메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 156, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 14-33

Strategy space and the disturbance spectrum: A life-history model for tree species coexistence

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Conservation; Shifting mosaic; Simulation model; Succession

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; COEXISTENCE; DISTURBANCE; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; LIFE HISTORY; TREE;

EID: 0034086922     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/303369     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (178)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0028983076 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing sapling composition in canopy gaps of a temperate deciduous forest
    • Abe, S., T. Masaki, and T. Nakashizuka. 1995. Factors influencing sapling composition in canopy gaps of a temperate deciduous forest. Vegetatio 120:21-32.
    • (1995) Vegetatio , vol.120 , pp. 21-32
    • Abe, S.1    Masaki, T.2    Nakashizuka, T.3
  • 2
    • 0028976936 scopus 로고
    • Dendroecological analysis of successional dynamics for a presettlement-origin white-pine-mixed-oak forest in the southern Appalachians, U.S.A
    • Abrams, M. D., D. A. Orwig, and T. E. Demeo. 1995. Dendroecological analysis of successional dynamics for a presettlement-origin white-pine-mixed-oak forest in the southern Appalachians, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology 83:123-133.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 123-133
    • Abrams, M.D.1    Orwig, D.A.2    Demeo, T.E.3
  • 3
    • 0032474875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendroecology and species co-existence in an old-growth Quercus-Acer-Tilia talus slope forest in the central Appalachians, U.S.A
    • Abrams, M. D., C. M. Ruffner, and T. E. DeMeo. 1998. Dendroecology and species co-existence in an old-growth Quercus-Acer-Tilia talus slope forest in the central Appalachians, U.S.A. Forest Ecology Management 106:9-18.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology Management , vol.106 , pp. 9-18
    • Abrams, M.D.1    Ruffner, C.M.2    DeMeo, T.E.3
  • 4
    • 0345451009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2000 years of forest dynamics in southern Sweden: Suggestions for forest management
    • Björse, G., and R. Bradshaw. 1998. 2000 years of forest dynamics in southern Sweden: suggestions for forest management. Forest Ecology Management 104:15-26.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology Management , vol.104 , pp. 15-26
    • Björse, G.1    Bradshaw, R.2
  • 5
    • 0030808564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling temporal variability of boreal age-classes under different fire disturbance regimes and spatial scales
    • Boychuk, D., and A. H. Perera. 1997. Modeling temporal variability of boreal age-classes under different fire disturbance regimes and spatial scales. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:1083-1094.
    • (1997) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.27 , pp. 1083-1094
    • Boychuk, D.1    Perera, A.H.2
  • 6
    • 0030824044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem
    • Brockway, D. G., and C. E. Lewis. 1997. Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem. Forest Ecology Management 96: 167-183.
    • (1997) Forest Ecology Management , vol.96 , pp. 167-183
    • Brockway, D.G.1    Lewis, C.E.2
  • 7
    • 0000799090 scopus 로고
    • Species composition in gaps and structure of a tropical forest
    • Brokaw, N. V. L., and S. M. Scheiner. 1989. Species composition in gaps and structure of a tropical forest. Ecology 70:538-541.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 538-541
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1    Scheiner, S.M.2
  • 9
    • 0028976927 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: Simulations with a spatial model of forest succession
    • Busing, R. T. 1995. Disturbance and the population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera: simulations with a spatial model of forest succession. Journal of Ecology 83:45-53.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 45-53
    • Busing, R.T.1
  • 10
    • 0030618213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: A consideration of gap partitioning concepts
    • Busing, R. T., and P. S. White. 1997. Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: a consideration of gap partitioning concepts. Oikos 78:562-568.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.78 , pp. 562-568
    • Busing, R.T.1    White, P.S.2
  • 11
    • 0021614195 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic wind throw in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin
    • Canham, C. D., and O. L. Loucks. 1984. Catastrophic wind throw in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin. Ecology 65:803-809.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 803-809
    • Canham, C.D.1    Loucks, O.L.2
  • 13
    • 0001267950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed and seedling ecology of piñon and juniper species in the pygmy woodlands of western North America
    • Chambers, J. C., S. B. Vander Wall, and E. W. Schupp. 1999. Seed and seedling ecology of piñon and juniper species in the pygmy woodlands of western North America. Botanical Review 65:1-38.
    • (1999) Botanical Review , vol.65 , pp. 1-38
    • Chambers, J.C.1    Vander Wall, S.B.2    Schupp, E.W.3
  • 14
    • 0030850481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities
    • Chesson, P., and N. Huntly. 1997. The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. American Naturalist 150:519-553.
    • (1997) American Naturalist , vol.150 , pp. 519-553
    • Chesson, P.1    Huntly, N.2
  • 15
    • 0002291678 scopus 로고
    • Environmental variability and the coexistence of species
    • J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds. Harper & Row, New York
    • Chesson, P. L. 1986. Environmental variability and the coexistence of species. Pages 240-256 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds. Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 240-256
    • Chesson, P.L.1
  • 16
    • 0030303295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing disturbance theory with long-term data: Alternative life-history solutions to the distribution of events
    • Clark, J. S. 1996. Testing disturbance theory with long-term data: alternative life-history solutions to the distribution of events. American Naturalist 148:976-996.
    • (1996) American Naturalist , vol.148 , pp. 976-996
    • Clark, J.S.1
  • 17
    • 0028801672 scopus 로고
    • Fecundity and dispersal in plant populations: Implications for structure and diversity
    • Clark, J. S., and Y. Ji. 1995. Fecundity and dispersal in plant populations: implications for structure and diversity. American Naturalist 146:72-111.
    • (1995) American Naturalist , vol.146 , pp. 72-111
    • Clark, J.S.1    Ji, Y.2
  • 18
    • 0031709625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stages and spatial scales of recruitment limitation in southern Appalachian forests
    • Clark, J. S., E. Macklin, and L. Wood. 1998. Stages and spatial scales of recruitment limitation in southern Appalachian forests. Ecological Monographs 68:213-235.
    • (1998) Ecological Monographs , vol.68 , pp. 213-235
    • Clark, J.S.1    Macklin, E.2    Wood, L.3
  • 19
    • 0017806329 scopus 로고
    • Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science (Washington, D.C.) 199:1302-1310.
    • (1978) Science , vol.199 , pp. 1302-1310
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 20
    • 0001383828 scopus 로고
    • Some processes affecting the species composition in forest gaps
    • -. 1989. Some processes affecting the species composition in forest gaps. Ecology 70:560-562.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 560-562
  • 21
    • 0020901724 scopus 로고
    • Clonal plant populations
    • Cook, R. E. 1983. Clonal plant populations. American Scientist 71:244-254.
    • (1983) American Scientist , vol.71 , pp. 244-254
    • Cook, R.E.1
  • 22
    • 0028586442 scopus 로고
    • Historical development of alternate communities in a hemlock-hardwood forest in northern Michigan, USA
    • P. J. Edwards, R. May, and N. R. Webb, eds. Blackwell Scientific, London
    • Davis, M. B., S. Sugita, R. R. Calcote, J. B. Ferrari, and L. E. Frelich. 1994. Historical development of alternate communities in a hemlock-hardwood forest in northern Michigan, USA. Pages 19-39 in P. J. Edwards, R. May, and N. R. Webb, eds. Large-scale ecology and conservation biology. Blackwell Scientific, London.
    • (1994) Large-scale Ecology and Conservation Biology , pp. 19-39
    • Davis, M.B.1    Sugita, S.2    Calcote, R.R.3    Ferrari, J.B.4    Frelich, L.E.5
  • 23
  • 24
    • 0030436921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of tree species richness in rain forests of the middle Caqueta area, Columbia, NW Amazonia
    • Duivenvoorden, J. F. 1996. Patterns of tree species richness in rain forests of the middle Caqueta area, Columbia, NW Amazonia. Biotropica 28:142-158.
    • (1996) Biotropica , vol.28 , pp. 142-158
    • Duivenvoorden, J.F.1
  • 25
    • 0002621934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old-growth forests of southern New England, New York, and Pennsylvania
    • M. B. Davis, ed. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
    • Dunwiddie, P., D. Foster, D. Leopold, and R. T. Leverett. 1996. Old-growth forests of southern New England, New York, and Pennsylvania. Pages 126-143 in M. B. Davis, ed. Eastern old-growth forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1996) Eastern Old-growth Forests , pp. 126-143
    • Dunwiddie, P.1    Foster, D.2    Leopold, D.3    Leverett, R.T.4
  • 27
    • 0033613446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants
    • London
    • Enquist, B. J., G. B. West, E. L. Charnov, and J. H. Brown. 1999. Allometric scaling of production and life-history variation in vascular plants. Nature (London) 401: 907-911.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 907-911
    • Enquist, B.J.1    West, G.B.2    Charnov, E.L.3    Brown, J.H.4
  • 28
    • 0024254611 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah forest, south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A
    • Foster, D. R. 1988a. Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah forest, south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology 76:105-134.
    • (1988) Journal of Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 105-134
    • Foster, D.R.1
  • 29
    • 0024196157 scopus 로고
    • Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, U.S.A
    • -. 1988b. Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology 76:135-151.
    • (1988) Journal of Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 135-151
  • 30
    • 0026540206 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England
    • Foster, D. R., and E. R. Boose. 1992. Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England. Ecology 80:79-98.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 79-98
    • Foster, D.R.1    Boose, E.R.2
  • 31
    • 0000887642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large, infrequent disturbances
    • Foster, D. R., D. H. Knight, and J. F. Franklin. 1998. Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large, infrequent disturbances. Ecosystems 1:497-510.
    • (1998) Ecosystems , vol.1 , pp. 497-510
    • Foster, D.R.1    Knight, D.H.2    Franklin, J.F.3
  • 32
    • 0031971576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: Another look
    • Francis, A. P., and D. J. Currie. 1998. Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: another look. Oikos 81:598-602.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.81 , pp. 598-602
    • Francis, A.P.1    Currie, D.J.2
  • 33
    • 0026005385 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region
    • Frelich, L. E., and C. G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164.
    • (1991) Ecological Monographs , vol.61 , pp. 145-164
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 34
    • 0002954191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old growth in the Great Lakes region
    • M. B. Davis, ed. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
    • Frelich, L. E., and P. B. Reich. 1996. Old growth in the Great Lakes region. Pages 144-160 in M. B. Davis, ed. Eastern old-growth forests. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1996) Eastern Old-growth Forests , pp. 144-160
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Reich, P.B.2
  • 35
    • 0027382537 scopus 로고
    • A physiology-based gap model of forest dynamics
    • Friend, A. L., and H. H. Shugart. 1993. A physiology-based gap model of forest dynamics. Ecology 74:792-797.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 792-797
    • Friend, A.L.1    Shugart, H.H.2
  • 36
    • 0030613978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Fulé, P. Z., W. W. Covington, and M. M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7:895-908.
    • (1997) Ecological Applications , vol.7 , pp. 895-908
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Covington, W.W.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 37
    • 0033065560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of long-term fire exclusion on tree species composition and stand structure in an old-growth Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) forest
    • Gilliam, F. S., and W. J. Platt. 1999. Effects of long-term fire exclusion on tree species composition and stand structure in an old-growth Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) forest. Plant Ecology 140:15-26.
    • (1999) Plant Ecology , vol.140 , pp. 15-26
    • Gilliam, F.S.1    Platt, W.J.2
  • 38
    • 0032907591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity
    • Givnish, T. J. 1999. On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity. Journal of Ecology 87:193-210.
    • (1999) Journal of Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 193-210
    • Givnish, T.J.1
  • 39
    • 0000447577 scopus 로고
    • Mode of colonization and patterns of life history in some North American conifers
    • Govindaraju, D. R. 1984. Mode of colonization and patterns of life history in some North American conifers. Oikos 43:271-276.
    • (1984) Oikos , vol.43 , pp. 271-276
    • Govindaraju, D.R.1
  • 40
    • 0031948174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina
    • Greenberg, C. H., and W. H. McNab. 1998. Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina. Forest Ecology Management 104:179-191.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology Management , vol.104 , pp. 179-191
    • Greenberg, C.H.1    McNab, W.H.2
  • 41
    • 0024874556 scopus 로고
    • A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds
    • Greene, D. F., and E. A. Johnson. 1989. A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds. Ecology 70: 339-347.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 339-347
    • Greene, D.F.1    Johnson, E.A.2
  • 42
    • 0021036659 scopus 로고
    • Adversity selection and the habitat template
    • Greenslade, P. J. M. 1983. Adversity selection and the habitat template. American Naturalist 122:352-365.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 352-365
    • Greenslade, P.J.M.1
  • 43
    • 36949055631 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation classification by reference to strategies
    • London
    • Grime, J. P. 1974. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature (London) 250:26-31.
    • (1974) Nature , vol.250 , pp. 26-31
    • Grime, J.P.1
  • 45
    • 0000052880 scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: The importance of the regeneration niche
    • Grubb, P. J. 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 52:107-145.
    • (1977) Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , vol.52 , pp. 107-145
    • Grubb, P.J.1
  • 47
    • 0000212019 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space
    • Hastings, A. 1980. Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for space. Theoretical Population Biology 18:363-373.
    • (1980) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.18 , pp. 363-373
    • Hastings, A.1
  • 48
    • 0000640997 scopus 로고
    • Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota
    • Heinselman, M. L. 1973. Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Quaternary Research 3:329-382.
    • (1973) Quaternary Research , vol.3 , pp. 329-382
    • Heinselman, M.L.1
  • 49
    • 0001942144 scopus 로고
    • A general hypothesis of species diversity
    • Huston, M. 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. American Naturalist 113:81-101.
    • (1979) American Naturalist , vol.113 , pp. 81-101
    • Huston, M.1
  • 50
    • 85041145819 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Huston, M. A. 1994. Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • (1994) Biological Diversity
    • Huston, M.A.1
  • 51
    • 0028165488 scopus 로고
    • Competition and coexistence: The effects of resource transport and supply rates
    • Huston, M. A., and D. L. DeAngelis. 1994. Competition and coexistence: the effects of resource transport and supply rates. American Naturalist 144:954-977.
    • (1994) American Naturalist , vol.144 , pp. 954-977
    • Huston, M.A.1    DeAngelis, D.L.2
  • 52
    • 0000123207 scopus 로고
    • The paradox of the plankton
    • Hutchinson, G. E. 1961. The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalist 95:137-145.
    • (1961) American Naturalist , vol.95 , pp. 137-145
    • Hutchinson, G.E.1
  • 53
    • 0000344538 scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests
    • Janzen, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. American Naturalist 104: 501-528.
    • (1970) American Naturalist , vol.104 , pp. 501-528
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 55
    • 0030924461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendroecological analysis of the population dynamics of an old-growth forest on cliff-faces of the Niagara Escarpment, Canada
    • Kelly, P. E., and D. W. Larson. 1997. Dendroecological analysis of the population dynamics of an old-growth forest on cliff-faces of the Niagara Escarpment, Canada. Journal of Ecology 85:467-478.
    • (1997) Journal of Ecology , vol.85 , pp. 467-478
    • Kelly, P.E.1    Larson, D.W.2
  • 56
    • 0031824313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest
    • Kneeshaw, D. D., and Y. Bergeron. 1998. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology 79:783-794.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 783-794
    • Kneeshaw, D.D.1    Bergeron, Y.2
  • 57
    • 0344657140 scopus 로고
    • Why are there so many kinds of tropical trees?
    • E. G. Leigh, A. S. Rand, and D. M. Windsor, eds. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
    • Leigh, E. G., Jr. 1982. Why are there so many kinds of tropical trees? Pages 63-66 in E. G. Leigh, A. S. Rand, and D. M. Windsor, eds. The ecology of a tropical forest. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
    • (1982) The Ecology of a Tropical Forest , pp. 63-66
    • Leigh E.G., Jr.1
  • 58
    • 0028975670 scopus 로고
    • Forest dynamics, differential mortality, and variable recruitment probabilities
    • Lertzman, K. P. 1995. Forest dynamics, differential mortality, and variable recruitment probabilities. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:191-204.
    • (1995) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.6 , pp. 191-204
    • Lertzman, K.P.1
  • 59
    • 0023469941 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning of reproductive effort in clonal plants: A benefit-cost model
    • Loehle, C. 1987. Partitioning of reproductive effort in clonal plants: a benefit-cost model. Oikos 49:199-208.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.49 , pp. 199-208
    • Loehle, C.1
  • 60
    • 0000601555 scopus 로고
    • Tree life history strategies: The role of defenses
    • -. 1988. Tree life history strategies: the role of defenses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18:209-222.
    • (1988) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.18 , pp. 209-222
  • 61
    • 0029753693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal defensive investments in plants
    • -. 1997. Optimal defensive investments in plants. Oikos 75:299-302.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.75 , pp. 299-302
  • 62
    • 0001256390 scopus 로고
    • Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure
    • Lorimer, C. G. 1989. Relative effects of small and large disturbances on temperate hardwood forest structure. Ecology 70:565-567.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 565-567
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 63
    • 0031823261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history differences and tree species coexistence in an old-growth New Zealand rain forest
    • Lusk, C. H., and B. Smith. 1998. Life history differences and tree species coexistence in an old-growth New Zealand rain forest. Ecology 79:795-806.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 795-806
    • Lusk, C.H.1    Smith, B.2
  • 64
    • 0030512779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dispersal and mortality on diversity in a forest stand model
    • Malanson, G. P. 1996. Effects of dispersal and mortality on diversity in a forest stand model. Ecological Modelling 87:103-110.
    • (1996) Ecological Modelling , vol.87 , pp. 103-110
    • Malanson, G.P.1
  • 65
    • 0021062705 scopus 로고
    • On the origin of the field plants of the northeastern United States
    • Marks, P. L. 1983. On the origin of the field plants of the northeastern United States. American Naturalist 122: 210-228.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.122 , pp. 210-228
    • Marks, P.L.1
  • 66
    • 0027804143 scopus 로고
    • Small-scale disturbance in a northern hardwoods forest: Effects on tree species, abundance, and distribution
    • McClure, J. W., and T. D. Lee. 1993. Small-scale disturbance in a northern hardwoods forest: effects on tree species, abundance, and distribution. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1347-1360.
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.23 , pp. 1347-1360
    • McClure, J.W.1    Lee, T.D.2
  • 67
    • 0022197981 scopus 로고
    • Will similar forests develop on similar sites?
    • McCune, B., and T. F. H. Allen. 1985. Will similar forests develop on similar sites? Canadian Journal of Botany 63:367-376.
    • (1985) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.63 , pp. 367-376
    • McCune, B.1    Allen, T.F.H.2
  • 68
    • 0030403140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of disturbance architecture on landscape-level population dynamics
    • Moloney, K. A., and S. A. Levin. 1996. The effects of disturbance architecture on landscape-level population dynamics. Ecology 77:375-394.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 375-394
    • Moloney, K.A.1    Levin, S.A.2
  • 69
    • 0032550303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurricane-fire interactions in coastal forests of the South: A review and hypothesis
    • Myers, R. K., and D. H. van Lear. 1998. Hurricane-fire interactions in coastal forests of the South: a review and hypothesis. Forest Ecology Management 103:265-276.
    • (1998) Forest Ecology Management , vol.103 , pp. 265-276
    • Myers, R.K.1    Van Lear, D.H.2
  • 70
    • 0002503470 scopus 로고
    • The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances
    • Noble, I. R., and R. O. Slatyer. 1980. The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Vegetatio 43: 5-21.
    • (1980) Vegetatio , vol.43 , pp. 5-21
    • Noble, I.R.1    Slatyer, R.O.2
  • 72
    • 0002300318 scopus 로고
    • Plant population dynamic theory
    • J. Roughgarden, R. May, and S. Levin, eds. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
    • Pacala, S. W. 1989. Plant population dynamic theory. Pages 54-67 in J. Roughgarden, R. May, and S. Levin, eds. Perspectives in ecological theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
    • (1989) Perspectives in Ecological Theory , pp. 54-67
    • Pacala, S.W.1
  • 73
    • 0031733548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Models suggesting field experiments to test two hypotheses explaining successional diversity
    • Pacala, S. W., and M. Rees. 1998. Models suggesting field experiments to test two hypotheses explaining successional diversity. American Naturalist 152:729-737.
    • (1998) American Naturalist , vol.152 , pp. 729-737
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Rees, M.2
  • 74
    • 0028176445 scopus 로고
    • Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments
    • Pacala, S. W., and D. Tilman. 1994. Limiting similarity in mechanistic and spatial models of plant competition in heterogeneous environments. American Naturalist 143: 222-257.
    • (1994) American Naturalist , vol.143 , pp. 222-257
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 75
    • 0027868356 scopus 로고
    • Forest models defined by field measurements. I. The design of a northeastern forest simulator
    • Pacala, S. W., C. D. Canham, and J. A. Silander. 1993. Forest models defined by field measurements. I. The design of a northeastern forest simulator. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1980-1988.
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.23 , pp. 1980-1988
    • Pacala, S.W.1    Canham, C.D.2    Silander, J.A.3
  • 77
    • 0013689869 scopus 로고
    • Growth and survival of northern hardwood sprouts after burning
    • North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn.
    • Perala, D. A. 1974. Growth and survival of northern hardwood sprouts after burning. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Note NC-176. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn.
    • (1974) U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Note NC-176
    • Perala, D.A.1
  • 78
    • 0028975314 scopus 로고
    • Competition and succession in an aspen-white pine forest
    • Peterson, C. J., and E. R. Squiers. 1995. Competition and succession in an aspen-white pine forest. Journal of Ecology 83:449-457.
    • (1995) Journal of Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 449-457
    • Peterson, C.J.1    Squiers, E.R.2
  • 79
    • 0002891016 scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal gradients in species diversity - A review of concepts
    • Pianka, E. R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity - a review of concepts. American Naturalist 100: 33-46.
    • (1966) American Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 33-46
    • Pianka, E.R.1
  • 81
    • 0000893457 scopus 로고
    • Sprouting ability of advance growth in undisturbed hardwood stands
    • Powell, D. S., and E. H. Tryon. 1979. Sprouting ability of advance growth in undisturbed hardwood stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9:116-120.
    • (1979) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.9 , pp. 116-120
    • Powell, D.S.1    Tryon, E.H.2
  • 83
    • 0027842154 scopus 로고
    • Trade-offs among dispersal strategies in British plants
    • London
    • Rees, M. 1993. Trade-offs among dispersal strategies in British plants. Nature (London) 366:150-152.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.366 , pp. 150-152
    • Rees, M.1
  • 84
    • 0028161466 scopus 로고
    • Seedling recruitment in forests: Calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion
    • Ribbens, E., J. A. Silander, and S. W. Pacala. 1994. Seedling recruitment in forests: calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion. Ecology 75:1794-1806.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1794-1806
    • Ribbens, E.1    Silander, J.A.2    Pacala, S.W.3
  • 85
    • 0025631105 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance
    • Runkle, J. R. 1990. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:632-641.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 632-641
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 86
    • 0023468464 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls revisited: Dynamics in the southern Appalachians
    • Runkle, J. R., and T. C. Yetter. 1987. Treefalls revisited: dynamics in the southern Appalachians. Ecology 68: 417-424.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 417-424
    • Runkle, J.R.1    Yetter, T.C.2
  • 87
    • 0000907596 scopus 로고
    • Height growth of new oak sprouts depends on size of advance reproduction
    • Sander, I. L 1971. Height growth of new oak sprouts depends on size of advance reproduction. Journal of Forestry 69:809-811.
    • (1971) Journal of Forestry , vol.69 , pp. 809-811
    • Sander, I.L.1
  • 88
    • 0013654005 scopus 로고
    • Size of oak advance reproduction: Key to growth following harvest cutting
    • North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn.
    • -. 1972. Size of oak advance reproduction: key to growth following harvest cutting. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Paper NC-79. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn.
    • (1972) U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Paper NC-79
  • 90
    • 0001854356 scopus 로고
    • Coexistence of plant species with similar niches
    • Shmida, A., and S. Elner. 1984. Coexistence of plant species with similar niches. Vegetation 58:29-55.
    • (1984) Vegetation , vol.58 , pp. 29-55
    • Shmida, A.1    Elner, S.2
  • 92
    • 0033167981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrologically defined niches reveal a basis for species richness in plant communities
    • London
    • Silvertown, J., M. E. Dodd, D. J. G. Gowing, and J. O. Mountford. 1999. Hydrologically defined niches reveal a basis for species richness in plant communities. Nature (London) 400:61-63.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 61-63
    • Silvertown, J.1    Dodd, M.E.2    Gowing, D.J.G.3    Mountford, J.O.4
  • 93
    • 0022844261 scopus 로고
    • 2-induced climate change: Simulation experiments in eastern North America
    • Berlin
    • 2-induced climate change: simulation experiments in eastern North America. Occologia (Berlin) 68:567-579.
    • (1986) Occologia , vol.68 , pp. 567-579
    • Solomon, A.M.1
  • 95
    • 0000276215 scopus 로고
    • Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies?
    • Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 337-365.
    • (1977) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 337-365
    • Southwood, T.R.E.1
  • 96
    • 0026307762 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is "natural" vegetation in a changing environment?
    • Sprugel, D. G. 1991. Disturbance equilibrium, and environmental variability: what is "natural" vegetation in a changing environment? Biological Conservation 58: 1-18.
    • (1991) Biological Conservation , vol.58 , pp. 1-18
    • Sprugel, D.G.1
  • 97
    • 0032442960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil microbial diversity and community structure across a climatic gradient in western Canada
    • Staddon, W. J., J. T. Trevors, L. C. Duchesne, and C. A. Colombo. 1998. Soil microbial diversity and community structure across a climatic gradient in western Canada. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:1081-1092.
    • (1998) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.7 , pp. 1081-1092
    • Staddon, W.J.1    Trevors, J.T.2    Duchesne, L.C.3    Colombo, C.A.4
  • 98
    • 0030616881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifteen years of canopy dynamics analyzed by aerial photographs in a temperate deciduous forest, Japan
    • Tanaka, H., and T. Nakashizuka. 1997. Fifteen years of canopy dynamics analyzed by aerial photographs in a temperate deciduous forest, Japan. Ecology 78:612-620.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 612-620
    • Tanaka, H.1    Nakashizuka, T.2
  • 99
    • 0025235946 scopus 로고
    • On the relationship between r/K selection and environmental carrying capacity: A new habitat templet for plant life history strategies
    • Taylor, D. R., L. W. Aarssen, and C. Loehle. 1990. On the relationship between r/K selection and environmental carrying capacity: a new habitat templet for plant life history strategies. Oikos 58:239-250.
    • (1990) Oikos , vol.58 , pp. 239-250
    • Taylor, D.R.1    Aarssen, L.W.2    Loehle, C.3
  • 101
    • 0028176205 scopus 로고
    • Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats
    • -. 1994. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured habitats. Journal of Ecology 75:2-16.
    • (1994) Journal of Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 2-16
  • 102
    • 0022220785 scopus 로고
    • Successional relationships and a comparison of biological characteristics among six northwestern conifers
    • Turner, D. P. 1985. Successional relationships and a comparison of biological characteristics among six northwestern conifers. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112:421-428.
    • (1985) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.112 , pp. 421-428
    • Turner, D.P.1
  • 103
    • 0031671176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species are potential determinants of plant community structure
    • Van der Heijden, M. G. A., T. Boller, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998a. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species are potential determinants of plant community structure. Ecology 79:2082-2091.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 2082-2091
    • Van Der Heijden, M.G.A.1    Boller, T.2    Wiemken, A.3    Sanders, I.R.4
  • 105
    • 0000279467 scopus 로고
    • Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle
    • Van Wagner, C. E. 1978. Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8: 220-227.
    • (1978) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.8 , pp. 220-227
    • Van Wagner, C.E.1
  • 106
    • 0022843158 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls and the coexistence of conifers in the subalpine forests of the central Rockies
    • Veblen, T. T. 1986. Treefalls and the coexistence of conifers in the subalpine forests of the central Rockies. Ecology 67:644-649.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 644-649
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 107
    • 0001542864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oak-hardwood reproduction in central Pennsylvania
    • Ward, W. W. 1996. Oak-hardwood reproduction in central Pennsylvania. Journal of Forestry 64:744-749.
    • (1996) Journal of Forestry , vol.64 , pp. 744-749
    • Ward, W.W.1
  • 108
    • 0000823641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest fires in the boreal forests of Canada
    • J. M. Moreno, ed. Backhuys, Leiden
    • Weber, M. G., and B. J. Stocks. 1998. Forest fires in the boreal forests of Canada. Pages 215-233 in J. M. Moreno, ed. Large forest fires. Backhuys, Leiden.
    • (1998) Large Forest Fires , pp. 215-233
    • Weber, M.G.1    Stocks, B.J.2
  • 110
    • 0029661244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling a spatially-explicit forest gap model with a 3-D solar routine to simulate latitudinal effects
    • Weishampel, J. F., and D. L. Urban. 1996. Coupling a spatially-explicit forest gap model with a 3-D solar routine to simulate latitudinal effects. Ecological Modelling 86:101-111.
    • (1996) Ecological Modelling , vol.86 , pp. 101-111
    • Weishampel, J.F.1    Urban, D.L.2
  • 111
    • 0022847805 scopus 로고
    • Relation of Michigan's presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history
    • Whitney, G. G. 1986. Relation of Michigan's presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history. Ecology 67:1548-1559.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1548-1559
    • Whitney, G.G.1
  • 112
    • 0027060943 scopus 로고
    • Plant species coexistence-the role of historical, evolutionary, and ecological factors
    • Zobel, M. 1992. Plant species coexistence-the role of historical, evolutionary, and ecological factors. Oikos 65: 314-320.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.65 , pp. 314-320
    • Zobel, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.