prevention of central venous catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates. J Pediatr. 1994:125:259-63.
17. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994:44:1-13.
18. Sieradzki K, Roberts RB, Serur D, Hargrave J, Tomaz A. Recurrent peritonitis in a patient on dialysis and prophylactic vancomycin. Lancet. 1998:351:880-1.
19. Hiramatsu K, Aritaka N. Hanaki H, Kawasaki S, Hosoda Y, Hori S, et al. Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphy/ococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to vancomycin. Lancet. 1997:350:1670-3.
20. Interim guidelines for prevention and control of Staphylococcal infections associated with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:626-8.
21. Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster MV, RobinsonDunn B, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-lntermediate Staphy/ococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1999:340:493-501.
22. Sieradzki K, Roberts RB, Haber SW. Tomasz A. The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:517-23.
23. Boyce JM, Mermel LA, Parenteau S, Crellin J. Recurrent bacteremia in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MR5A) containing subpopulations with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the Ninth Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 18-20 April 1999, San Francisco, California. Mt. Royal, NJ: Soc for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 1999:34.
24. Herrmann M, Suchard SJ. Boxer LA, Waldvogel FA, Lew PD. Thrombospondin binds to Staphylococcus aureus and promotes staphylococcal adherence to surfaces. Infect Immun. 1991;59:279-88.
25. Herrmann M, Lai QJ, Albrecht RM, Mosher DF, Proctor RA. Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to surface-bound platelets: role of fibrinogen/fibrin and platelet integrins. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:312-22.
26. Nilsson M, Frykberg L, Flock Jl. Pel 1. Lindberg M, Guss B. A fibrinogen-binding protein of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Immun. 1998;66: 2666-73.
27. 1, integrin fibronectin receptor in Candida tropicalis. I Infect Dis. 1996;174:127-32.
28. Raad II, Luna M, Khalil SA, Coslerton JW, Lam C, Bodey GP. The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters. JAMA. 1994;271:1014-6.
29. Timsit JF, Farkas JC, Boyer JM, Martin JB, Missel B, Renaud B, el al. Central vein catheter-related thrombosis in intensive care patients: incidence, risk factors, and relationship with catheter-related sepsis. Chest. 1998;114: 207-13.
30. Bern MM, Lokich 11, Wallach SR, Bolhe A, Benotti PN, Arkin CF, el al. Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters. A randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:423-8.
31. Boraks P, Seale J, Price J, Bass G, Elhell M, Keeling D, et al. Prevention of central venous catheter associated thrombosis using minidose warfarin in patients with haemotological malignancies. BrJ Haematol. 1998; 101:483-6.
32. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Andrew M. Benefit of heparin in central venous and pulmonary artery catheters: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Chest. 1998;! 13:165-71.
33. Elliott TS, Curran A. Effects of heparin and chlorbutol on bacterial colonisation of intravascular cannulae in an in vitro model. J Hosp Infect. 1989; 14:193-200.
34. Arepally G, Cines DB. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 1998; 16:237-47.
35. Pittet D. Intravenous catheter-related infections: current understanding [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 11-14 October 1992, Anaheim. California. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1992:411.
36. Heard SO, Wagle M, Vijayakumar E, McLean S, Brueggemann A, Napolitano LM, el al. Influence of triple-lumen central venous catheters coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:81-7.
37. Viale P, Politi E, Sisli M, Confalonieri M, Alberici F. Impact of central venous catheters (CVC) management on infectious risk [Abstract]. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40(Suppl A):8.1.8.
38. Robinson JF, Robinson WA, Conn A, Garg K, Armslrong JD. Perforation of the great vessels during central venous line placement. Arch Intern Med. 1995:155:1225-8.
39. Konner K. Subdavian haemodialysis access: is it still justified in 1995? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1995;10:1988-91.
40. Goetz AM, Wagener MM, Miller JM, Muder RR. Risk of infection due to central venous catheters: effect of site of placement and catheter type. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998; 19:842-5.
41. Trottier SJ, Veremakis C, O'Brien J, Auer Al. Femoral deep vein thrombosis associated with central venous catheterization: results from a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:52-9.
42. Timsit JF, Sebille V, Farkas JC, Missel B, Martin JB, Chevret S, et al. Effect of subcutaneous tunneling on internal jugular catheter-related sepsis in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized multicenter study. JAMA. 1996;276:1416-20.
43. Timsit JF, Bruneel F, Cheval C, Mamzer MF, Garrousler-Orgeas M, Wolff M, et al. Use of tunneled femoral catheters to prevent catheterrelated infection. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130: 729-35.
44. Randolph AG, Cook DJ, Gonzales CA, Brun-Buisson C. Tunneling shortterm central venous catheters to prevent catheter-related infection: a metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:1452-7.
45. Mermel LA. Central venous catheter-related infections and their prevention: is there enough evidence to recommend tunneling for short-term use? [Editorial] Crit Care Med. !998;26:1315-6.
46. Clemence MA, Walker D, Farr BM. Central venous catheter practices: results of a survey. Am J Infect Control. 1995;23:5-12.
47. Maki DG, Ringer M, Alvarado CJ. Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine. alcohol, and chlorhexidine for prevention of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters. Lancet. 1991;338:339-43.
48. Sheehan G, Leicht K, O'Brien M, Taylor G, Rennie R. Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine as cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of vascularcatheter infection [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 17-20 October 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1993:1616.
49. Mimoz O, Pieroni L, Lawrence C, Edouard A, Costa Y, Samii K, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of two antiseptic solutions for prevention of central venous or arterial catheter colonization and infection in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1818-23.
50. Humar A, Ostromecki A, Baptist D, Marshall J, Lazar N, Houston P, et al. A prospective randomized trial of 10% povidone-iodine (PI) vs 0.5% tincture of chlorhexidine (TC) for prevention of infections associated with central venous catheters (CVCs) [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 28 September-1 October 1997, Toronto, Canada. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1997:302.
51. Strand CL, Wajsbort RR, Sturmann K. Effect of iodophor vs iodine tincture skin preparation on blood culture contamination rate. JAMA. 1993;269: 1004-6.
52. Little JR, Murray PR, Traynor PS, Spitznagel E. A randomized trial of povidone-iodine compared with iodine tincture for venipuncture site disinfection: effect on rates of blood culture contamination. Am J Med. 1999; 107:119-25.
53. Raad II. Hohn DC, Gilbreath J, Suleiman N. Hill LA, Bruso PA. et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994;15:231-8.
54. Hoffmann KK, Weber DJ, Samsa GP, Rutala WA. Transparent polyurethane film as an intravenous catheter dressing. A meta-analysis of the infection risks. JAMA. 1992;267:2072-6.
55. Maki DG, Mermel L Meta-analysis of transparent vs. gauze dressings for central venous catheter use [Abstract]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997; 18(Suppl 2):51.
56. Conly JM, Grieves K, Peters B. A prospective, randomized study comparing transparent and dry gauze dressings for central venous catheters. J Infect Dis. 1989; 159:310-9.
57. Pinheiro SM, Starling CA, Couto BR. Transparent dressing versus conventional dressing: comparison of the incidence of related catheter infection (Abstract). Am J Infect Control. 1997;25:148.
58. Maki DG, Will L Colonization and infection associated with transparent dressing for central venous, arterial, and Hickman catheters: a comparative trial [Abstract], In: Programs and Abstracts of the 24th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 8-10 October 1984, Washington, DC. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1984: 230.
59. Maki DG. Mermel LA, Martin M. Knasinski V. Berry D. A highlysemipermeable polyurethane dressing does not increase the risk of CVCrelated BSI: a prospective, multicenter, investigator-blinded trial [Abstract]. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 15-18 September 1996, New Orleans, Louisiana. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1996:230.
60. Maki DG. Will L Study of polyantibiotic and povidone-iodine ointments on central venous and arterial catheter sites dressed with gauze or polyurethane dressing [Abstract]. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 28 September-1 October 1986, New Orleans, Louisiana. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1986:1041.
61. Maki DG, Band JD. A comparative study of polyantibiotic and iodophor ointments in prevention of vascular catheter-related infection. Am J Med. 1981;70:739-44.
62. Flowers RH III. Schwenzer KJ, Kopel RF, Fisch MJ, Tucker SI. Farr BM. Efficacy of an attachable subcutaneous cuff for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection. A randomized, controlled trial. JAMA. 1989; 261:878-83.
63. Levin A. Mason AJ, Jindal KK. Fong IW, Goldstein MB. Prevention of hemodialysis subclavian vein catheter infections by topical povidone-iodine. Kidney Int. 1991;40:934-8.
64. Sesso R, Barbosa D, Lerne IL, Sader H, Canziani ME, Manfred! S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis in hemodialysis patients using central venous catheter: effect of mupirocin ointment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9: 1085-92.
65. Zakrzewska-Bode A, Muytjens HL, Liem KD, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA. Mupirocin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci, after topical prophylaxis for the reduction of colonization of central venous catheters. J Hosp Infect. 1995;31:189-93.
66. Casewell MW. The nose: an underestimated source of Staphylococcus aureus causing wound infection. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40(Suppl B):S3-11.
67. Rao SP, Oreopoulos DG. Unusual complications of a polyurethane PD catheter [Letter]. Perit Dial Int. 1997;17:410-2.
68. Riu S, Ruiz CG, Martinez-Vera A, Peralta C, Oliver JA. Spontaneous rupture of polyurethane peritoneal catheter. A possible deleterious effect of mupirocin ointment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998; 13:1870-1.
69. Chang FY, Singh N, Gayowski T, Wagener MM, Marino IR. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in patients with cirrhosis: prospective assessment of association with infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998; 19:328-32.
70. Nguyen MH, Kauffman CA, Goodman RP, Squier C, Arbeit RD, Singh N, et al. Nasal carriage of and infection with Staphylococcus aureus in HW-infected patients. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130:221-5.
71. Cohen Y, Fosse JP, Karoubi P, Reboul-Marty J, Dreyfuss D, Hoang P, et al. The "hands-off" catheter and the prevention of systemic infections associated with pulmonary artery catheter: a prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157:284-7.
72. Duthoit D, Devleeshouwer C Paesmans M, Van Der Auwera P. Infection of totally implantable chamber catheters (TICC) in cancer patient: multivariate analysis of risk factors [Abstract]. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 17-20 October 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1993:1627.
73. Ena J, Cercenado E, Martinez D, Bouza E. Cross-sectional epidemiology of phlebitis and catheter-related infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13:15-20.
74. Brennan PI, Hoegg C, Samel C, Skalina D, Barbagallo S, Shulkkn 0. Performance improvement in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) resulting from device based surveillance (DSB) from central venous catheter related bloodstream infections (CVC-BSI) [Abstract]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997;1S(5 Pt 2):20.
75. Armstrong P, Alfieri N,- dowser M, Steinberg RA, Spornitz ME, Runge W, et al. Central line-associated (CLA) surveillance and continuing quality improvement in an intensive care unit (ICU) [Abstract]. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40(Suppl A):8.1.8.
76. Sherertz RJ, Westbrook DM, Gledhill KS, Streed SA. Description of an infection control course for house officers (HO) and medical students (MS) [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the Eighth Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 5-7 April 1998, Orlando, Florida. Mt. Royal. NJ: Soc for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 1998: 252.
77. Eggimann P, Harbarth S, Constantin MN, Touveneau S, Chevrolet JC, Pittet D. Impact of a global strategy targeted at vascular catheter care [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the Ninth Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 18-20 April 1999, San Francisco, California. Mt. Royal, NJ: Soc for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 1999: 73.
78. Maas A, Flament P, Pardou A, Deplano A, Dramaix M, Struelens MJ. Central venous catheter-related bacteraemia in critically ill neonates: risk factors and impact of a prevention programme. J Hosp Infect. 1998;40:211-24.
79. Fridkin SK, Pear SM, Williamson TH, Galgiani JN, Jarvis WR. The role of understaffing in central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1996:17:150-8.
80. Hamory BH, Pearson SK, Duffy KR. Efficacy of professional i.v. therapy teams in reducing complications of i.v. cannulae [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the 84th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 4-9 March 1984, St. Louis, Missouri. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1984:307.
81. Soifer NE, Borzak S, Edlin BR, Weinstein RA. Prevention of peripheral venous catheter complications with an intravenous therapy team: a randomized controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158:473-7.
82. Cook D, Randolph A, Kernerman P, Cupido C, King D, Soukup C, et al. Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 1997;25:1417-24.
83. Tabone E, Latour JF, Mignot A, Ranchere JY. Alteration of the inner surface of venous catheters by antineoplastic drugs. Biomaterials. 1991;12: 741-6.
84. Lederte FA, Parent! CM, Berskow LC, Ellingson KJ. The idle intravenous catheter. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 116:737-8.
85. Parent! CM, Lederle FA, Impola CU Peterson LR. Reduction of unnecessary intravenous catheter use. Internal medicine house staff participate in a successful quality improvement project. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1829-32.
86. Salzman MB, Isenberg HD, Rubin LG. Use of disinfectants to reduce microbial contamination of hubs of vascular catheters. J Clin Microbiol. 1993;31:475-9.
87. Ruschman KL, Fulton JS. Effectiveness of disinfectant techniques on intravenous tubing latex injection ports. J Intraven Nurs. 1993;16:304-8.
88. Segura M, Alvarez-Lerma F, Tellado JM, jimenez-Ferreres J, Oms L, Rello J. et al. A clinical trial on the prevention of catheter-related sepsis using a new hub model. Ann Surg. 1996;223:363-9.
89. Halpin DP. O'Byrne P, McEntee G, Hennessy TP. Stephens RB. Effect of a betadine connection shield on central venous catheter sepsis. Nutrition. 1991;7:33-4.
90. Weist K, Sperber A, Dietz E, Ruden H. Contamination of stopcocks mounted in administration sets for central venous catheters with replacement at 24 hrs versus 72 hrs: a prospective cohort study [Abstract]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997; 18(5 Pt 2):24.
91. Raad I. Costerton W, Sabharwal U, Sacilowski M, Anaissie E, Bodey GP. Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: a quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement. J Infect Dis. 1993;! 68:400-7.
92. Maki DG, Stolz S, McCormick R, Spiegel C Possible association of a commercial needleless system with central venous catheter-related bacteremia [Abstract]. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 4-7 October 1994, Orlando, Florida. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1994:195.
93. Vassallo D, Blanc-Jouvan M, Bret M, Coronet B, Kasparian S, Mosnier S, et al. Stapriy/ococcus aureus septicemia and a needleless system of infusion [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 17-20 September 1995, San Francisco, California. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1995:259.
94. McDonald LC, Banerjee SN, Jarvis WR. Line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatrie intensive-care-unit patients associated with a needleless device and intermittent intravenous therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998; 19:772-7.
95. Cookson ST, Ihrig M, O'Mara EM, Denny M, Volk H, Banerjee SN. et al. Increased bloodstream infection rates in surgical patients associated with variation from recommended use and care following implementation of a needleless device. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:23-7.
96. Do AN, Ray BJ, Banerjee SN, Illian AF, Barnett BJ, Pham MH. et al. Bloodstream infection associated with needleless device use and the importance of infection-control practices in the home health care setting. J Infect Dis. 1999; 179:442-8.
97. Danzig LE, Short U. Collins K, Mahoney M, Sepe S, Bland L, et al. Bloodstream infections associated with a needleless intravenous infusion system in patients receiving home infusion therapy. JAMA. 1995:273:1862-4.
98. Toscano CM, Bell M, Zukerman CB, Shelton WR, Nkhols WG, Corey L, et al. Bloodstream infection (BSD associated with needleless device use. Bathing practices and home infusion [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the Ninth Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 18-20 April 1999, San Francisco, California. Mt. Royal, NJ: Soc for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 1999:49.
99. Kellerman S, Shay DK, Howard J, Goes C, Feusner J, Rosenberg J. et al. Bloodstream infections in home infusion patients: the influence of race and needleless intravascular access devices. J Pediatr. 1996;129:711-7.
100. Arduino MJ, Bland LA, Danzig LE, McAllister SK, Aguero SM. Microbiologic evaluation of needleless and needle-access devices. Am J Infect Control. 1997;26:377-80.
101. Luebke MA, Arduino MJ, Duda DL, Dudar TE, McAllister SK, Bland LA, et al. Comparison of the microbial barrier properties of a needleless and a conventional needle-based intravenous access system. Am J Infect Control. 1998:26:437-41.
102. Brown JD, Moss HA, Elliott TS. The potential for catheter microbial contamination from a needleless connector. J Hosp Infect. 1997;36:181-9.
103. Mendelson MH, Short U, Schlechter CB, Meyers BR, Rodriguez M, Cohen S, et al. Study of a needleless intermittent intravenous-access system for peripheral infusions: analysis of staff, patient, and institutional outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998:19:401-6.
104. Boidin R, Kluytmans J. Reduction of infusate contamination using the Interlink needleless access system: a multicenter study. Interlink Study Group [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of the Ninth Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 18-20 April 1999, San Francisco, California. Mt. Royal, NJ: Soc for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; 1999:50.
105. Falchuk KH, Peterson L, McNeil BJ. Microparticulate-induced phlebitis. Its prevention by in-line filtration. N Engl J Med. 1985:312:78-82.
106. Mermel LA, Stolz SM, Maki DG. Surface antimicrobial activity of heparinbonded and antiseptic-impregnated vascular catheters. J Infect Dis. 1993; 167:920-4.
107. Bonawitz SC Hammell JJ, Kirkpatrkk JR. Prevention of central venous catheter sepsis: a prospective randomized trial. Am Surg. 1991:57:618-23.
108. Maki DG, Cobb L, Carman JK, Shapiro JM, Ringer M, Helgerson RB. An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Am J Med. 1988;85:307-14.
109. Clement! E, Marie O, Arlet G, Villers S, Boudaoud S, Falkman H. Usefulness of an attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of catheter-related sepsis (CRS)? [Abstract] In: Programs and Abstracts of the 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 29 September-2 October 1991, Chicago, Illinois. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; 1991:460.
110. Dahlberg PJ, Agger WA, Singer JR. Yutuc WR, Newcomer KL, Schaper A, et al. Subclavian hemodialysis catheter infections: a prospective, randomized trial of an attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of catheter-related infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:506-11.
111. Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Colt D, LaQuaglia M, Brown AE, Turnbull A, et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of the effect of silver impregnated subcutaneous cuffs for preventing tunneled chronic venous access catheter infections in cancer patients. Ann Surg. 1993;218:206-10.
112. Hemmerlein JB, Trerotola SO, Kraus MA, Mendonca MS, Desmond LA. In vitro cytotoxicity of silver-impregnated collagen cuffs designed to decrease infection in tunneled catheters. Radiology. 1997:204:363-7.
113. Veenstra DL, Saint S, Saha S, Lumley T, Sullivan SD. Efficacy of antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 1999:281:261-7.
114. van Heerden PV, Webb SA, Fong S, Golledge CL, Roberts BL, Thompson WR. Central venous catheters revisited-infection rates and an assessment of the new Fibrin Analysing System brush. Anaesth Intens Care. 1996; 24:330-3.
115. Hannan M, Juste R. Shankar U, Nightingale C, Axadian B, Son! N. Colonization of triple lumen catheters. A study on antiseptic bonded and standard catheters [Abstract]. Clin Intensive Care. 1996;7:56.
116. Bach A, Schmidt H, Bottiger B, Schrieber B, Bohrer H, Motsch J, et al. Retention of antibacterial activity and bacterial colonization of antisepticbonded central venous catheters. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;37:315-22.
117. Collin GR. Decreasing catheter colonization through the use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter: a continuous quality improvement project. Chest. 1999; 115:1632-40.
118. George SJ, Vuddamalay P, Boscoe MJ. Antiseptic-impregnated central venous catheters reduce the incidence of bacterial colonization and associated infection in immunocompromised transplant patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1997;14:428-31.
119. Pemberton LB, Ross V. Cuddy P. Kremer H, Fessier T, McGurk E. No difference in catheter sepsis between standard and antiseptic central venous catheters. A prospective randomized study. Arch Surg. 1996;!31:986-9.
120. Ramsay J, Nolte F, Schwarzmann S. Incidence of catheter colonization and catheter related infection with an antiseptic impregnated triple lumen catheter [Abstract]. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:A115.
121. Logghe C, Van Ossel C D'Hoore W, Ezzedine H, Wauters G. Haxhe JJ. Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukaemic patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hosp Infect. 1997;37:145-56.
122. Veenstra DL, Saint S, Sullivan SD. Cost-effectiveness of antisepticimpregnated central venous catheters for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection. JAMA. 1999;282:554-60.
123. Tattawasart U, Maillard JY, Furr JR. Russell AD_Development of resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate and cetylpyridinium chloride in Pseudomonas stutzen and changes in antibiotic susceptibility, J Hosp Infect. 1999;42: 219-29.
124. Oda T, Hamasaki J, Kanda N, Mikami K. Anaphylactic shock induced by an antiseptic-coated central venous catheter. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:1242-4.
125. Darouiche RO, Raad II. Heard SO. Tnornby Jl, Wenker OC. Garbrielli A, et al. A comparison of two antimicrobial-impregnated central venous catheters. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1-8.
126. Sampath L, Tambe S, Modak S. Comparison of the efficacy of antiseptic and antibiotic catheters impregnated on both their luminal and outer surfaces [Abstract]. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 26-29 September 1999, San Francisco, California. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology; [In press].
127. Appelgren P, Ransjo U, Bindslev U Espersen F, Larm O. Surface heparinization of central venous catheters reduces microbial colonization in vitro and in vivo: results from a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1482-9.
128. Goldschmidt H, Hahn U, Salwender HJ, Haas R, Jansen B, Wolbring P, et al. Prevention of catheter-related infections by silver coated central venous catheters in oncological patients. Zentralb Bakteriol. 1995;283:215-23.
129. Liu WK. Tebbs SE, Byrne PO, Elliott TS. The effects of electric current on bacteria colonising intravenous catheters. J Infect. 1993;27:261-9.
130. Raad I, Hachem R, Zermeno A, Stephens LC, Bodey GP. Silver iontophoretic catheter: a prototype of a long-term antiinfective vascular access device. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:495-8.
131. Ziebuhr W, Heilmann C Gotz F. Meyer P, Wilms K, Straube E, et al. Detection of the intercellular adhesion gene cluster (ica) and phase variation in Sfaphy/ococcus ep/derm/cfe blood culture strains and mucosal isolates. Infect Immun. 1997;65:890-6.
132. Sun Q, Smith GM, Zahradka C McGavin MJ. Identification of D motif epitopes in Stap/iy/ococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein for the production of antibody inhibitors of fibronectin binding. Infect Immun. 1997; 65:537-43.
133. Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP, Iglewski BH, Costerton JW, Greenberg EP. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science. 1998;280:295-8.